The concept of sustainable migration has emerged recently after realizing the potential of migration in framing and altering the social, economic and environmental structures at destination, especially in the context of sustainable development goals (SDGs). An empirical investigation on the link between regional sustainability and sustainable migration is rare in literature, especially in the context of Pakistan’s urban areas. Present study aims at analysing the relationship between the two by geographic information system (GIS) spatially. This study shows that out of thirteen urban regions, hosting above-average migration along with positive in-migration growth, the migration towards nine regions is unsustainable. Two mega cities namely, Karachi and Lahore are included. This highlights the sustainable growth of regions, specifically and the nation generally. Therefore, in the national policy framework, migration policies should appear as an integral part.
{"title":"Sustainability of Urban Regions and Migration in Pakistan: A GIS Analysis","authors":"Munazah Nazeer, Shaista Alam, Ambreen Fatima","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v12i3.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v12i3.59","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of sustainable migration has emerged recently after realizing the potential of migration in framing and altering the social, economic and environmental structures at destination, especially in the context of sustainable development goals (SDGs). An empirical investigation on the link between regional sustainability and sustainable migration is rare in literature, especially in the context of Pakistan’s urban areas. Present study aims at analysing the relationship between the two by geographic information system (GIS) spatially. This study shows that out of thirteen urban regions, hosting above-average migration along with positive in-migration growth, the migration towards nine regions is unsustainable. Two mega cities namely, Karachi and Lahore are included. This highlights the sustainable growth of regions, specifically and the nation generally. Therefore, in the national policy framework, migration policies should appear as an integral part.","PeriodicalId":476283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of economic and environment geology","volume":"241 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136051887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mujeeb Rehman Khaskheli, Muhammad Hassan Agheem, Manzoor Ali Panhwar, Ulfat Akram, Jabir Nazir
The present study is aimed to recognize the structural styles of hydrocarbon exploration and petrophysical properties of the LGF. The 2-D seismic and well log data set is composed of three seismic lines and well log data of Chak 66–1. Five horizons have been marked with the help of well to seismic tie namely tops of Ranikot, Parh, upper Goru, lower Goru, basal and top massive sands, and out of which basal and massive sands are the objective focus of the present study. Based on seismic data, the study area is characterized by normal faults showing NW–SE dipping trend. Horst and graben structural features are prominent on the seismic lines, which indicated the extensional tectonic regime. Time–depth contour maps and 3D surfaces of objective horizons depict their actual spatial distribution in this area. Wireline logging analysis revealed the physical properties of both basal and massive grains of sand, as 17% effective porosity, 25% average volume of shale (Vsh), 40% water and 60% hydrocarbon saturations for basal sands, Whereas, 16% effective porosity, 35% Vsh, 30% water and 70% hydrocarbon saturations are interpreted for massive sands. Cross–plots of Nphi–Dt and Dt–Rhob also identified that both areas of sand are clean, gas–saturated and have the potential to produce hydrocarbons.
{"title":"Structural Styles and their Suitability for Hydrocarbon in Eastern Sindh Monocline, Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan","authors":"Mujeeb Rehman Khaskheli, Muhammad Hassan Agheem, Manzoor Ali Panhwar, Ulfat Akram, Jabir Nazir","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v12i3.58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v12i3.58","url":null,"abstract":"The present study is aimed to recognize the structural styles of hydrocarbon exploration and petrophysical properties of the LGF. The 2-D seismic and well log data set is composed of three seismic lines and well log data of Chak 66–1. Five horizons have been marked with the help of well to seismic tie namely tops of Ranikot, Parh, upper Goru, lower Goru, basal and top massive sands, and out of which basal and massive sands are the objective focus of the present study. Based on seismic data, the study area is characterized by normal faults showing NW–SE dipping trend. Horst and graben structural features are prominent on the seismic lines, which indicated the extensional tectonic regime. Time–depth contour maps and 3D surfaces of objective horizons depict their actual spatial distribution in this area. Wireline logging analysis revealed the physical properties of both basal and massive grains of sand, as 17% effective porosity, 25% average volume of shale (Vsh), 40% water and 60% hydrocarbon saturations for basal sands, Whereas, 16% effective porosity, 35% Vsh, 30% water and 70% hydrocarbon saturations are interpreted for massive sands. Cross–plots of Nphi–Dt and Dt–Rhob also identified that both areas of sand are clean, gas–saturated and have the potential to produce hydrocarbons.","PeriodicalId":476283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of economic and environment geology","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136051883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Armaghan Faisal Miraj, Naveed Ahsan, Hamza Tariq, Shan Shahzad, Rana Faizan Saleem
Deformational history of the Hazara basin indicates a primitive collision of the two landmasses that undergoes an episodic deformation with NE-SW structural trend. Panjal Thrust (PT) and Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) demarcate the northern and southern extremities of the basin, respectively. The area bounded between these two thrusts is the core consideration of the present research. Different stratigraphic units juxtapose along the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxes (HKS), while the strike-slip component is indicated by imbrication due to thrusts. The study is amied to analyze the paleo-stresses along with developed fracture patterns. Field data were collected via Circle Inventory Method from various localities of the Ghumawan dome, Hazara basin. The zones of upper Cretaceous to Eocene carbonates were mainly targeted during the data collection. Win-Tensor was the key software that helps to analyze the paleo-stresses and fracture pattern of the study area. NW-trending fracture pattern was observed with a highly non-symmetric to dense fracture pattern. The local thrust system lead to severely de-shape the study area. N-S oriented σ1 indicated the compressional tectonic condition that prevailed during deformation of this area. Some segments also show extensional features i.e. normal faulting.
{"title":"Fracture Pattern Analysis of the Upper Cretaceous-Eocene Carbonates along with the Ghumawan Dome, Hazara Basin","authors":"Muhammad Armaghan Faisal Miraj, Naveed Ahsan, Hamza Tariq, Shan Shahzad, Rana Faizan Saleem","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v12i3.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v12i3.55","url":null,"abstract":"Deformational history of the Hazara basin indicates a primitive collision of the two landmasses that undergoes an episodic deformation with NE-SW structural trend. Panjal Thrust (PT) and Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) demarcate the northern and southern extremities of the basin, respectively. The area bounded between these two thrusts is the core consideration of the present research. Different stratigraphic units juxtapose along the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxes (HKS), while the strike-slip component is indicated by imbrication due to thrusts. The study is amied to analyze the paleo-stresses along with developed fracture patterns. Field data were collected via Circle Inventory Method from various localities of the Ghumawan dome, Hazara basin. The zones of upper Cretaceous to Eocene carbonates were mainly targeted during the data collection. Win-Tensor was the key software that helps to analyze the paleo-stresses and fracture pattern of the study area. NW-trending fracture pattern was observed with a highly non-symmetric to dense fracture pattern. The local thrust system lead to severely de-shape the study area. N-S oriented σ1 indicated the compressional tectonic condition that prevailed during deformation of this area. Some segments also show extensional features i.e. normal faulting.","PeriodicalId":476283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of economic and environment geology","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136051884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Access to safe drinking water and its regular monitoring is essential to ensure the health and safety of the public. This study aimed to analyze the microbiological quality of drinking water supplies (filtered and unfiltered) from various towns of Lahore, Pakistan. In total, 135 water samples, with and without filtration (n=90) and additional 45 bottled drinking water samples of different brands from the local market were collected from 9 towns of Lahore. To determine the microbiological quality, all samples were subjected to total plate count, total coliform, E. coli, Streptococci and Salmonella detection. According to the findings, the total plate count from various water supplies was significantly higher as compared to bottled drinking water samples. Drinking water from supplies with filtration and without filtration was found to be contaminated with total coliform (51%), E. coli (51%) and total coliform (84.5%), E. coli (84.5%), faecal Streptococci (15.5%), and Salmonella (11.1%) respectively. In total, 22 (49%) of the filtered and 7 (15.5%) of the unfiltered water samples were found to be microbiologically safe for drinking, whereas 41 (91.1%) bottled drinking water samples met the WHO criteria. To summarize, bottled drinking water is safer than both filtered and unfiltered drinking water. However, all bottled water should not be assumed to be safe for use. The microbial contamination in drinking water supplies, as well as bottled water samples, insinuates for strict monitoring of drinking water by regulatory authorities, and immediate action is required to avoid public health hazards.
{"title":"Microbiological Analysis of Drinking Water from Different Areas of Lahore","authors":"Imran Khan, Saima Mohsin","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v12i3.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v12i3.61","url":null,"abstract":"Access to safe drinking water and its regular monitoring is essential to ensure the health and safety of the public. This study aimed to analyze the microbiological quality of drinking water supplies (filtered and unfiltered) from various towns of Lahore, Pakistan. In total, 135 water samples, with and without filtration (n=90) and additional 45 bottled drinking water samples of different brands from the local market were collected from 9 towns of Lahore. To determine the microbiological quality, all samples were subjected to total plate count, total coliform, E. coli, Streptococci and Salmonella detection. According to the findings, the total plate count from various water supplies was significantly higher as compared to bottled drinking water samples. Drinking water from supplies with filtration and without filtration was found to be contaminated with total coliform (51%), E. coli (51%) and total coliform (84.5%), E. coli (84.5%), faecal Streptococci (15.5%), and Salmonella (11.1%) respectively. In total, 22 (49%) of the filtered and 7 (15.5%) of the unfiltered water samples were found to be microbiologically safe for drinking, whereas 41 (91.1%) bottled drinking water samples met the WHO criteria. To summarize, bottled drinking water is safer than both filtered and unfiltered drinking water. However, all bottled water should not be assumed to be safe for use. The microbial contamination in drinking water supplies, as well as bottled water samples, insinuates for strict monitoring of drinking water by regulatory authorities, and immediate action is required to avoid public health hazards.","PeriodicalId":476283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of economic and environment geology","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136051891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meral Erdoğan Topçuoğlu, Remzi Karagüzel, Ahmet Doğan3=
The separation of surface runoff and base flow is a very specific problem in water balance calculations, particularly if there is not enough measured flow data. In this study, the SCS-CN method is used to estimate the surface runoff in the ungauged Izmit Basin. The CNs are estimated using the Hydrologic Soil Groups map, based on soil data of the General Directorate of Rural Services of Turkey and land use obtained from the CORINE-2006 database for different AMCs. The surface runoff was computed using the SCS-CN method for the ungauged Izmit Basin that corresponds to 17% and 21% of the rainfall, i.e. 134 mm (for Kocaeli Meteorological Station; rainfall=804 mm) and 171 mm (for Sakarya Meteorological Station; rainfall=820 mm). According to SCS-CN method estimates, approximately 41-42% of the annual rainfall in the Izmit Basin directly contributes to the total streamflow, and 21-25% of it contributes to base flow and unmeasured infiltration. To compare the results of the SCS-CN method along with hydrograph separation method, the gauged Yuvacık Dam Sub-Basin, which is hydro-meteorologically similar to the Izmit Basin, was selected. The results showed that 16% of the rainfall in the Yuvacık Dam Sub-Basin became surface runoff. Also, it was found that about 42% of the annual rainfall in the Yuvacık Dam Sub-Basin directly contributes to the total streamflow and 23% of it contributes to the base flow and unmeasured infiltration. These results confirm that the ratio of surface runoff obtained by the hydrograph separation method in the Yuvacık Dam Sub-Basin matches with the ratio of surface runoff calculated using the SCS-CN method for the entire Izmit Basin.
{"title":"Comparison of the SCS-CN and Hydrograph Separation Method for Runoff Estimation in an Ungauged Basin: The Izmit Basin, Turkey","authors":"Meral Erdoğan Topçuoğlu, Remzi Karagüzel, Ahmet Doğan3=","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v12i4.70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v12i4.70","url":null,"abstract":"The separation of surface runoff and base flow is a very specific problem in water balance calculations, particularly if there is not enough measured flow data. In this study, the SCS-CN method is used to estimate the surface runoff in the ungauged Izmit Basin. The CNs are estimated using the Hydrologic Soil Groups map, based on soil data of the General Directorate of Rural Services of Turkey and land use obtained from the CORINE-2006 database for different AMCs. The surface runoff was computed using the SCS-CN method for the ungauged Izmit Basin that corresponds to 17% and 21% of the rainfall, i.e. 134 mm (for Kocaeli Meteorological Station; rainfall=804 mm) and 171 mm (for Sakarya Meteorological Station; rainfall=820 mm). According to SCS-CN method estimates, approximately 41-42% of the annual rainfall in the Izmit Basin directly contributes to the total streamflow, and 21-25% of it contributes to base flow and unmeasured infiltration. To compare the results of the SCS-CN method along with hydrograph separation method, the gauged Yuvacık Dam Sub-Basin, which is hydro-meteorologically similar to the Izmit Basin, was selected. The results showed that 16% of the rainfall in the Yuvacık Dam Sub-Basin became surface runoff. Also, it was found that about 42% of the annual rainfall in the Yuvacık Dam Sub-Basin directly contributes to the total streamflow and 23% of it contributes to the base flow and unmeasured infiltration. These results confirm that the ratio of surface runoff obtained by the hydrograph separation method in the Yuvacık Dam Sub-Basin matches with the ratio of surface runoff calculated using the SCS-CN method for the entire Izmit Basin.","PeriodicalId":476283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of economic and environment geology","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136050994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Education plays an important role in the development of society. The service area for schools is generally considered at a distance coverd in 10 minute walk. There are four tehsils of Khushab which are Khushab, Nurpur Thal, Quaidabad and Noushera. There are some areas with no government schools for girls.
{"title":"GIS-based Analysis for Optimal Site Selection of Schools in Tehsil Khushab, Punjab","authors":"Sumaira Hafeez, Sajid Rasheed Ahmad","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v12i4.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v12i4.77","url":null,"abstract":"Education plays an important role in the development of society. The service area for schools is generally considered at a distance coverd in 10 minute walk. There are four tehsils of Khushab which are Khushab, Nurpur Thal, Quaidabad and Noushera. There are some areas with no government schools for girls.","PeriodicalId":476283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of economic and environment geology","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136050999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hamza Hanif, Ahmer Shaheem Tahir, Rimsha Shaikh, Dania Anjum
Renewable Energy Sources have a lot of importance in today’s world to produce an electrical output which explains the main reasons that every government and policy maker now a days prefer Renewable Energy in the wake of global warming and limited availability of fossil fuels (Twidell and Weir, 2021). The Renewable Energy Sources are hazardless, pollution free, eco-friendly, freely available in nature in vast quantities and most importantly, they give a chance to create a carbon-free environment.
{"title":"Using XGBoost Model with Feature Selection Techniques for Wind Speed Forecasting","authors":"Hamza Hanif, Ahmer Shaheem Tahir, Rimsha Shaikh, Dania Anjum","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v12i4.78","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v12i4.78","url":null,"abstract":"Renewable Energy Sources have a lot of importance in today’s world to produce an electrical output which explains the main reasons that every government and policy maker now a days prefer Renewable Energy in the wake of global warming and limited availability of fossil fuels (Twidell and Weir, 2021). The Renewable Energy Sources are hazardless, pollution free, eco-friendly, freely available in nature in vast quantities and most importantly, they give a chance to create a carbon-free environment.","PeriodicalId":476283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of economic and environment geology","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136051000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sahar Zia, Saba Yaqoob, Muhammad Nasar-u- Minallah, Ayesha Hanif, A. Aslam
The problem of exposure to traffic noise pollution is rapidly increasing day by day and is closely associated with the rapid industrialization and urbanization process taking place over the glob (Margaritis and Kang, 2016).
{"title":"Relationship Analysis between Vegetation and Traffic Noise Pollution: A Case Study Lahore, Pakistan","authors":"Sahar Zia, Saba Yaqoob, Muhammad Nasar-u- Minallah, Ayesha Hanif, A. Aslam","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v12i3.65","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v12i3.65","url":null,"abstract":"The problem of exposure to traffic noise pollution is rapidly increasing day by day and is closely associated with the rapid industrialization and urbanization process taking place over the glob (Margaritis and Kang, 2016).","PeriodicalId":476283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of economic and environment geology","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136051885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the first investment in mining operations is very high, so, it is absolutely important to model the field inthree dimensions for appropriate planning and cost analysis. The whole data set belonging to the geological, geophysicaland drilling exploration studies carried out in the field should be evaluated as a package. In the modelling phase, thecomputer-aided tri-dimensional mining software has been used instead of the classical reserve calculation methods beingutilized in previous years. Thus, more realistic and shorter results are achieved. In the present work, three-dimensionalseam modelling of the Adana-Tufanbeyli (Turkey) lignite field was carried out. In modelling, the coal horizon of thefield was examined. Then, the sub-seam levels in the horizon were determined and after examining their geometricrelationships with each other, three sub-seams were defined. Seam composites were prepared by the downhole methodto make the analysis results of different sizes uniform. It is possible to make block quality estimations, which will be thebasis for reserve calculations, by creating variograms in different directions. Variograms are first created in the verticaldirection and then in the horizontal direction respectively, to obtain the necessary parameters. The nugget effect andstructural distance parameters were obtained from the created variogram models. To assign quality estimation values onthe block model, the Kriging method was used when the number of data was sufficient, and the inverse distance methodwas applied, when it was insufficient. As a result of this modelling study, a total of 355.617.194 tons of lignite reserveswith an average calorific value of 1.153 Kcal/kg were determined in the field.
{"title":"Seam Modelling and Reserve Calculation for Lignite Field in Adana-Tufanbeyli (Turkey)","authors":"Sedat Toraman, Cem Şensöğüt2","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v12i3.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v12i3.56","url":null,"abstract":"Since the first investment in mining operations is very high, so, it is absolutely important to model the field inthree dimensions for appropriate planning and cost analysis. The whole data set belonging to the geological, geophysicaland drilling exploration studies carried out in the field should be evaluated as a package. In the modelling phase, thecomputer-aided tri-dimensional mining software has been used instead of the classical reserve calculation methods beingutilized in previous years. Thus, more realistic and shorter results are achieved. In the present work, three-dimensionalseam modelling of the Adana-Tufanbeyli (Turkey) lignite field was carried out. In modelling, the coal horizon of thefield was examined. Then, the sub-seam levels in the horizon were determined and after examining their geometricrelationships with each other, three sub-seams were defined. Seam composites were prepared by the downhole methodto make the analysis results of different sizes uniform. It is possible to make block quality estimations, which will be thebasis for reserve calculations, by creating variograms in different directions. Variograms are first created in the verticaldirection and then in the horizontal direction respectively, to obtain the necessary parameters. The nugget effect andstructural distance parameters were obtained from the created variogram models. To assign quality estimation values onthe block model, the Kriging method was used when the number of data was sufficient, and the inverse distance methodwas applied, when it was insufficient. As a result of this modelling study, a total of 355.617.194 tons of lignite reserveswith an average calorific value of 1.153 Kcal/kg were determined in the field.","PeriodicalId":476283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of economic and environment geology","volume":"434 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136051895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kannar Ali, Abdul Ghaffar, Inayat Ullah, Fida Murad, Jalil Ahmed, Muhammad Ibrahim Baloch
Gunga deposit is a type of sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) deposit located in the northwest of Khuzdar Knot within the Kirthar Fold Belt (KFB) in the south-west of Khuzdar city. This deposit is formed during the late Triassic-Jurassic period due to rifting of the Gondwana supercontinent. being hosted with the Anjira Member of Jurassic Shirinab Formation, hosted the Strata bounded barite mineralization in these deposits contact with the siliceous and iron-rich gossan zones. The Baritic zone indicates the complex replacement of silica with the continuous silicification which is followed by massive to brecciated type Barite. Petrographically, barite has a very fine to coarse grain texture, anhedral to euhedral crystal shape, and forms dendritic crystal structure In the Back Scattered Electron (BSE) images, the crystal morphology of Barite exhibits well-developed elongated crystal structures with medium to coarse grain texture. Energy Dispersive X-rays (EDX) graphs indicates the high peaks of Ba, S, and O elements associated with sub-peaks rock-forming mineral elements (Si, Al, Na, K, and Ca) along with sub-peaks of ore-forming mineral elements (Pb, Zn, Fe, P, and Ni).
{"title":"Geology, Petrography, and Mineralization of Sedimentary Hosted Strata-Bounded Barite Deposit at Gunga, Khuzdar District Balochistan, Pakistan","authors":"Kannar Ali, Abdul Ghaffar, Inayat Ullah, Fida Murad, Jalil Ahmed, Muhammad Ibrahim Baloch","doi":"10.46660/ijeeg.v12i4.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.v12i4.73","url":null,"abstract":"Gunga deposit is a type of sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) deposit located in the northwest of Khuzdar Knot within the Kirthar Fold Belt (KFB) in the south-west of Khuzdar city. This deposit is formed during the late Triassic-Jurassic period due to rifting of the Gondwana supercontinent. being hosted with the Anjira Member of Jurassic Shirinab Formation, hosted the Strata bounded barite mineralization in these deposits contact with the siliceous and iron-rich gossan zones. The Baritic zone indicates the complex replacement of silica with the continuous silicification which is followed by massive to brecciated type Barite. Petrographically, barite has a very fine to coarse grain texture, anhedral to euhedral crystal shape, and forms dendritic crystal structure In the Back Scattered Electron (BSE) images, the crystal morphology of Barite exhibits well-developed elongated crystal structures with medium to coarse grain texture. Energy Dispersive X-rays (EDX) graphs indicates the high peaks of Ba, S, and O elements associated with sub-peaks rock-forming mineral elements (Si, Al, Na, K, and Ca) along with sub-peaks of ore-forming mineral elements (Pb, Zn, Fe, P, and Ni).","PeriodicalId":476283,"journal":{"name":"International journal of economic and environment geology","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136050998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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