Pub Date : 2023-06-26DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.104
Saifullah Khan, Surriya Shahab, Muhammad Ishaque Fani, Abdul Wahid, Mahmood-Ul- Hasan, Aslam Khan
The study discusses the climate of Balochistan with a special focus on the variation of weather condition taking into account the mean monthly precipitation, temperature, humidity, atmospheric circulation, air pressure, evapotranspiration and solar energy covering the time duration of 1931-2020 (normal data). The physical barriers that bring variations in the climate of Balochistan contain geographical location, ocean, geomorphology, land use, natural vegetation, and continental extent. Based on precipitation, the province has been divided into two main regions that are arid and semi-arid, while the temperature zones are hot, warm, mild and cool. The southern and eastern part of the province receives heavy rain in the summers (monsoon), whereas it is from the western depressions during the winter season. Balochistan experiences four rainy seasons in winter (cold), pre-monsoon season (warm), monsoon season (hot), and post-monsoon season (mild). Owing to tropical (coastal) and sub-tropical continental characteristics, the area familiarizes two foremost seasons namely winter and summer. The summers of the area long for 5 months in hilly areas while 7 months in continental plains and coastal regions; whereas, winters cover five months in the plains and seven months in the mountains. Based on the appropriation and fluctuation in climate constituents, Balochistan has been classified into two main, 6 meso, and 9 microclimate and weather zones. According to Global Climate Risk Index, 2021, Pakistan has been ranked at 8th in the list of top ten global climate high-risk countries, which are exposed to the ongoing climate change and requires attention to resolve the issue.
{"title":"Climate and Weather Condition of Balochistan Province, Pakistan","authors":"Saifullah Khan, Surriya Shahab, Muhammad Ishaque Fani, Abdul Wahid, Mahmood-Ul- Hasan, Aslam Khan","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.104","url":null,"abstract":"The study discusses the climate of Balochistan with a special focus on the variation of weather condition taking into account the mean monthly precipitation, temperature, humidity, atmospheric circulation, air pressure, evapotranspiration and solar energy covering the time duration of 1931-2020 (normal data). The physical barriers that bring variations in the climate of Balochistan contain geographical location, ocean, geomorphology, land use, natural vegetation, and continental extent. Based on precipitation, the province has been divided into two main regions that are arid and semi-arid, while the temperature zones are hot, warm, mild and cool. The southern and eastern part of the province receives heavy rain in the summers (monsoon), whereas it is from the western depressions during the winter season. Balochistan experiences four rainy seasons in winter (cold), pre-monsoon season (warm), monsoon season (hot), and post-monsoon season (mild). Owing to tropical (coastal) and sub-tropical continental characteristics, the area familiarizes two foremost seasons namely winter and summer. The summers of the area long for 5 months in hilly areas while 7 months in continental plains and coastal regions; whereas, winters cover five months in the plains and seven months in the mountains. Based on the appropriation and fluctuation in climate constituents, Balochistan has been classified into two main, 6 meso, and 9 microclimate and weather zones. According to Global Climate Risk Index, 2021, Pakistan has been ranked at 8th in the list of top ten global climate high-risk countries, which are exposed to the ongoing climate change and requires attention to resolve the issue.","PeriodicalId":476283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of economic and environment geology","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134933533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-26DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.100
Muhammad Nawaz, Muhammad Afzaal, Zainab Shahid, Muhammad Ibrahim, Muhammad Ibrahim, Sarfraz Ahmad, Humaira Nawaz
Fungal strains are widely used for the cleaning of soil, sediments, groundwater, surface water, and the ecosystem. The presence of extracellular enzymes in fungi facilitates the process of bioremediation of textile dyes. This study was conducted to observe the quality of water being released from textile dyes industries and also the capability of some fungal strains which can remediate these dyes by showing the tendency of their resistance. Samples of water were collected from the polluted area surrounding the textile dyeing industries in Lahore. In the process of isolation, Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium was used to verify the fungal growth. Fungal strains were purified, and the morphological characterization of fungal strains was carried out at 10X and 100X by using a magnification microscope. The fungal strains, such as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillusoryzae, and Aspergillusflavus were identified. The stress of four types of dyes was given to each fungal strain. The results showed that Aspergillusoryzae was one of the most stable, non-toxic, and resistant fungal species against the high stress of dyes as compared to other species
{"title":"Studies On the Role of Fungal Strains in Bioremediation of Dyes Isolated from Textile Effluents","authors":"Muhammad Nawaz, Muhammad Afzaal, Zainab Shahid, Muhammad Ibrahim, Muhammad Ibrahim, Sarfraz Ahmad, Humaira Nawaz","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.100","url":null,"abstract":"Fungal strains are widely used for the cleaning of soil, sediments, groundwater, surface water, and the ecosystem. The presence of extracellular enzymes in fungi facilitates the process of bioremediation of textile dyes. This study was conducted to observe the quality of water being released from textile dyes industries and also the capability of some fungal strains which can remediate these dyes by showing the tendency of their resistance. Samples of water were collected from the polluted area surrounding the textile dyeing industries in Lahore. In the process of isolation, Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium was used to verify the fungal growth. Fungal strains were purified, and the morphological characterization of fungal strains was carried out at 10X and 100X by using a magnification microscope. The fungal strains, such as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillusoryzae, and Aspergillusflavus were identified. The stress of four types of dyes was given to each fungal strain. The results showed that Aspergillusoryzae was one of the most stable, non-toxic, and resistant fungal species against the high stress of dyes as compared to other species","PeriodicalId":476283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of economic and environment geology","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134933535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nagina Naveed Riaz, Fazal Ur Rehman, Shabbir Hussain, Sheikh Asrar Ahmad
The current study is performed to assess the physio-chemical characteristics and drinking water quality in three Tehsils (Mailsi, Burewala and Vehari) of District Vehari, Punjab (Pakistan). The water samples of investigated regions were subjected to physicochemical characterization (pH, EC, TDS, HCO3-, CO3-2, Cl-, NO3-, PO4-3, SO4-3, Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, Fe+2, Cu+2, Zn+2 and Mn+2). It was demonstrated that certain parameters were exceeding WHO standard limits. The water of Lalazar colony, college town, Y-Block and Sharqi colony was found unfit for drinking purposes so it may cause serious health concerns in the citizens of the investigated areas.
{"title":"Quality Assessment of Drinking Water in Vehari District of Punjab, Pakistan","authors":"Nagina Naveed Riaz, Fazal Ur Rehman, Shabbir Hussain, Sheikh Asrar Ahmad","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.98","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.98","url":null,"abstract":"The current study is performed to assess the physio-chemical characteristics and drinking water quality in three Tehsils (Mailsi, Burewala and Vehari) of District Vehari, Punjab (Pakistan). The water samples of investigated regions were subjected to physicochemical characterization (pH, EC, TDS, HCO3-, CO3-2, Cl-, NO3-, PO4-3, SO4-3, Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, Fe+2, Cu+2, Zn+2 and Mn+2). It was demonstrated that certain parameters were exceeding WHO standard limits. The water of Lalazar colony, college town, Y-Block and Sharqi colony was found unfit for drinking purposes so it may cause serious health concerns in the citizens of the investigated areas.","PeriodicalId":476283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of economic and environment geology","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134933644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-26DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.103
Sadiq Jalal, Hamza Rehman, Shams-ul- Alam, Abdul Wahid
Seismic post-stack inversion is one of the best techniques for effective reservoir characterization. This study intends to articulate the application of Model-Based Inversion (MBI) and Probabilistic Neural Networks (PNN) for the identification of reservoir properties i.e. porosity estimation. MBI technique is applied to observe the low impedance zone at the porous reservoir formation. PNN is a geostatistical technique that transforms the impedance volume into porosity volume. Inverted porosity is estimated to observe the spatial distribution of porosity in the Lower Goru sand reservoir beyond the well data control. The result of inverted porosity is compared with that of well-computed porosity. The estimated inverted porosity ranges from 13-13.5% which shows a correlation of 99.63% with the computed porosity of the Rehmat-02 well. The observed low impedance and high porosity cube at the targeted horizon suggest that it could be a probable potential sand channel. Furthermore, the results of seismic post-stack inversion and geostatistical analysis indicate a very good agreement with each other. Hence, the seismic post-stack inversion technique can effectively be applied to estimate the reservoir properties for further prospective zones identification, volumetric estimation and future exploration.
{"title":"Estimation of Reservoir Porosity Using Seismic Post-Stack Inversion in Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan","authors":"Sadiq Jalal, Hamza Rehman, Shams-ul- Alam, Abdul Wahid","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.103","url":null,"abstract":"Seismic post-stack inversion is one of the best techniques for effective reservoir characterization. This study intends to articulate the application of Model-Based Inversion (MBI) and Probabilistic Neural Networks (PNN) for the identification of reservoir properties i.e. porosity estimation. MBI technique is applied to observe the low impedance zone at the porous reservoir formation. PNN is a geostatistical technique that transforms the impedance volume into porosity volume. Inverted porosity is estimated to observe the spatial distribution of porosity in the Lower Goru sand reservoir beyond the well data control. The result of inverted porosity is compared with that of well-computed porosity. The estimated inverted porosity ranges from 13-13.5% which shows a correlation of 99.63% with the computed porosity of the Rehmat-02 well. The observed low impedance and high porosity cube at the targeted horizon suggest that it could be a probable potential sand channel. Furthermore, the results of seismic post-stack inversion and geostatistical analysis indicate a very good agreement with each other. Hence, the seismic post-stack inversion technique can effectively be applied to estimate the reservoir properties for further prospective zones identification, volumetric estimation and future exploration.","PeriodicalId":476283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of economic and environment geology","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134933532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-26DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.101
Muhammad Soomar Samtio, Asghar A. A. D. Hakro, Khadim Hussain Rajper, Abdul Shakoor Mastoi, Riaz Hussain Rajper, Rafique Ahmed Lashari
The study was conducted to evaluate the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater. Twenty-six groundwater samples were analysed for the groundwater quality of Chachro Taluka. The EC and TDS contents in most of the water samples were above WHO (2011) recommended limits. Almost all water samples collected from dugwells located in the study area have elevated concentrations of Na and Cl exceeding the WHO guidelines. Results of Ca, and Mg show that 92% and 96% of groundwater samples were within the prescribed limit respectively. Whereas, HCO3, SO4, and NO3 contnets of 88%, 77%, and 69% respectively are also above the guidelines. Statistical results revealed a dominating trend among the cations of Na+>Ca+2>Mg+2>K+ and anions occur in the order of abundance, as Cl->HCO3->SO4 ->NO3, respectively. The water quality index (WQI) shows that 15% groundwater samples belong to poor category, and 35% water samples were found belonging to very poor category.While, remaining 50% wells were found unsuitable for drinking purpose
{"title":"Hydrogeochemical Assessment of Groundwater of Taluka Chachro, Thar Parker, district, Sindh, Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Soomar Samtio, Asghar A. A. D. Hakro, Khadim Hussain Rajper, Abdul Shakoor Mastoi, Riaz Hussain Rajper, Rafique Ahmed Lashari","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.101","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted to evaluate the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater. Twenty-six groundwater samples were analysed for the groundwater quality of Chachro Taluka. The EC and TDS contents in most of the water samples were above WHO (2011) recommended limits. Almost all water samples collected from dugwells located in the study area have elevated concentrations of Na and Cl exceeding the WHO guidelines. Results of Ca, and Mg show that 92% and 96% of groundwater samples were within the prescribed limit respectively. Whereas, HCO3, SO4, and NO3 contnets of 88%, 77%, and 69% respectively are also above the guidelines. Statistical results revealed a dominating trend among the cations of Na+>Ca+2>Mg+2>K+ and anions occur in the order of abundance, as Cl->HCO3->SO4 ->NO3, respectively. The water quality index (WQI) shows that 15% groundwater samples belong to poor category, and 35% water samples were found belonging to very poor category.While, remaining 50% wells were found unsuitable for drinking purpose","PeriodicalId":476283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of economic and environment geology","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134933640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sahar Zia, Safdar Ali Shirazi, Muhammad Nasar-u-Minallah, Madiha Batool
There is a growing threat of urban flooding, particularly in Pakistan that needs attention and requires effective management strategies. The chief trigger for urban flooding is the rapid and unplanned urbanization in areas where impermeable surface inhibits rainwater diffusion and changes the natural water flow. In many developed countries, a technique of rainwater harvesting is implemented as a sustainable strategy to manage urban stormwater. Most studies and projects chiefly focused on the potential use of the Rainwater harvesting technique for water conservation in arid and semi-arid climates. In the present work, GIS and remote sensing methodologies are utilized for the suitability of rainwater harvesting structures. This study was conducted in Lahore, the second most populated city of Pakistan and the capital of Punjab. Generally, the water harvesting technique depends on topographical areas with water accumulation, where there is an availability of open spaces in the form of green areas and barren lands, rainfall, drainage network density, and rainfall distribution, particularly in the urban environment. The SRTM DEM data were used for finding high water accumulated areas, and the Landsat OLI image is used to retrieve land use information i.e. vacant land and open green spaces, existing drainage network density, and rainfall distribution. All these layers were integrated through AHP to detect the potentially suitable sites for the construction of rainwater harvesting structures. Results concluded 94 suitable sites with categorization from highly to critically suitable for the construction of rainwater harvesting structures in which 6 were highly suitable areas in Data Gunj Bakhsh Town and Ravi Town. Besides, residential areas are having a maximum site suitability percentage, followed by roads, agricultural and open spaces in the area under consideration. Considering the suitable sites, further rainwater harvesting methods can be identified in the study area to alleviate urban flooding and improve the urban environment.
{"title":"Urban Floods and Suitability Analysis of Rainwater Harvesting Potential Areas in Lahore City, Pakistan","authors":"Sahar Zia, Safdar Ali Shirazi, Muhammad Nasar-u-Minallah, Madiha Batool","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.97","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.97","url":null,"abstract":"There is a growing threat of urban flooding, particularly in Pakistan that needs attention and requires effective management strategies. The chief trigger for urban flooding is the rapid and unplanned urbanization in areas where impermeable surface inhibits rainwater diffusion and changes the natural water flow. In many developed countries, a technique of rainwater harvesting is implemented as a sustainable strategy to manage urban stormwater. Most studies and projects chiefly focused on the potential use of the Rainwater harvesting technique for water conservation in arid and semi-arid climates. In the present work, GIS and remote sensing methodologies are utilized for the suitability of rainwater harvesting structures. This study was conducted in Lahore, the second most populated city of Pakistan and the capital of Punjab. Generally, the water harvesting technique depends on topographical areas with water accumulation, where there is an availability of open spaces in the form of green areas and barren lands, rainfall, drainage network density, and rainfall distribution, particularly in the urban environment. The SRTM DEM data were used for finding high water accumulated areas, and the Landsat OLI image is used to retrieve land use information i.e. vacant land and open green spaces, existing drainage network density, and rainfall distribution. All these layers were integrated through AHP to detect the potentially suitable sites for the construction of rainwater harvesting structures. Results concluded 94 suitable sites with categorization from highly to critically suitable for the construction of rainwater harvesting structures in which 6 were highly suitable areas in Data Gunj Bakhsh Town and Ravi Town. Besides, residential areas are having a maximum site suitability percentage, followed by roads, agricultural and open spaces in the area under consideration. Considering the suitable sites, further rainwater harvesting methods can be identified in the study area to alleviate urban flooding and improve the urban environment.","PeriodicalId":476283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of economic and environment geology","volume":"162 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134933534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In Pakistan, marine pollution is a major problem that is caused by the waste from industrial, municipal, agronomy, and oil leak sources. The pollutant loads along with the coastline areas near Karachi is received from terrestrial contaminants including discharges from Karachi Harbour located on the estuary of the Lyari river. Karachi generates 472 Million Gallon per Day (MGD) of wastewater out of which only 55 MGD is treated and the rest is discharged in the sea. The prevailing sewage treatment plants are functioning at reduced capacity due to the insufficient transmission capacity of interceptors. Water sampling was carried out from the Lyari River and five different selected coastal point around Karachi harbour for physicochemical parameters and selected heavy metals. Results show that the Karachi Harbour area is noticeably polluted, whereas; the coastal environment in the vicinity of Karachi is also under the stress of pollution. High COD and BOD5 values were noticed at the Lyari river samples and the sampling locations close to the Lyari river outfall area. The Pb, Cd, Ni, and Hg heavy metals that pollute marine water are found. This situation is due to the discharge of mixed effluents of industrial and domestic wastes as well as dredging, cargo handling, dumping of ship waste and other coastal activities. The highest value of pollution observed at Karachi Harbour which is near Lyari river mouth, where the domestic and industrial effluents with organic and inorganic wastes have a greater influence on the water quality and the marine environment. At present, there is no effective controlling mechanism for industries to treat their waste, nor has any investigation to assess increasing marine pollution been carried out. As a result, there is an adverse impact on fish habitat and mangroves, corrosion of cargo ships, naval vessels and the residents living in the coastal area. Therefore, the government agencies and industrial sectors should work together to avert marine pollution and attain total environmental sustainability.
{"title":"Assessment of Marine Coastal Water Pollution from Karachi Harbour Pakistan","authors":"Yasmin Nergis, Jawad Abdullah Butt, Mughal Sharif","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.99","url":null,"abstract":"In Pakistan, marine pollution is a major problem that is caused by the waste from industrial, municipal, agronomy, and oil leak sources. The pollutant loads along with the coastline areas near Karachi is received from terrestrial contaminants including discharges from Karachi Harbour located on the estuary of the Lyari river. Karachi generates 472 Million Gallon per Day (MGD) of wastewater out of which only 55 MGD is treated and the rest is discharged in the sea. The prevailing sewage treatment plants are functioning at reduced capacity due to the insufficient transmission capacity of interceptors. Water sampling was carried out from the Lyari River and five different selected coastal point around Karachi harbour for physicochemical parameters and selected heavy metals. Results show that the Karachi Harbour area is noticeably polluted, whereas; the coastal environment in the vicinity of Karachi is also under the stress of pollution. High COD and BOD5 values were noticed at the Lyari river samples and the sampling locations close to the Lyari river outfall area. The Pb, Cd, Ni, and Hg heavy metals that pollute marine water are found. This situation is due to the discharge of mixed effluents of industrial and domestic wastes as well as dredging, cargo handling, dumping of ship waste and other coastal activities. The highest value of pollution observed at Karachi Harbour which is near Lyari river mouth, where the domestic and industrial effluents with organic and inorganic wastes have a greater influence on the water quality and the marine environment. At present, there is no effective controlling mechanism for industries to treat their waste, nor has any investigation to assess increasing marine pollution been carried out. As a result, there is an adverse impact on fish habitat and mangroves, corrosion of cargo ships, naval vessels and the residents living in the coastal area. Therefore, the government agencies and industrial sectors should work together to avert marine pollution and attain total environmental sustainability.","PeriodicalId":476283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of economic and environment geology","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134933642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-26DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.102
Noor Ullah, Najeebullah Kakar, Din Muhammad Kakar
Geological structures such as faults play a critical role in the flow of fluids in a reservoir by affecting its permeability. This study explores the role of the Chaman Fault in the distribution of hydrological division, groundwater separation of the aquifer systems of Khojak and Chaman basins. The Chaman Fault is a left-lateral strike-slip transform plate boundary located at the border city of Chaman, District Killa Abdullah, Balochistan. The Chaman fault plays an important role in the division of groundwater in the subsurface, accommodating the structural compartment of the aquifer system. The studies showed that the strike-slip movement of the fault made the aquifer impervious along the fault line. This assertion may also be confirmed by the drastic change in the water table across the fault. Sharp changes in the groundwater table and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were observed during the study. The Karazes which are an indigenous method of irrigation is present in the eastern foothills of Khojak mountains called Khojak basin. Here the water table is as shallow as ≈ 6 meters in comparison to the western side of the fault, where the water table drops to ≈274 meters towards the valley of Chaman basin. The average TDS level on the eastern side of the fault line is 773 mg/L and 1361 mg/L on the western side. Therefore, the Chaman fault is acting as a groundwater barrier which is feeding the Karezes for centuries.
{"title":"Fault Control on Groundwater Flow in An Alluvial Aquifer, Chaman and Khojak Basins, Balochistan, Pakistan","authors":"Noor Ullah, Najeebullah Kakar, Din Muhammad Kakar","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.102","url":null,"abstract":"Geological structures such as faults play a critical role in the flow of fluids in a reservoir by affecting its permeability. This study explores the role of the Chaman Fault in the distribution of hydrological division, groundwater separation of the aquifer systems of Khojak and Chaman basins. The Chaman Fault is a left-lateral strike-slip transform plate boundary located at the border city of Chaman, District Killa Abdullah, Balochistan. The Chaman fault plays an important role in the division of groundwater in the subsurface, accommodating the structural compartment of the aquifer system. The studies showed that the strike-slip movement of the fault made the aquifer impervious along the fault line. This assertion may also be confirmed by the drastic change in the water table across the fault. Sharp changes in the groundwater table and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were observed during the study. The Karazes which are an indigenous method of irrigation is present in the eastern foothills of Khojak mountains called Khojak basin. Here the water table is as shallow as ≈ 6 meters in comparison to the western side of the fault, where the water table drops to ≈274 meters towards the valley of Chaman basin. The average TDS level on the eastern side of the fault line is 773 mg/L and 1361 mg/L on the western side. Therefore, the Chaman fault is acting as a groundwater barrier which is feeding the Karezes for centuries.","PeriodicalId":476283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of economic and environment geology","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134933641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-26DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.106
Zubaria Andlib, Adnan Khan
Present study is an attempt to provide an in-depth understanding of the relationship between ICT, financial development, governance effectiveness, and COE nexus in selected South Asian countries. The data were acquired from WDI and applied FMOLS, DOLS, FEOLS methods of estimation for the period 1995-2019. It is observed that ICT has negative while financial development has a positive impact on COE in the case of four South Asian economies. Concerning the impact of governance on COE, it is observed that governance effectiveness is negatively associated with COE. It is evident from the empirical analysis that COE can be mitigated with effective governance policies.
{"title":"The Role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Environmental Quality: An Empirical Analysis for South Asian Economies","authors":"Zubaria Andlib, Adnan Khan","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.106","url":null,"abstract":"Present study is an attempt to provide an in-depth understanding of the relationship between ICT, financial development, governance effectiveness, and COE nexus in selected South Asian countries. The data were acquired from WDI and applied FMOLS, DOLS, FEOLS methods of estimation for the period 1995-2019. It is observed that ICT has negative while financial development has a positive impact on COE in the case of four South Asian economies. Concerning the impact of governance on COE, it is observed that governance effectiveness is negatively associated with COE. It is evident from the empirical analysis that COE can be mitigated with effective governance policies.","PeriodicalId":476283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of economic and environment geology","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134933643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-26DOI: 10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.107
Adeel Tahir, Mamnoon Akhter, Zaheer Uddin, Muhammad Sarim
A qualitative study on temperature distribution has been executed in Hyderabad by several researchers. This study, however, is the first attempt to study temperature distribution quantitatively. Two different methods, i.e., Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Regression Analysis (RA), have been used to determine the average daily temperature distribution for Hyderabad, a city in Pakistan. Both the methods are used to predict the average daily temperature of the years; 2018, 2019, and 2020. In Neural Network (NN) analysis, the network was trained and validated for three years with temperature recorded from 2015-2017. With the help of training and validation parameters of the hidden layer, the average d aily temperature was predicted for 2018-2020. Based on input parameters (dew point, relative humidity, and wind speed), a multiple regression model was developed, and average daily temperature for the years 2018-2020 was predicted again. For validation of the model statistical errors, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MABE), Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE), and coefficient of determination are calculated. The statistical errors show that multiple regression models and neural network models provide a good prediction of temperature distribution. However, the results of the neural network are better than the regression model.
{"title":"Neural Network and Regression Methods for Estimation of the Average Daily Temperature of Hyderabad for the Years 2018-2020","authors":"Adeel Tahir, Mamnoon Akhter, Zaheer Uddin, Muhammad Sarim","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v12i2.107","url":null,"abstract":"A qualitative study on temperature distribution has been executed in Hyderabad by several researchers. This study, however, is the first attempt to study temperature distribution quantitatively. Two different methods, i.e., Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Regression Analysis (RA), have been used to determine the average daily temperature distribution for Hyderabad, a city in Pakistan. Both the methods are used to predict the average daily temperature of the years; 2018, 2019, and 2020. In Neural Network (NN) analysis, the network was trained and validated for three years with temperature recorded from 2015-2017. With the help of training and validation parameters of the hidden layer, the average d aily temperature was predicted for 2018-2020. Based on input parameters (dew point, relative humidity, and wind speed), a multiple regression model was developed, and average daily temperature for the years 2018-2020 was predicted again. For validation of the model statistical errors, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MABE), Mean Absolute Percent Error (MAPE), and coefficient of determination are calculated. The statistical errors show that multiple regression models and neural network models provide a good prediction of temperature distribution. However, the results of the neural network are better than the regression model.","PeriodicalId":476283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of economic and environment geology","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134933646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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