Pub Date : 2023-03-02DOI: 10.1080/15230406.2023.2183900
Xiaozhou Zhou, Ruidong Bai
ABSTRACT Multisize geographic information system (GIS) has widely used in social life, and the introduction of natural interactive methods such as gesture interaction further broadens the applications of GIS. Gestures, as a natural means of expression, bring a convenient experience to the use of GIS. The user-elicitation method can determine the user’s original operational intention and take advantage of the natural and convenient gesture interaction. However, current research on elicitation methods mainly focuses on defining the function factors of operation commands and rarely considers the influence of environmental factors such as spatial sizes. This paper takes GIS as the object, which is closely related to multisize space. This paper reports a research project on user-defined gestures for interacting with two-dimensional maps in a virtual reality environment, including three types of GIS operation commands and six sizes of maps. The results showed that the user-defined gestures for the same GIS operation commands varied across map sizes. The increase in map size increased the amount of gestural movement. Drawing on our research, we developed a set of gestures for multisize GIS interface interaction. We hope that this research can provide a guiding foundation for mid-air gesture design for all multisize interfaces.
{"title":"User-defined mid-air gestures for multiscale GIS interface interaction","authors":"Xiaozhou Zhou, Ruidong Bai","doi":"10.1080/15230406.2023.2183900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2023.2183900","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Multisize geographic information system (GIS) has widely used in social life, and the introduction of natural interactive methods such as gesture interaction further broadens the applications of GIS. Gestures, as a natural means of expression, bring a convenient experience to the use of GIS. The user-elicitation method can determine the user’s original operational intention and take advantage of the natural and convenient gesture interaction. However, current research on elicitation methods mainly focuses on defining the function factors of operation commands and rarely considers the influence of environmental factors such as spatial sizes. This paper takes GIS as the object, which is closely related to multisize space. This paper reports a research project on user-defined gestures for interacting with two-dimensional maps in a virtual reality environment, including three types of GIS operation commands and six sizes of maps. The results showed that the user-defined gestures for the same GIS operation commands varied across map sizes. The increase in map size increased the amount of gestural movement. Drawing on our research, we developed a set of gestures for multisize GIS interface interaction. We hope that this research can provide a guiding foundation for mid-air gesture design for all multisize interfaces.","PeriodicalId":47562,"journal":{"name":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","volume":"50 1","pages":"481 - 494"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44741670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-23DOI: 10.1080/15230406.2023.2176929
Kamil Nieścioruk
ABSTRACT The paper deals with a problem of assessing of individual progress of students’ cartographic skills. For teacher it is important to evaluate it not only in a form of tests and semester works, but also in a less formal, score-oriented manner. The author uses mental sketches to observe results of a teaching process. The research is based on previously described author’s method with modification to trace individual, anonymized changes. The identical cartographic survey (map drawing task) was conducted and repeated among students five times during the entire study cycle. Results were analyzed with cartographic methodology in mind, to assess the skills of students, their progress and used methods of presentation. Students’ approach to using point, line and areal features were tested as well as design abilities in case of symbols. Information on progress and skills were used not only to observe statistical changes. The outcomes were applied in a process of evaluating the teaching effectiveness. The survey was conducted in a relation to real courses, hence the results are of great value in increasing the quality of studies and teaching methods. Some of ideas have already been introduced in cartography and GIS classes taught by the author. Key policy highlights Sketches allow assessing of different aspects of spatial knowledge and skills. Sketches could be applied as an element of knowledge evaluation and to trace individual progress in anonymous way without being oriented on students’ grades. Proposed model gives a teacher information on quality and efficiency of teaching. It can be applied to update map-making courses content. The approach can be used in other, drawing-based, courses.
{"title":"Evaluating individual cartographic skills using mental sketches","authors":"Kamil Nieścioruk","doi":"10.1080/15230406.2023.2176929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2023.2176929","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The paper deals with a problem of assessing of individual progress of students’ cartographic skills. For teacher it is important to evaluate it not only in a form of tests and semester works, but also in a less formal, score-oriented manner. The author uses mental sketches to observe results of a teaching process. The research is based on previously described author’s method with modification to trace individual, anonymized changes. The identical cartographic survey (map drawing task) was conducted and repeated among students five times during the entire study cycle. Results were analyzed with cartographic methodology in mind, to assess the skills of students, their progress and used methods of presentation. Students’ approach to using point, line and areal features were tested as well as design abilities in case of symbols. Information on progress and skills were used not only to observe statistical changes. The outcomes were applied in a process of evaluating the teaching effectiveness. The survey was conducted in a relation to real courses, hence the results are of great value in increasing the quality of studies and teaching methods. Some of ideas have already been introduced in cartography and GIS classes taught by the author. Key policy highlights Sketches allow assessing of different aspects of spatial knowledge and skills. Sketches could be applied as an element of knowledge evaluation and to trace individual progress in anonymous way without being oriented on students’ grades. Proposed model gives a teacher information on quality and efficiency of teaching. It can be applied to update map-making courses content. The approach can be used in other, drawing-based, courses.","PeriodicalId":47562,"journal":{"name":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","volume":"50 1","pages":"306 - 320"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41700168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Flows are usually represented as vector lines from origins to destinations and can reflect the movements of individuals or groups in space and time. Revealing and analyzing the spatiotemporal flow patterns are conducive to understanding information underlying movements. This paper proposes a new method called the OD – EOF (Origin – Destination – Empirical Orthogonal Function) to discover important spatiotemporal flow patterns on the premise of maintaining the pairwise connections between origins and destinations. We first construct a spatiotemporal flow matrix that contains connection information between origins and destinations and temporal flow information by adding a temporal dimension to the OD map. Then, we decompose the spatiotemporal flow matrix into spatial modes and corresponding time coefficients by EOF decomposition. The decomposition results depict the prominent spatial distribution of and temporal variation in flows, with most of the spatiotemporal characteristics highly concentrated into the first few spatial modes. The method is evaluated by five synthetic datasets and a user study and subsequently applied to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the spatiotemporal patterns of human mobility in China during the Spring Festival travel rush in 2020 and 2021. The results show the prominent spatiotemporal patterns of human mobility during these periods under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak and the normalization of pandemic prevention and control.
{"title":"Discovering spatiotemporal flow patterns: where the origin–destination map meets empirical orthogonal function decomposition","authors":"Mengjie Zhou, Qingyang Fu, Yige Li, Yixin Wang, Xiaomi Wang, Wenqing Hu","doi":"10.1080/15230406.2023.2171490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2023.2171490","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Flows are usually represented as vector lines from origins to destinations and can reflect the movements of individuals or groups in space and time. Revealing and analyzing the spatiotemporal flow patterns are conducive to understanding information underlying movements. This paper proposes a new method called the OD – EOF (Origin – Destination – Empirical Orthogonal Function) to discover important spatiotemporal flow patterns on the premise of maintaining the pairwise connections between origins and destinations. We first construct a spatiotemporal flow matrix that contains connection information between origins and destinations and temporal flow information by adding a temporal dimension to the OD map. Then, we decompose the spatiotemporal flow matrix into spatial modes and corresponding time coefficients by EOF decomposition. The decomposition results depict the prominent spatial distribution of and temporal variation in flows, with most of the spatiotemporal characteristics highly concentrated into the first few spatial modes. The method is evaluated by five synthetic datasets and a user study and subsequently applied to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the spatiotemporal patterns of human mobility in China during the Spring Festival travel rush in 2020 and 2021. The results show the prominent spatiotemporal patterns of human mobility during these periods under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak and the normalization of pandemic prevention and control.","PeriodicalId":47562,"journal":{"name":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","volume":"50 1","pages":"113 - 129"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49318791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-21DOI: 10.1080/15230406.2022.2155249
A. Rezk, M. Hendawy
{"title":"Informative cartographic communication: a framework to evaluate the effects of map types on users’ interpretation of COVID-19 geovisualizations","authors":"A. Rezk, M. Hendawy","doi":"10.1080/15230406.2022.2155249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2022.2155249","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47562,"journal":{"name":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46080314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Previous behavior experimental studies indicate that geography education facilitates the development of students’ spatial ability. However, it is unclear how geography education shapes student brain activity and promotes spatial ability. In this article, we proposed a neuroscience-based method to explore the relationship between geography education and spatial ability. We conducted a behavioral experiment with 63 participants and an fMRI experiment with 49 participants. All the participants were divided into groups according to their undergraduate years and majors completed four spatial ability tasks. The fMRI and behavioral results revealed that after four years of geography education, students had greater mental rotation, spatial visualization and spatial relation reasoning abilities than non-geography students. The activation and functional connectivity of brain regions further indicated that geography education improved students’ spatial reference, spatial memory, visual attention and spatial decision-making. Our findings offer new neuroscience evidence that geography education can improve the spatial ability of undergraduate students, and provide new neuroimaging approach for geographic talent cultivation and curriculum assessment.
{"title":"Geography education improves spatial ability: evidence from fMRI and behavioral experiments","authors":"Weihua Dong, Qi Ying, Tianyu Yang, Ling Zhu, Yu Liu, X. Wan","doi":"10.1080/15230406.2023.2171493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2023.2171493","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Previous behavior experimental studies indicate that geography education facilitates the development of students’ spatial ability. However, it is unclear how geography education shapes student brain activity and promotes spatial ability. In this article, we proposed a neuroscience-based method to explore the relationship between geography education and spatial ability. We conducted a behavioral experiment with 63 participants and an fMRI experiment with 49 participants. All the participants were divided into groups according to their undergraduate years and majors completed four spatial ability tasks. The fMRI and behavioral results revealed that after four years of geography education, students had greater mental rotation, spatial visualization and spatial relation reasoning abilities than non-geography students. The activation and functional connectivity of brain regions further indicated that geography education improved students’ spatial reference, spatial memory, visual attention and spatial decision-making. Our findings offer new neuroscience evidence that geography education can improve the spatial ability of undergraduate students, and provide new neuroimaging approach for geographic talent cultivation and curriculum assessment.","PeriodicalId":47562,"journal":{"name":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","volume":"50 1","pages":"289 - 305"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49480167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-21DOI: 10.1080/15230406.2023.2171491
Anran Yang, H. Fan, Luo Chen, Qingren Jia, Jun Li
ABSTRACT OpenStreetMap (OSM) as one of the most successful projects of Volunteered Geographical Information (VGI) has attracted millions of contributors to work together and produces massive open geographical data. However, the co-work does not always run smoothly since mapping can involve conflicted understandings of the reality. In this paper, we investigate behaviors of mapping related to territorial disputes to reveal the characteristics of contributions and examine the contradictions between ground truth as the vision of OSM and the theory of critical cartography. We perform our experiments from the perspectives of entities, changesets, and contributors using the full history data of OSM. The experiments show that territorial-dispute-related contributions have substantially different characteristics from various aspects but they cannot be treated as outliers either, considering that most contributors do not focus on disputed boundaries. Interpreting OSM data as a converging state to ground truth or equally opinions can both be inaccurate. We also find that mapping disputes may not be absolutely negative in a VGI project. Key policy highlights We perform quantitative, large-scale (global) analysis of dispute-related mapping. The results show that territorial-dispute-related contributions and contributors are different from contributions and contributors in general. Territorial-dispute-related mapping is not an independent phenomenon for OSM. The contributors make much more disputes-unrelated contributions. Dispute-related entities have more (divergent) versions than normal boundaries, attract more participants, and are more semantically complete, especially for names. Dispute-related changesets generally attract more discussions. The spatial distribution of the dispute-related changesets is consistent with real-world territorial disputes and very different from that of all boundary-related changesets and all changesets. Contributors who participate in dispute-related contributions are generally more active. These users tend to have a special interest in boundaries but most of them do not focus on disputed boundaries.
{"title":"Characterizing behaviors of territorial-dispute-related mapping in OpenStreetMap","authors":"Anran Yang, H. Fan, Luo Chen, Qingren Jia, Jun Li","doi":"10.1080/15230406.2023.2171491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2023.2171491","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT OpenStreetMap (OSM) as one of the most successful projects of Volunteered Geographical Information (VGI) has attracted millions of contributors to work together and produces massive open geographical data. However, the co-work does not always run smoothly since mapping can involve conflicted understandings of the reality. In this paper, we investigate behaviors of mapping related to territorial disputes to reveal the characteristics of contributions and examine the contradictions between ground truth as the vision of OSM and the theory of critical cartography. We perform our experiments from the perspectives of entities, changesets, and contributors using the full history data of OSM. The experiments show that territorial-dispute-related contributions have substantially different characteristics from various aspects but they cannot be treated as outliers either, considering that most contributors do not focus on disputed boundaries. Interpreting OSM data as a converging state to ground truth or equally opinions can both be inaccurate. We also find that mapping disputes may not be absolutely negative in a VGI project. Key policy highlights We perform quantitative, large-scale (global) analysis of dispute-related mapping. The results show that territorial-dispute-related contributions and contributors are different from contributions and contributors in general. Territorial-dispute-related mapping is not an independent phenomenon for OSM. The contributors make much more disputes-unrelated contributions. Dispute-related entities have more (divergent) versions than normal boundaries, attract more participants, and are more semantically complete, especially for names. Dispute-related changesets generally attract more discussions. The spatial distribution of the dispute-related changesets is consistent with real-world territorial disputes and very different from that of all boundary-related changesets and all changesets. Contributors who participate in dispute-related contributions are generally more active. These users tend to have a special interest in boundaries but most of them do not focus on disputed boundaries.","PeriodicalId":47562,"journal":{"name":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","volume":"50 1","pages":"451 - 464"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44413788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-21DOI: 10.1080/15230406.2022.2156388
E. Noi, A. Rudolph, S. Dodge
{"title":"VASA: an exploratory visualization tool for mapping spatio-temporal structure of mobility – a COVID-19 case study","authors":"E. Noi, A. Rudolph, S. Dodge","doi":"10.1080/15230406.2022.2156388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2022.2156388","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47562,"journal":{"name":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48711954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-21DOI: 10.1080/15230406.2023.2172081
Daping Xi, Xini Hu, Lin F. Yang, Nai Yang, Yanzhu Liu, Han Jiang
ABSTRACT The main purpose of the research on map emotional semantics is to describe and express the emotional responses caused by people observing images through computer technology. Nowadays, map application scenarios tend to be diversified, and the increasing demand for emotional information of map users bring new challenges for cartography. However, the lack of evaluation of emotions in the traditional map drawing process makes it difficult for the resulting maps to reach emotional resonance with map users. The core of solving this problem is to quantify the emotional semantics of maps, it can help mapmakers to better understand map emotions and improve user satisfaction. This paper aims to perform the quantification of map emotional semantics by applying transfer learning methods and the efficient computational power of convolutional neural networks (CNN) to establish the correspondence between visual features and emotions. The main contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) a Map Sentiment Dataset containing five discrete emotion categories; (2) three different CNNs (VGG16, VGG19, and InceptionV3) are applied for map sentiment classification task and evaluated by accuracy performance; (3) six different parameter combinations to conduct experiments that would determine the best combination of learning rate and batch size; and (4) the analysis of visual variables that affect the sentiment of a map according to the chart and visualization results. The experimental results reveal that the proposed method has good accuracy performance (around 88%) and that the emotional semantics of maps have some general rules. Key policy highlights A Map Sentiment Dataset with five discrete emotions is constructed Map emotional semantics are classified by deep learning approaches Visual variables Influencing map sentiment are analyzed.
{"title":"Research on map emotional semantics using deep learning approach","authors":"Daping Xi, Xini Hu, Lin F. Yang, Nai Yang, Yanzhu Liu, Han Jiang","doi":"10.1080/15230406.2023.2172081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2023.2172081","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The main purpose of the research on map emotional semantics is to describe and express the emotional responses caused by people observing images through computer technology. Nowadays, map application scenarios tend to be diversified, and the increasing demand for emotional information of map users bring new challenges for cartography. However, the lack of evaluation of emotions in the traditional map drawing process makes it difficult for the resulting maps to reach emotional resonance with map users. The core of solving this problem is to quantify the emotional semantics of maps, it can help mapmakers to better understand map emotions and improve user satisfaction. This paper aims to perform the quantification of map emotional semantics by applying transfer learning methods and the efficient computational power of convolutional neural networks (CNN) to establish the correspondence between visual features and emotions. The main contributions of this paper are as follows: (1) a Map Sentiment Dataset containing five discrete emotion categories; (2) three different CNNs (VGG16, VGG19, and InceptionV3) are applied for map sentiment classification task and evaluated by accuracy performance; (3) six different parameter combinations to conduct experiments that would determine the best combination of learning rate and batch size; and (4) the analysis of visual variables that affect the sentiment of a map according to the chart and visualization results. The experimental results reveal that the proposed method has good accuracy performance (around 88%) and that the emotional semantics of maps have some general rules. Key policy highlights A Map Sentiment Dataset with five discrete emotions is constructed Map emotional semantics are classified by deep learning approaches Visual variables Influencing map sentiment are analyzed.","PeriodicalId":47562,"journal":{"name":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","volume":"50 1","pages":"465 - 480"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47555900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-21DOI: 10.1080/15230406.2023.2176928
Pei Dang, Jun Zhu, Xiaoqi Qiao, Jianli Wu, Weilian Li, Jigang You, Lin Fu
ABSTRACT In emergency situations such as fire evacuation, indoor wayfinding is a complex and challenging task that is closely related to spatial cognition and spatial ability. This study discusses the indoor wayfinding ability of evacuees from the perspective of spatial cognitive style. Spatial cognitive style can be divided into: landmark, route, survey (ordered from low to high). We measured the spatial cognitive style of participants, created a realistic virtual scene with a LiDAR scanner, and finally captured real behavior data using mobile virtual reality. The results show that people with a survey style can better extract information from an evacuation map and use it correctly, and they have a stronger sense of direction and cognition of the evacuation scene. People with a route or landmark style rely more on evacuation signs and following others to find their way and are more likely to lose their way in an emergency. These findings are helpful to explain the differences in wayfinding strategies and escape results of people in a fire evacuation.
{"title":"How does spatial cognitive style affect indoor fire evacuation wayfinding in mobile virtual reality?","authors":"Pei Dang, Jun Zhu, Xiaoqi Qiao, Jianli Wu, Weilian Li, Jigang You, Lin Fu","doi":"10.1080/15230406.2023.2176928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2023.2176928","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In emergency situations such as fire evacuation, indoor wayfinding is a complex and challenging task that is closely related to spatial cognition and spatial ability. This study discusses the indoor wayfinding ability of evacuees from the perspective of spatial cognitive style. Spatial cognitive style can be divided into: landmark, route, survey (ordered from low to high). We measured the spatial cognitive style of participants, created a realistic virtual scene with a LiDAR scanner, and finally captured real behavior data using mobile virtual reality. The results show that people with a survey style can better extract information from an evacuation map and use it correctly, and they have a stronger sense of direction and cognition of the evacuation scene. People with a route or landmark style rely more on evacuation signs and following others to find their way and are more likely to lose their way in an emergency. These findings are helpful to explain the differences in wayfinding strategies and escape results of people in a fire evacuation.","PeriodicalId":47562,"journal":{"name":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","volume":"50 1","pages":"272 - 288"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43631604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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