O. Nemat, V. Diwakar, Ihsanullah Ghafoori, Shukria Azadmanesh
Afghanistan experienced an extraordinary situation in 2021, marked by intensified conflict, the Covid-19 pandemic, and prolonged drought. This article reflects on the research method and approaches employed to investigate these overlapping crises, and the applications of this approach to assess the livelihoods impacts of the pandemic in the context of conflict and climate change in Afghanistan. It relies primarily on field qualitative data collection and analysis from Kandahar and Herat provinces supported by further insights from the quantitative analysis of household survey data in 2019/20, part of which overlaps with the onset of the pandemic. Reflections on the methodology reveal the importance of longitudinal qualitative methods of analysis to understand the pathways through which layered crises can affect people’s lives and livelihoods. These research findings are used to develop implications for coherent development of policies and programming to better support poor and vulnerable Afghan people in the context of overlapping crises.
{"title":"Livelihoods and Welfare Amidst Layered Crises in Afghanistan","authors":"O. Nemat, V. Diwakar, Ihsanullah Ghafoori, Shukria Azadmanesh","doi":"10.19088/1968-2022.127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19088/1968-2022.127","url":null,"abstract":"Afghanistan experienced an extraordinary situation in 2021, marked by intensified conflict, the Covid-19 pandemic, and prolonged drought. This article reflects on the research method and approaches employed to investigate these overlapping crises, and the applications of this approach to assess the livelihoods impacts of the pandemic in the context of conflict and climate change in Afghanistan. It relies primarily on field qualitative data collection and analysis from Kandahar and Herat provinces supported by further insights from the quantitative analysis of household survey data in 2019/20, part of which overlaps with the onset of the pandemic. Reflections on the methodology reveal the importance of longitudinal qualitative methods of analysis to understand the pathways through which layered crises can affect people’s lives and livelihoods. These research findings are used to develop implications for coherent development of policies and programming to better support poor and vulnerable Afghan people in the context of overlapping crises.","PeriodicalId":47532,"journal":{"name":"Ids Bulletin-Institute of Development Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82611268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As Covid-19 hit Syria after a decade of protracted conflict, the fragmentation of the territory and governance system prevented the adoption of a national strategy to mitigate the impact of the pandemic. In Idlib Governorate, the Covid-19 pandemic highlighted the inability of the Syrian Salvation government to offer an effective alternative to the Syrian regime. While it failed to provide health care and social services and to corner the international aid market, international aid routes were blocked by al-Assad’s regime in an attempt to squeeze the opposition further. In this context, local civil society in northwest Syria emerged as another non-state agent of governance.
{"title":"The Covid-19 Pandemic and Alternative Governance Systems in Idlib","authors":"Juline Beaujouan","doi":"10.19088/1968-2022.116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19088/1968-2022.116","url":null,"abstract":"As Covid-19 hit Syria after a decade of protracted conflict, the fragmentation of the territory and governance system prevented the adoption of a national strategy to mitigate the impact of the pandemic. In Idlib Governorate, the Covid-19 pandemic highlighted the inability of the Syrian Salvation government to offer an effective alternative to the Syrian regime. While it failed to provide health care and social services and to corner the international aid market, international aid routes were blocked by al-Assad’s regime in an attempt to squeeze the opposition further. In this context, local civil society in northwest Syria emerged as another non-state agent of governance.","PeriodicalId":47532,"journal":{"name":"Ids Bulletin-Institute of Development Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82919208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To better understand vaccination barriers and the impacts of Covid-19 on forcibly displaced persons (FDPs, i.e. refugees, and internally displaced persons (IDPs)), World Vision International carried out a multi-country survey of refugee populations in Colombia, Peru, Brazil, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Jordan, and Turkey, and IDPs in Venezuela. The survey found that a combination of barriers led to FDPs falling through the gaps of national Covid-19 vaccination campaigns, despite their heightened vulnerability to Covid-19 infection and transmission. Only one person out of the 1,914 FDPs surveyed reported receiving a Covid-19 vaccine. The survey also highlighted the significant indirect impacts of the pandemic on forcibly displaced families, and children specifically, with the socioeconomic aftershocks of the Covid-19 pandemic worsening displaced children’s deprivations across health and nutrition, protection support, and education.
{"title":"Left Behind: The Multiple Impacts of Covid-19 on Forcibly Displaced People","authors":"D. Valette, N. Korobkova","doi":"10.19088/1968-2022.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19088/1968-2022.117","url":null,"abstract":"To better understand vaccination barriers and the impacts of Covid-19 on forcibly displaced persons (FDPs, i.e. refugees, and internally displaced persons (IDPs)), World Vision International carried out a multi-country survey of refugee populations in Colombia, Peru, Brazil, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Jordan, and Turkey, and IDPs in Venezuela. The survey found that a combination of barriers led to FDPs falling through the gaps of national Covid-19 vaccination campaigns, despite their heightened vulnerability to Covid-19 infection and transmission. Only one person out of the 1,914 FDPs surveyed reported receiving a Covid-19 vaccine. The survey also highlighted the significant indirect impacts of the pandemic on forcibly displaced families, and children specifically, with the socioeconomic aftershocks of the Covid-19 pandemic worsening displaced children’s deprivations across health and nutrition, protection support, and education.","PeriodicalId":47532,"journal":{"name":"Ids Bulletin-Institute of Development Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75138938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This is the glossary for IDS Bulletin Vol 53 No 2: Humanitarianism and Covid-19: Structural Dilemmas, Fault Lines, and New Perspectives.
这是IDS公报第53卷第2期:人道主义和Covid-19:结构性困境，断层线和新视角的术语表。
{"title":"Glossary","authors":"J. Allouche, Dolf J.H. te Lintelo","doi":"10.19088/1968-2022.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19088/1968-2022.121","url":null,"abstract":"This is the glossary for IDS Bulletin Vol 53 No 2: Humanitarianism and Covid-19: Structural Dilemmas, Fault Lines, and New Perspectives.","PeriodicalId":47532,"journal":{"name":"Ids Bulletin-Institute of Development Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86472883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drawing on 70 interviews with humanitarians, members of governments, and civil society organisations, including refugee-led organisations, from major refugee-hosting countries in 2020 and 2021, this article explores the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on humanitarian localisation and international refugee commitments, notably the Global Compact on Refugees (GCR). It highlights the work and widening recognition of refugee-led organisations during the pandemic, examining how they could be more prominent within the broader localisation agenda and ways in which the GCR and accompanying Global Refugee Forum may have contributed to some of their greater recognition today. Informant perspectives are shared on challenges to localisation wrought by the pandemic, including limited time, lack of communication with beneficiaries, and constrained budgets, and recommendations are presented on how to further refugee leadership and localisation in the ongoing context of Covid-19.
{"title":"Localising Refugee Assistance: Examining Refugee-Led Organisations and the Localisation Agenda During the Covid-19 Pandemic","authors":"Evan Easton-Calabria","doi":"10.19088/1968-2022.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19088/1968-2022.115","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing on 70 interviews with humanitarians, members of governments, and civil society organisations, including refugee-led organisations, from major refugee-hosting countries in 2020 and 2021, this article explores the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on humanitarian localisation and international refugee commitments, notably the Global Compact on Refugees (GCR). It highlights the work and widening recognition of refugee-led organisations during the pandemic, examining how they could be more prominent within the broader localisation agenda and ways in which the GCR and accompanying Global Refugee Forum may have contributed to some of their greater recognition today. Informant perspectives are shared on challenges to localisation wrought by the pandemic, including limited time, lack of communication with beneficiaries, and constrained budgets, and recommendations are presented on how to further refugee leadership and localisation in the ongoing context of Covid-19.","PeriodicalId":47532,"journal":{"name":"Ids Bulletin-Institute of Development Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90751495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article focuses on the everyday humanitarianism of migrant communities in three cities in the Horn of Africa: Nairobi, Addis Ababa, and Khartoum. It is framed around the concept of lived citizenship, defined as a means to secure wellbeing through everyday acts and practices. Based on an analysis of comparative interview data among Eritrean and Ethiopian migrant communities in each city, the article argues that the Covid-19 pandemic has impacted lived citizenship practices to different degrees, linked to previous forms of precarity, and the means and networks of coping with those. Disruptions of transnational support networks resulted in a turn towards local networks and everyday practices of solidarity. These forms of everyday humanitarianism range from spontaneous to more organised forms, united by a perceived lack of involvement by international humanitarian actors and the local state. The article raises important questions in relation to transnational humanitarian action in a global crisis.
{"title":"Covid-19 and Urban Migrants in the Horn of Africa: Lived Citizenship and Everyday Humanitarianism","authors":"Tanja R. Müller","doi":"10.19088/1968-2022.114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19088/1968-2022.114","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on the everyday humanitarianism of migrant communities in three cities in the Horn of Africa: Nairobi, Addis Ababa, and Khartoum. It is framed around the concept of lived citizenship, defined as a means to secure wellbeing through everyday acts and practices. Based on an analysis of comparative interview data among Eritrean and Ethiopian migrant communities in each city, the article argues that the Covid-19 pandemic has impacted lived citizenship practices to different degrees, linked to previous forms of precarity, and the means and networks of coping with those. Disruptions of transnational support networks resulted in a turn towards local networks and everyday practices of solidarity. These forms of everyday humanitarianism range from spontaneous to more organised forms, united by a perceived lack of involvement by international humanitarian actors and the local state. The article raises important questions in relation to transnational humanitarian action in a global crisis.","PeriodicalId":47532,"journal":{"name":"Ids Bulletin-Institute of Development Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79010421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The multifaceted nature of the Covid-19 pandemic has presented a crisis for the international humanitarian system, not only in terms of health impacts, but of socioeconomic challenges and increased inequalities. At a time when the number of people in need of assistance has drastically expanded, humanitarian funding has been cut as countries focus on their domestic economies. Moreover, pandemic responses have accelerated existing trends of eroding global refugee protection norms and regimes. International travel bans and lockdowns have impeded humanitarian access, thereby constraining conventional humanitarian response mechanisms and processes. Yet, the pandemic has given unanticipated impetus to the localisation agenda of the international humanitarian community. In the (partial) absence of state or international humanitarian responses, everyday forms of humanitarianism practised by and within local communities have been brought into sharp relief. These showcase a rich tapestry of actors, efforts, and solidarity practices that offer relief, typically at the micro level.
{"title":"Editorial: Covid-19 Responses: Insights into Contemporary Humanitarianism","authors":"J. Allouche, Dolf J.H. te Lintelo","doi":"10.19088/1968-2022.113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19088/1968-2022.113","url":null,"abstract":"The multifaceted nature of the Covid-19 pandemic has presented a crisis for the international humanitarian system, not only in terms of health impacts, but of socioeconomic challenges and increased inequalities. At a time when the number of people in need of assistance has drastically expanded, humanitarian funding has been cut as countries focus on their domestic economies. Moreover, pandemic responses have accelerated existing trends of eroding global refugee protection norms and regimes. International travel bans and lockdowns have impeded humanitarian access, thereby constraining conventional humanitarian response mechanisms and processes. Yet, the pandemic has given unanticipated impetus to the localisation agenda of the international humanitarian community. In the (partial) absence of state or international humanitarian responses, everyday forms of humanitarianism practised by and within local communities have been brought into sharp relief. These showcase a rich tapestry of actors, efforts, and solidarity practices that offer relief, typically at the micro level.","PeriodicalId":47532,"journal":{"name":"Ids Bulletin-Institute of Development Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77902508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services, including contraception, save lives in humanitarian emergencies. To document practitioners’ perceptions of the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on contraceptive programming in humanitarian settings and across the humanitarian–development nexus, the Women’s Refugee Commission conducted 29 key informant interviews with respondents from non-governmental organisations, the United Nations, and government ministries. Disruptions to contraceptive services included closures or repurposing of health facilities, limited availability of health providers, supply chain interruptions, restricted service delivery modalities, and lower demand for services. Adaptations to sustain services included telemedicine, task-shifting and sharing, community-based service delivery, and other innovations. Underlying factors affecting the types and extent of disruptions and adaptations included emergency preparedness for SRH, decision makers’ prioritisation of SRH services, funding, and coordination. Findings reinforce the need to build awareness that SRH services, including contraception, are lifesaving and essential in humanitarian settings, and to improve preparedness, including bridging gaps between humanitarian and development actors.
{"title":"Covid-19’s Effects on Contraceptive Services Across the Humanitarian–Development Nexus","authors":"L. Jacobi, S. Rich","doi":"10.19088/1968-2022.120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19088/1968-2022.120","url":null,"abstract":"Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services, including contraception, save lives in humanitarian emergencies. To document practitioners’ perceptions of the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on contraceptive programming in humanitarian settings and across the humanitarian–development nexus, the Women’s Refugee Commission conducted 29 key informant interviews with respondents from non-governmental organisations, the United Nations, and government ministries. Disruptions to contraceptive services included closures or repurposing of health facilities, limited availability of health providers, supply chain interruptions, restricted service delivery modalities, and lower demand for services. Adaptations to sustain services included telemedicine, task-shifting and sharing, community-based service delivery, and other innovations. Underlying factors affecting the types and extent of disruptions and adaptations included emergency preparedness for SRH, decision makers’ prioritisation of SRH services, funding, and coordination. Findings reinforce the need to build awareness that SRH services, including contraception, are lifesaving and essential in humanitarian settings, and to improve preparedness, including bridging gaps between humanitarian and development actors.","PeriodicalId":47532,"journal":{"name":"Ids Bulletin-Institute of Development Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85195600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
People with disabilities are at a higher risk of poor health outcomes and face barriers to accessing health services, which may be exacerbated in humanitarian settings and during the Covid-19 pandemic. This scoping review explores how best to protect the health of people with disabilities in humanitarian contexts during the Covid-19 response. Forty-eight articles across the peer-reviewed and grey literature were identified. Key challenges include a lack of accessibility of mainstream Covid-19 prevention and response measures, disruptions to routine care pathways for people with disabilities, and double discrimination based on disability and displaced status. Specific priority areas include continuity of basic and specialised services, prioritisation of women and children with disabilities, the need to adapt mainstream recommendations for the Covid-19 response to be disability- and humanitarian-setting inclusive, and strengthening data systems.
{"title":"The Health of People with Disabilities in Humanitarian Settings During the Covid-19 Pandemic","authors":"X. Hunt, Lena Morgon Banks","doi":"10.19088/1968-2022.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19088/1968-2022.119","url":null,"abstract":"People with disabilities are at a higher risk of poor health outcomes and face barriers to accessing health services, which may be exacerbated in humanitarian settings and during the Covid-19 pandemic. This scoping review explores how best to protect the health of people with disabilities in humanitarian contexts during the Covid-19 response. Forty-eight articles across the peer-reviewed and grey literature were identified. Key challenges include a lack of accessibility of mainstream Covid-19 prevention and response measures, disruptions to routine care pathways for people with disabilities, and double discrimination based on disability and displaced status. Specific priority areas include continuity of basic and specialised services, prioritisation of women and children with disabilities, the need to adapt mainstream recommendations for the Covid-19 response to be disability- and humanitarian-setting inclusive, and strengthening data systems.","PeriodicalId":47532,"journal":{"name":"Ids Bulletin-Institute of Development Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85567245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores the ways in which anti-migrant and refugee discourses and policies have flourished throughout the Covid-19 pandemic despite dominant global public health concerns, especially around vaccines. Our argument is that pre-crisis authoritarian, populist, and nativist political tendencies have proven remarkably resilient, interacting readily with the pandemic to further justify a rolling back on refugee and migrant rights. These tendencies risk, in several contexts, undermining the comprehensive global vaccination effort needed to combat the pandemic.
{"title":"Anti-Migrant Authoritarian Populism and the Global Vaccination Challenge","authors":"Philip Proudfoot, B. Rohwerder","doi":"10.19088/1968-2022.118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19088/1968-2022.118","url":null,"abstract":"This article explores the ways in which anti-migrant and refugee discourses and policies have flourished throughout the Covid-19 pandemic despite dominant global public health concerns, especially around vaccines. Our argument is that pre-crisis authoritarian, populist, and nativist political tendencies have proven remarkably resilient, interacting readily with the pandemic to further justify a rolling back on refugee and migrant rights. These tendencies risk, in several contexts, undermining the comprehensive global vaccination effort needed to combat the pandemic.","PeriodicalId":47532,"journal":{"name":"Ids Bulletin-Institute of Development Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83260017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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