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Discourse markers as the locus of signaling the main-event line in Alsea narratives 阿尔西叙事中作为事件主线信号中心的话语标记
IF 1.1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.1515/ling-2021-0038
Shahar Shirtz
Abstract This article argues that in Alsea ([aes]; Penutian/isolate; dormant; Oregon Coast) the main event line (mel) of narratives is reliably signaled by a particular combination of clause-initial particles, functioning as discourse markers, and not by a specific set of verb forms, the means usually identified and discussed in the literature as a cue for the mel status of a clause. The strength of the link between this combination of discourse markers and the mel, then, represents a cross-linguistic situation that seems rare. Alsea has a rich system of discourse markers and a rich system of verbal affixes, with over 20 potentially co-occurring markers in each. The relative wealth of these discourse markers and their potential combinations make an intricate system of signaling the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic relationship between clauses and their immediate environment, essentially signaling their discourse status. One combination of markers has the function of signaling the mel. Alsea verbal affixes, on the other hand, play a major role in event semantics and aspectual construal, but a minor one in discourse structuring. This allows for seemingly paradoxical uses of irrealis or imperfective verb forms on the mel of narratives, where the later coerces the event into specific types of bounded and realis readings.
摘要 本文认为,在阿尔西语([aes]; Penutian/isolate; dormant; Oregon Coast)中,叙述的事件主线(mel)是由作为话语标记的分句起始微粒的特定组合来可靠地表示的,而不是由一组特定的动词形式来表示的。因此,这种语篇标记与 mel 之间的联系的强度代表了一种似乎罕见的跨语言情况。阿尔塞语有丰富的话语标记系统和丰富的动词词缀系统,每个系统中都有 20 多个可能同时出现的标记。这些语篇标记的相对丰富性及其潜在组合构成了一个错综复杂的系统,用于表示分句与其周围环境之间的句法、语义和语用关系,本质上是表示分句的语篇地位。一个标记词的组合具有信号功能。另一方面,阿尔西语动词词缀在事件语义和方面构式中起主要作用,但在话语结构中起次要作用。这使得在叙事过程中出现了看似自相矛盾的不完全动词或不完全动词形式的使用,后者迫使事件进入特定类型的有界和无界解读。
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引用次数: 0
Discourse markers as the locus of signaling the main-event line in Alsea narratives 阿尔西叙事中作为事件主线信号中心的话语标记
IF 1.1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.1515/ling-2021-0038
Shahar Shirtz
Abstract This article argues that in Alsea ([aes]; Penutian/isolate; dormant; Oregon Coast) the main event line (mel) of narratives is reliably signaled by a particular combination of clause-initial particles, functioning as discourse markers, and not by a specific set of verb forms, the means usually identified and discussed in the literature as a cue for the mel status of a clause. The strength of the link between this combination of discourse markers and the mel, then, represents a cross-linguistic situation that seems rare. Alsea has a rich system of discourse markers and a rich system of verbal affixes, with over 20 potentially co-occurring markers in each. The relative wealth of these discourse markers and their potential combinations make an intricate system of signaling the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic relationship between clauses and their immediate environment, essentially signaling their discourse status. One combination of markers has the function of signaling the mel. Alsea verbal affixes, on the other hand, play a major role in event semantics and aspectual construal, but a minor one in discourse structuring. This allows for seemingly paradoxical uses of irrealis or imperfective verb forms on the mel of narratives, where the later coerces the event into specific types of bounded and realis readings.
摘要 本文认为,在阿尔西语([aes]; Penutian/isolate; dormant; Oregon Coast)中,叙述的事件主线(mel)是由作为话语标记的分句起始微粒的特定组合来可靠地表示的,而不是由一组特定的动词形式来表示的。因此,这种语篇标记与 mel 之间的联系的强度代表了一种似乎罕见的跨语言情况。阿尔塞语有丰富的话语标记系统和丰富的动词词缀系统,每个系统中都有 20 多个可能同时出现的标记。这些语篇标记的相对丰富性及其潜在组合构成了一个错综复杂的系统,用于表示分句与其周围环境之间的句法、语义和语用关系,本质上是表示分句的语篇地位。一个标记词的组合具有信号功能。另一方面,阿尔西语动词词缀在事件语义和方面构式中起主要作用,但在话语结构中起次要作用。这使得在叙事过程中出现了看似自相矛盾的不完全动词或不完全动词形式的使用,后者迫使事件进入特定类型的有界和无界解读。
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引用次数: 0
Discourse markers as the locus of signaling the main-event line in Alsea narratives 阿尔西叙事中作为事件主线信号中心的话语标记
IF 1.1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.1515/ling-2021-0038
Shahar Shirtz
Abstract This article argues that in Alsea ([aes]; Penutian/isolate; dormant; Oregon Coast) the main event line (mel) of narratives is reliably signaled by a particular combination of clause-initial particles, functioning as discourse markers, and not by a specific set of verb forms, the means usually identified and discussed in the literature as a cue for the mel status of a clause. The strength of the link between this combination of discourse markers and the mel, then, represents a cross-linguistic situation that seems rare. Alsea has a rich system of discourse markers and a rich system of verbal affixes, with over 20 potentially co-occurring markers in each. The relative wealth of these discourse markers and their potential combinations make an intricate system of signaling the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic relationship between clauses and their immediate environment, essentially signaling their discourse status. One combination of markers has the function of signaling the mel. Alsea verbal affixes, on the other hand, play a major role in event semantics and aspectual construal, but a minor one in discourse structuring. This allows for seemingly paradoxical uses of irrealis or imperfective verb forms on the mel of narratives, where the later coerces the event into specific types of bounded and realis readings.
摘要 本文认为,在阿尔西语([aes]; Penutian/isolate; dormant; Oregon Coast)中,叙述的事件主线(mel)是由作为话语标记的分句起始微粒的特定组合来可靠地表示的,而不是由一组特定的动词形式来表示的。因此,这种语篇标记与 mel 之间的联系的强度代表了一种似乎罕见的跨语言情况。阿尔塞语有丰富的话语标记系统和丰富的动词词缀系统,每个系统中都有 20 多个可能同时出现的标记。这些语篇标记的相对丰富性及其潜在组合构成了一个错综复杂的系统,用于表示分句与其周围环境之间的句法、语义和语用关系,本质上是表示分句的语篇地位。一个标记词的组合具有信号功能。另一方面,阿尔西语动词词缀在事件语义和方面构式中起主要作用,但在话语结构中起次要作用。这使得在叙事过程中出现了看似自相矛盾的不完全动词或不完全动词形式的使用,后者迫使事件进入特定类型的有界和无界解读。
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引用次数: 0
Discourse markers as the locus of signaling the main-event line in Alsea narratives 阿尔西叙事中作为事件主线信号中心的话语标记
IF 1.1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.1515/ling-2021-0038
Shahar Shirtz
Abstract This article argues that in Alsea ([aes]; Penutian/isolate; dormant; Oregon Coast) the main event line (mel) of narratives is reliably signaled by a particular combination of clause-initial particles, functioning as discourse markers, and not by a specific set of verb forms, the means usually identified and discussed in the literature as a cue for the mel status of a clause. The strength of the link between this combination of discourse markers and the mel, then, represents a cross-linguistic situation that seems rare. Alsea has a rich system of discourse markers and a rich system of verbal affixes, with over 20 potentially co-occurring markers in each. The relative wealth of these discourse markers and their potential combinations make an intricate system of signaling the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic relationship between clauses and their immediate environment, essentially signaling their discourse status. One combination of markers has the function of signaling the mel. Alsea verbal affixes, on the other hand, play a major role in event semantics and aspectual construal, but a minor one in discourse structuring. This allows for seemingly paradoxical uses of irrealis or imperfective verb forms on the mel of narratives, where the later coerces the event into specific types of bounded and realis readings.
摘要 本文认为,在阿尔西语([aes]; Penutian/isolate; dormant; Oregon Coast)中,叙述的事件主线(mel)是由作为话语标记的分句起始微粒的特定组合来可靠地表示的,而不是由一组特定的动词形式来表示的。因此,这种语篇标记与 mel 之间的联系的强度代表了一种似乎罕见的跨语言情况。阿尔塞语有丰富的话语标记系统和丰富的动词词缀系统,每个系统中都有 20 多个可能同时出现的标记。这些语篇标记的相对丰富性及其潜在组合构成了一个错综复杂的系统,用于表示分句与其周围环境之间的句法、语义和语用关系,本质上是表示分句的语篇地位。一个标记词的组合具有信号功能。另一方面,阿尔西语动词词缀在事件语义和方面构式中起主要作用,但在话语结构中起次要作用。这使得在叙事过程中出现了看似自相矛盾的不完全动词或不完全动词形式的使用,后者迫使事件进入特定类型的有界和无界解读。
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引用次数: 0
Discourse markers as the locus of signaling the main-event line in Alsea narratives 阿尔西叙事中作为事件主线信号中心的话语标记
IF 1.1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.1515/ling-2021-0038
Shahar Shirtz
Abstract This article argues that in Alsea ([aes]; Penutian/isolate; dormant; Oregon Coast) the main event line (mel) of narratives is reliably signaled by a particular combination of clause-initial particles, functioning as discourse markers, and not by a specific set of verb forms, the means usually identified and discussed in the literature as a cue for the mel status of a clause. The strength of the link between this combination of discourse markers and the mel, then, represents a cross-linguistic situation that seems rare. Alsea has a rich system of discourse markers and a rich system of verbal affixes, with over 20 potentially co-occurring markers in each. The relative wealth of these discourse markers and their potential combinations make an intricate system of signaling the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic relationship between clauses and their immediate environment, essentially signaling their discourse status. One combination of markers has the function of signaling the mel. Alsea verbal affixes, on the other hand, play a major role in event semantics and aspectual construal, but a minor one in discourse structuring. This allows for seemingly paradoxical uses of irrealis or imperfective verb forms on the mel of narratives, where the later coerces the event into specific types of bounded and realis readings.
摘要 本文认为,在阿尔西语([aes]; Penutian/isolate; dormant; Oregon Coast)中,叙述的事件主线(mel)是由作为话语标记的分句起始微粒的特定组合来可靠地表示的,而不是由一组特定的动词形式来表示的。因此,这种语篇标记与 mel 之间的联系的强度代表了一种似乎罕见的跨语言情况。阿尔塞语有丰富的话语标记系统和丰富的动词词缀系统,每个系统中都有 20 多个可能同时出现的标记。这些语篇标记的相对丰富性及其潜在组合构成了一个错综复杂的系统,用于表示分句与其周围环境之间的句法、语义和语用关系,本质上是表示分句的语篇地位。一个标记词的组合具有信号功能。另一方面,阿尔西语动词词缀在事件语义和方面构式中起主要作用,但在话语结构中起次要作用。这使得在叙事过程中出现了看似自相矛盾的不完全动词或不完全动词形式的使用,后者迫使事件进入特定类型的有界和无界解读。
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引用次数: 0
Discourse markers as the locus of signaling the main-event line in Alsea narratives 阿尔西叙事中作为事件主线信号中心的话语标记
IF 1.1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.1515/ling-2021-0038
Shahar Shirtz
Abstract This article argues that in Alsea ([aes]; Penutian/isolate; dormant; Oregon Coast) the main event line (mel) of narratives is reliably signaled by a particular combination of clause-initial particles, functioning as discourse markers, and not by a specific set of verb forms, the means usually identified and discussed in the literature as a cue for the mel status of a clause. The strength of the link between this combination of discourse markers and the mel, then, represents a cross-linguistic situation that seems rare. Alsea has a rich system of discourse markers and a rich system of verbal affixes, with over 20 potentially co-occurring markers in each. The relative wealth of these discourse markers and their potential combinations make an intricate system of signaling the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic relationship between clauses and their immediate environment, essentially signaling their discourse status. One combination of markers has the function of signaling the mel. Alsea verbal affixes, on the other hand, play a major role in event semantics and aspectual construal, but a minor one in discourse structuring. This allows for seemingly paradoxical uses of irrealis or imperfective verb forms on the mel of narratives, where the later coerces the event into specific types of bounded and realis readings.
摘要 本文认为,在阿尔西语([aes]; Penutian/isolate; dormant; Oregon Coast)中,叙述的事件主线(mel)是由作为话语标记的分句起始微粒的特定组合来可靠地表示的,而不是由一组特定的动词形式来表示的。因此,这种语篇标记与 mel 之间的联系的强度代表了一种似乎罕见的跨语言情况。阿尔塞语有丰富的话语标记系统和丰富的动词词缀系统,每个系统中都有 20 多个可能同时出现的标记。这些语篇标记的相对丰富性及其潜在组合构成了一个错综复杂的系统,用于表示分句与其周围环境之间的句法、语义和语用关系,本质上是表示分句的语篇地位。一个标记词的组合具有信号功能。另一方面,阿尔西语动词词缀在事件语义和方面构式中起主要作用,但在话语结构中起次要作用。这使得在叙事过程中出现了看似自相矛盾的不完全动词或不完全动词形式的使用,后者迫使事件进入特定类型的有界和无界解读。
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引用次数: 0
Discourse markers as the locus of signaling the main-event line in Alsea narratives 阿尔西叙事中作为事件主线信号中心的话语标记
IF 1.1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.1515/ling-2021-0038
Shahar Shirtz
Abstract This article argues that in Alsea ([aes]; Penutian/isolate; dormant; Oregon Coast) the main event line (mel) of narratives is reliably signaled by a particular combination of clause-initial particles, functioning as discourse markers, and not by a specific set of verb forms, the means usually identified and discussed in the literature as a cue for the mel status of a clause. The strength of the link between this combination of discourse markers and the mel, then, represents a cross-linguistic situation that seems rare. Alsea has a rich system of discourse markers and a rich system of verbal affixes, with over 20 potentially co-occurring markers in each. The relative wealth of these discourse markers and their potential combinations make an intricate system of signaling the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic relationship between clauses and their immediate environment, essentially signaling their discourse status. One combination of markers has the function of signaling the mel. Alsea verbal affixes, on the other hand, play a major role in event semantics and aspectual construal, but a minor one in discourse structuring. This allows for seemingly paradoxical uses of irrealis or imperfective verb forms on the mel of narratives, where the later coerces the event into specific types of bounded and realis readings.
摘要 本文认为,在阿尔西语([aes]; Penutian/isolate; dormant; Oregon Coast)中,叙述的事件主线(mel)是由作为话语标记的分句起始微粒的特定组合来可靠地表示的,而不是由一组特定的动词形式来表示的。因此,这种语篇标记与 mel 之间的联系的强度代表了一种似乎罕见的跨语言情况。阿尔塞语有丰富的话语标记系统和丰富的动词词缀系统,每个系统中都有 20 多个可能同时出现的标记。这些语篇标记的相对丰富性及其潜在组合构成了一个错综复杂的系统,用于表示分句与其周围环境之间的句法、语义和语用关系,本质上是表示分句的语篇地位。一个标记词的组合具有信号功能。另一方面,阿尔西语动词词缀在事件语义和方面构式中起主要作用,但在话语结构中起次要作用。这使得在叙事过程中出现了看似自相矛盾的不完全动词或不完全动词形式的使用,后者迫使事件进入特定类型的有界和无界解读。
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引用次数: 0
Discourse markers as the locus of signaling the main-event line in Alsea narratives 阿尔西叙事中作为事件主线信号中心的话语标记
IF 1.1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.1515/ling-2021-0038
Shahar Shirtz
Abstract This article argues that in Alsea ([aes]; Penutian/isolate; dormant; Oregon Coast) the main event line (mel) of narratives is reliably signaled by a particular combination of clause-initial particles, functioning as discourse markers, and not by a specific set of verb forms, the means usually identified and discussed in the literature as a cue for the mel status of a clause. The strength of the link between this combination of discourse markers and the mel, then, represents a cross-linguistic situation that seems rare. Alsea has a rich system of discourse markers and a rich system of verbal affixes, with over 20 potentially co-occurring markers in each. The relative wealth of these discourse markers and their potential combinations make an intricate system of signaling the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic relationship between clauses and their immediate environment, essentially signaling their discourse status. One combination of markers has the function of signaling the mel. Alsea verbal affixes, on the other hand, play a major role in event semantics and aspectual construal, but a minor one in discourse structuring. This allows for seemingly paradoxical uses of irrealis or imperfective verb forms on the mel of narratives, where the later coerces the event into specific types of bounded and realis readings.
摘要 本文认为,在阿尔西语([aes]; Penutian/isolate; dormant; Oregon Coast)中,叙述的事件主线(mel)是由作为话语标记的分句起始微粒的特定组合来可靠地表示的,而不是由一组特定的动词形式来表示的。因此,这种语篇标记与 mel 之间的联系的强度代表了一种似乎罕见的跨语言情况。阿尔塞语有丰富的话语标记系统和丰富的动词词缀系统,每个系统中都有 20 多个可能同时出现的标记。这些语篇标记的相对丰富性及其潜在组合构成了一个错综复杂的系统,用于表示分句与其周围环境之间的句法、语义和语用关系,本质上是表示分句的语篇地位。一个标记词的组合具有信号功能。另一方面,阿尔西语动词词缀在事件语义和方面构式中起主要作用,但在话语结构中起次要作用。这使得在叙事过程中出现了看似自相矛盾的不完全动词或不完全动词形式的使用,后者迫使事件进入特定类型的有界和无界解读。
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引用次数: 0
Discourse markers as the locus of signaling the main-event line in Alsea narratives 阿尔西叙事中作为事件主线信号中心的话语标记
IF 1.1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.1515/ling-2021-0038
Shahar Shirtz
Abstract This article argues that in Alsea ([aes]; Penutian/isolate; dormant; Oregon Coast) the main event line (mel) of narratives is reliably signaled by a particular combination of clause-initial particles, functioning as discourse markers, and not by a specific set of verb forms, the means usually identified and discussed in the literature as a cue for the mel status of a clause. The strength of the link between this combination of discourse markers and the mel, then, represents a cross-linguistic situation that seems rare. Alsea has a rich system of discourse markers and a rich system of verbal affixes, with over 20 potentially co-occurring markers in each. The relative wealth of these discourse markers and their potential combinations make an intricate system of signaling the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic relationship between clauses and their immediate environment, essentially signaling their discourse status. One combination of markers has the function of signaling the mel. Alsea verbal affixes, on the other hand, play a major role in event semantics and aspectual construal, but a minor one in discourse structuring. This allows for seemingly paradoxical uses of irrealis or imperfective verb forms on the mel of narratives, where the later coerces the event into specific types of bounded and realis readings.
摘要 本文认为,在阿尔西语([aes]; Penutian/isolate; dormant; Oregon Coast)中,叙述的事件主线(mel)是由作为话语标记的分句起始微粒的特定组合来可靠地表示的,而不是由一组特定的动词形式来表示的。因此,这种语篇标记与 mel 之间的联系的强度代表了一种似乎罕见的跨语言情况。阿尔塞语有丰富的话语标记系统和丰富的动词词缀系统,每个系统中都有 20 多个可能同时出现的标记。这些语篇标记的相对丰富性及其潜在组合构成了一个错综复杂的系统,用于表示分句与其周围环境之间的句法、语义和语用关系,本质上是表示分句的语篇地位。一个标记词的组合具有信号功能。另一方面,阿尔塞语动词词缀在事件语义和方面构式中起主要作用,但在话语结构中却起次要作用。这就使得在叙事过程中可以看似自相矛盾地使用非谓语动词形式或非谓语动词形式,后者迫使事件进入特定类型的有界限和谓语解读。
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引用次数: 0
Discourse markers as the locus of signaling the main-event line in Alsea narratives 阿尔西叙事中作为事件主线信号中心的话语标记
IF 1.1 2区 文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.1515/ling-2021-0038
Shahar Shirtz
Abstract This article argues that in Alsea ([aes]; Penutian/isolate; dormant; Oregon Coast) the main event line (mel) of narratives is reliably signaled by a particular combination of clause-initial particles, functioning as discourse markers, and not by a specific set of verb forms, the means usually identified and discussed in the literature as a cue for the mel status of a clause. The strength of the link between this combination of discourse markers and the mel, then, represents a cross-linguistic situation that seems rare. Alsea has a rich system of discourse markers and a rich system of verbal affixes, with over 20 potentially co-occurring markers in each. The relative wealth of these discourse markers and their potential combinations make an intricate system of signaling the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic relationship between clauses and their immediate environment, essentially signaling their discourse status. One combination of markers has the function of signaling the mel. Alsea verbal affixes, on the other hand, play a major role in event semantics and aspectual construal, but a minor one in discourse structuring. This allows for seemingly paradoxical uses of irrealis or imperfective verb forms on the mel of narratives, where the later coerces the event into specific types of bounded and realis readings.
摘要 本文认为,在阿尔西语([aes]; Penutian/isolate; dormant; Oregon Coast)中,叙述的事件主线(mel)是由作为话语标记的分句起始微粒的特定组合来可靠地表示的,而不是由一组特定的动词形式来表示的。因此,这种语篇标记与 mel 之间的联系的强度代表了一种似乎罕见的跨语言情况。阿尔塞语有丰富的话语标记系统和丰富的动词词缀系统,每个系统中都有 20 多个可能同时出现的标记。这些语篇标记的相对丰富性及其潜在组合构成了一个错综复杂的系统,用于表示分句与其周围环境之间的句法、语义和语用关系,本质上是表示分句的语篇地位。一个标记词的组合具有信号功能。另一方面,阿尔西语动词词缀在事件语义和方面构式中起主要作用,但在话语结构中起次要作用。这使得在叙事过程中出现了看似自相矛盾的不完全动词或不完全动词形式的使用,后者迫使事件进入特定类型的有界和无界解读。
{"title":"Discourse markers as the locus of signaling the main-event line in Alsea narratives","authors":"Shahar Shirtz","doi":"10.1515/ling-2021-0038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2021-0038","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article argues that in Alsea ([aes]; Penutian/isolate; dormant; Oregon Coast) the main event line (mel) of narratives is reliably signaled by a particular combination of clause-initial particles, functioning as discourse markers, and not by a specific set of verb forms, the means usually identified and discussed in the literature as a cue for the mel status of a clause. The strength of the link between this combination of discourse markers and the mel, then, represents a cross-linguistic situation that seems rare. Alsea has a rich system of discourse markers and a rich system of verbal affixes, with over 20 potentially co-occurring markers in each. The relative wealth of these discourse markers and their potential combinations make an intricate system of signaling the syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic relationship between clauses and their immediate environment, essentially signaling their discourse status. One combination of markers has the function of signaling the mel. Alsea verbal affixes, on the other hand, play a major role in event semantics and aspectual construal, but a minor one in discourse structuring. This allows for seemingly paradoxical uses of irrealis or imperfective verb forms on the mel of narratives, where the later coerces the event into specific types of bounded and realis readings.","PeriodicalId":47548,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics","volume":"52 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139115013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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Linguistics
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