{"title":"Cultivating Critical Hope While Leading during Crisis: A Qualitative Cross-Comparative Analysis","authors":"Patricia M. Virella","doi":"10.1086/728269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/728269","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47629,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Education","volume":"31 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139390659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tiffanie Lewis-Durham, Arianna Di Puorto, Silvia Bettez
Purpose: School leaders who articulate a desire to center equity in their schools often neglect to examine how racism persists in their parent and family engagement strategies. This oversight can reify structures that are oppressive and exclusionary to the marginalized families school leaders claim they want to engage. Research Methods/Approach: In this study, we use case study methods to examine the way one social justice–oriented school attempted to challenge and disrupt the persistence of Whiteness and White supremacy in a unique family group. We interview one school leader and parents and conduct extensive observations of group meetings. Findings: We found that Whiteness and White supremacy can be persistent despite leaders’ desires to eradicate these entrenched phenomena. Implications: Our findings show that knowing Whiteness and White supremacy are present is not enough. Rather, school leaders need to actively interrupt these dominant structures to see meaningful change.
{"title":"The Persistence of and Challenges to Whiteness in Parent Engagement","authors":"Tiffanie Lewis-Durham, Arianna Di Puorto, Silvia Bettez","doi":"10.1086/727007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/727007","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: School leaders who articulate a desire to center equity in their schools often neglect to examine how racism persists in their parent and family engagement strategies. This oversight can reify structures that are oppressive and exclusionary to the marginalized families school leaders claim they want to engage. Research Methods/Approach: In this study, we use case study methods to examine the way one social justice–oriented school attempted to challenge and disrupt the persistence of Whiteness and White supremacy in a unique family group. We interview one school leader and parents and conduct extensive observations of group meetings. Findings: We found that Whiteness and White supremacy can be persistent despite leaders’ desires to eradicate these entrenched phenomena. Implications: Our findings show that knowing Whiteness and White supremacy are present is not enough. Rather, school leaders need to actively interrupt these dominant structures to see meaningful change.","PeriodicalId":47629,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Education","volume":"18 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135589271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benjamin B. Uhrich, Sandra L. Rogelberg, Steven G. Rogelberg, John E. Kello, Eleanor B. Williams, Shahar S. Gur, Leann E. Caudill, Miles Moffit
Purpose: People use self-talk (verbalized cognitions) to monitor and evaluate their performance, making it a vital construct in the self-regulation process. Research Methods/Approach: We coded 1,092 self-talk responses from 177 undergraduates for two types of self-talks, constructive and dysfunctional. Findings: We found constructive self-talk positively related to satisfaction, self-efficacy, and academic performance, whereas dysfunctional self-talk negatively related to satisfaction and self-efficacy but was not significantly related to performance. Constructive self-talk explained incremental variance in self-efficacy and performance beyond that explained by related psychological constructs: self-regulation skills, conscientiousness, and neuroticism. Dysfunctional self-talk only explained incremental variance in self-efficacy. Implications: This study shows that self-talk is a unique and influential construct that should be of interest to academics and practitioners across the disciplines of psychology and education.
{"title":"The Power of the Inner Voice: Examining Self-Talk’s Relationship with Academic Outcomes","authors":"Benjamin B. Uhrich, Sandra L. Rogelberg, Steven G. Rogelberg, John E. Kello, Eleanor B. Williams, Shahar S. Gur, Leann E. Caudill, Miles Moffit","doi":"10.1086/727006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/727006","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: People use self-talk (verbalized cognitions) to monitor and evaluate their performance, making it a vital construct in the self-regulation process. Research Methods/Approach: We coded 1,092 self-talk responses from 177 undergraduates for two types of self-talks, constructive and dysfunctional. Findings: We found constructive self-talk positively related to satisfaction, self-efficacy, and academic performance, whereas dysfunctional self-talk negatively related to satisfaction and self-efficacy but was not significantly related to performance. Constructive self-talk explained incremental variance in self-efficacy and performance beyond that explained by related psychological constructs: self-regulation skills, conscientiousness, and neuroticism. Dysfunctional self-talk only explained incremental variance in self-efficacy. Implications: This study shows that self-talk is a unique and influential construct that should be of interest to academics and practitioners across the disciplines of psychology and education.","PeriodicalId":47629,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Education","volume":"97 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135217405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: Attending to teachers’ instructional contexts is integral for understanding their learning and implementation of education reform. However, there is still much to be understood about the processes that surround teacher decision making and their navigations through change in their work contexts. Research Methods/Approach: This article utilized sensemaking theory to explore decision-making dynamics for eight middle school science teachers adopting instructional practices associated with the Framework for K–12 Science Education and Next Generation Science Standards. Using a multiple case study approach, I examine patterns of teachers’ sensemaking and their connection to instructional decision making over a 2-year period, with particular attention to the sources of ambiguity and uncertainty that initiated sensemaking and how teachers navigated them. Data include interviews, classroom videos, instructional artifacts, and professional development workshop field notes. Findings: Teachers’ institutional knowledge served as a key resource for sensemaking that supported noticing what was new about reform and managing conflicting priorities. Experiencing and resolving ambiguity supported by institutional knowledge tended to lead to greater shifts in classroom practice. However, an absence of institutional knowledge tended to result in feelings of “stuckness” that impeded change. I describe teachers’ navigational strategies to resolve ambiguity, moments of stuckness, and how such experiences shaped the ways reform ideas became integrated into practice. Implications: Designing opportunities for teachers to notice discrepancies and engage in sensemaking, and leveraging teachers’ local expertise and ingenuity, can support teacher learning and change to classroom practice.
{"title":"“Figuring Out My Part in All of This”: Understanding Ambiguity and Uncertainty in Shaping Teacher Learning within Reform","authors":"Carrie D. Allen","doi":"10.1086/727005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/727005","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Attending to teachers’ instructional contexts is integral for understanding their learning and implementation of education reform. However, there is still much to be understood about the processes that surround teacher decision making and their navigations through change in their work contexts. Research Methods/Approach: This article utilized sensemaking theory to explore decision-making dynamics for eight middle school science teachers adopting instructional practices associated with the Framework for K–12 Science Education and Next Generation Science Standards. Using a multiple case study approach, I examine patterns of teachers’ sensemaking and their connection to instructional decision making over a 2-year period, with particular attention to the sources of ambiguity and uncertainty that initiated sensemaking and how teachers navigated them. Data include interviews, classroom videos, instructional artifacts, and professional development workshop field notes. Findings: Teachers’ institutional knowledge served as a key resource for sensemaking that supported noticing what was new about reform and managing conflicting priorities. Experiencing and resolving ambiguity supported by institutional knowledge tended to lead to greater shifts in classroom practice. However, an absence of institutional knowledge tended to result in feelings of “stuckness” that impeded change. I describe teachers’ navigational strategies to resolve ambiguity, moments of stuckness, and how such experiences shaped the ways reform ideas became integrated into practice. Implications: Designing opportunities for teachers to notice discrepancies and engage in sensemaking, and leveraging teachers’ local expertise and ingenuity, can support teacher learning and change to classroom practice.","PeriodicalId":47629,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Education","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135616961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent studies of immigrant families have called for a reconceptualizing of the influence of social class on education, articulated by the one social class model: White middle-class families possess the cultural capital to foster their social mobility. Focusing on three undocumented and mixed-status Chinese immigrant families in New York City for 3.5 years, we found those who arrived in the United States with the most social class resources fared the worst, whereas those who had less in China were able to persist better. We argue the mechanism underlying this reversal of expected social class patterns is the cultural practice of saving face, which reflects the intersection of social class status, documentation status, and intergenerational acculturation. From this article, we demonstrate understandings of social class among immigrants, especially those of precarious legal status, must expand and incorporate social status experiences prior to immigration, notions of belonging in the United States and being undocumented, and changes through acculturation influence practices that can directly affect mobility.
{"title":"Breaking the Mold: The One Social Class Model and Saving Face among Undocumented and Mixed-Status Chinese Immigrant Families","authors":"Jia-Lin Liu, Hua-Yu Sebastian Cherng","doi":"10.1086/727003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/727003","url":null,"abstract":"Recent studies of immigrant families have called for a reconceptualizing of the influence of social class on education, articulated by the one social class model: White middle-class families possess the cultural capital to foster their social mobility. Focusing on three undocumented and mixed-status Chinese immigrant families in New York City for 3.5 years, we found those who arrived in the United States with the most social class resources fared the worst, whereas those who had less in China were able to persist better. We argue the mechanism underlying this reversal of expected social class patterns is the cultural practice of saving face, which reflects the intersection of social class status, documentation status, and intergenerational acculturation. From this article, we demonstrate understandings of social class among immigrants, especially those of precarious legal status, must expand and incorporate social status experiences prior to immigration, notions of belonging in the United States and being undocumented, and changes through acculturation influence practices that can directly affect mobility.","PeriodicalId":47629,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Education","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135346514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrene J. Castro, Elizabeth Edmondson, Doris Santoro
Purpose: Despite the sizable research on teacher morale, including related work on teacher motivation, job satisfaction, retention, and attrition, studies have largely focused on morale in urban contexts. It is often assumed that suburban schools employ and maintain teachers with higher morale, but these conclusions are largely unsubstantiated. We explore morale in demographically changing suburban schools and draw on a dynamic view of school contextual dimensions that include their situated, material, professional, and external contexts. Research Methods/Approach: To examine the influence of these dimensions on suburban teachers’ expression of morale, we analyzed 265 open-ended survey response items across 12 case schools within a suburban district. Findings: Findings show that teachers’ perceptions of morale were not explicitly tied to school enrollment and demographic change but reflect challenges within their work environment such as concerns with meeting students’ learning needs, organizational efficiency, and collegiality. Findings also confirm that school leadership and professional value and salary significantly influence notions of morale. Implications: By tracing the relationships between the microlevel everyday school practices and interactions and the macrolevel contexts of broader teacher policy and discourse, we offer a more nuanced lens for understanding the complexities of teacher morale in suburban schools undergoing demographic change.
{"title":"Shifting the Gaze: Examining Contextual Factors Influencing Teacher Morale in Suburban Schools","authors":"Andrene J. Castro, Elizabeth Edmondson, Doris Santoro","doi":"10.1086/727008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/727008","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Despite the sizable research on teacher morale, including related work on teacher motivation, job satisfaction, retention, and attrition, studies have largely focused on morale in urban contexts. It is often assumed that suburban schools employ and maintain teachers with higher morale, but these conclusions are largely unsubstantiated. We explore morale in demographically changing suburban schools and draw on a dynamic view of school contextual dimensions that include their situated, material, professional, and external contexts. Research Methods/Approach: To examine the influence of these dimensions on suburban teachers’ expression of morale, we analyzed 265 open-ended survey response items across 12 case schools within a suburban district. Findings: Findings show that teachers’ perceptions of morale were not explicitly tied to school enrollment and demographic change but reflect challenges within their work environment such as concerns with meeting students’ learning needs, organizational efficiency, and collegiality. Findings also confirm that school leadership and professional value and salary significantly influence notions of morale. Implications: By tracing the relationships between the microlevel everyday school practices and interactions and the macrolevel contexts of broader teacher policy and discourse, we offer a more nuanced lens for understanding the complexities of teacher morale in suburban schools undergoing demographic change.","PeriodicalId":47629,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Education","volume":"195 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135596569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anthony Lising Antonio, Diana Mercado-Garcia, Jesse Foster-Hedrick
Purpose: Schoolwide college access programs are becoming increasingly ubiquitous in high schools across the country. Research on their effectiveness in improving college-going rates is inconclusive, prompting scholars to question how programs affect practices in schools. To better understand how schools and college access programs work in partnership to expand college advising resources, we study the practices of high schools partnered with a national college access program. Research Methods/Approach: We conducted case studies of two schools, interviewing 118 teachers, staff, parents, students, and program partners over 2 years of data collection. Using the concept of school social capital—the cognitive, material, and social resources that schools derive from their partnership with other organizations—we examined the different ways that school staff interact and collaborate with college access partner staff. Findings: We find that partnerships can help schools become more extensive brokers of college knowledge and advice by engaging in three practices: referrals, collaborative actions, and norm-setting practices. When engaged in collaboration and norm-setting, staff roles expand to include the provision of college advising services and contribute to increasing student access to advising schoolwide. We further find that school leadership plays a significant role in facilitating the types of practices that emerge from college access partnerships. Implications: Although college access partnerships can give rise to multiple advising agents in a school, such effects must be fostered. The alignment of values and goals between partners appears necessary to facilitate brokering practices between staff, as well as leadership to sanction those practices.
{"title":"Referrals, Collaborative Actions, and Norm-Setting Practices: How College Access Programs Partner with High Schools","authors":"Anthony Lising Antonio, Diana Mercado-Garcia, Jesse Foster-Hedrick","doi":"10.1086/727042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/727042","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Schoolwide college access programs are becoming increasingly ubiquitous in high schools across the country. Research on their effectiveness in improving college-going rates is inconclusive, prompting scholars to question how programs affect practices in schools. To better understand how schools and college access programs work in partnership to expand college advising resources, we study the practices of high schools partnered with a national college access program. Research Methods/Approach: We conducted case studies of two schools, interviewing 118 teachers, staff, parents, students, and program partners over 2 years of data collection. Using the concept of school social capital—the cognitive, material, and social resources that schools derive from their partnership with other organizations—we examined the different ways that school staff interact and collaborate with college access partner staff. Findings: We find that partnerships can help schools become more extensive brokers of college knowledge and advice by engaging in three practices: referrals, collaborative actions, and norm-setting practices. When engaged in collaboration and norm-setting, staff roles expand to include the provision of college advising services and contribute to increasing student access to advising schoolwide. We further find that school leadership plays a significant role in facilitating the types of practices that emerge from college access partnerships. Implications: Although college access partnerships can give rise to multiple advising agents in a school, such effects must be fostered. The alignment of values and goals between partners appears necessary to facilitate brokering practices between staff, as well as leadership to sanction those practices.","PeriodicalId":47629,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Education","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135420764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: We describe charter school leaders’ beliefs and practices as they relate to student transportation in three choice-rich cities. Research Methods/Approach: Data come from a multiple comparative case study of district and charter school leaders’ perceptions and implementation of transportation policies in three choice-rich cities with distinct student-transportation requirements, geographic landscapes, and school-choice markets. We analyzed public documentation and individual, semistructured interviews with 26 representatives from charter schools, authorizing agencies, and district administrators across the case sites. Findings: Even with local policies requiring universal transportation in two of our three case cities, charter school leaders did not foreground equity goals in school access when discussing transportation or did so in relatively weak ways. In contrast, all three cities showed evidence of market-based principles that, at times, were coupled with state and community values to bolster the legitimacy of market-driven transportation practices at the expense of equity goals. Despite the prevalence of the market-based values, we argue that local regulations and structures can support equitable transportation practices. Implications: Our results highlight the strong influence of market-based principles on charter school practices for student transportation. Without equitable provision of student transportation, the theory of change of school choice—that families will have equal access to schools—is challenged. State- and district-level regulations (such as transportation mandates) and structures (such as public transit and universal enrollment systems) can elevate goals of equity for charter school leaders or help manage competitive forces that compel charter schools to prioritize market-based goals over equity.
{"title":"Transportation Logics: How Charter School Leaders Make Choices about Student Transportation","authors":"Ayesha K. Hashim, Carolyn Sattin-Bajaj","doi":"10.1086/725549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725549","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: We describe charter school leaders’ beliefs and practices as they relate to student transportation in three choice-rich cities. Research Methods/Approach: Data come from a multiple comparative case study of district and charter school leaders’ perceptions and implementation of transportation policies in three choice-rich cities with distinct student-transportation requirements, geographic landscapes, and school-choice markets. We analyzed public documentation and individual, semistructured interviews with 26 representatives from charter schools, authorizing agencies, and district administrators across the case sites. Findings: Even with local policies requiring universal transportation in two of our three case cities, charter school leaders did not foreground equity goals in school access when discussing transportation or did so in relatively weak ways. In contrast, all three cities showed evidence of market-based principles that, at times, were coupled with state and community values to bolster the legitimacy of market-driven transportation practices at the expense of equity goals. Despite the prevalence of the market-based values, we argue that local regulations and structures can support equitable transportation practices. Implications: Our results highlight the strong influence of market-based principles on charter school practices for student transportation. Without equitable provision of student transportation, the theory of change of school choice—that families will have equal access to schools—is challenged. State- and district-level regulations (such as transportation mandates) and structures (such as public transit and universal enrollment systems) can elevate goals of equity for charter school leaders or help manage competitive forces that compel charter schools to prioritize market-based goals over equity.","PeriodicalId":47629,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Education","volume":"129 1","pages":"513 - 538"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43777591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Miesner, E. Blair, Chiara C. Packard, Lyn C. Macgregor, Eric Grodsky
Purpose: This study examines how resources and organizational decisions within seven geographically diverse elementary schools shape instructional coordination for Tier 2 interventions within the Response to Intervention (RtI) framework. Research Methods: This work is part of a larger, multiple-case study examining how schools support academic achievement for economically disadvantaged students. We draw on qualitative interview and observation data from seven purposively sampled public elementary schools in Wisconsin during the 2017–18 school year. In our analysis, we approach each school as an individual case to ascertain how resources and organizational decisions shaped instructional coordination for Tier 2 interventions within the RtI framework. Findings: We find that organizational contexts shape how schools approach the instructional coordination of staffing and schedules requisite for multitiered instruction. Specifically, local programming, delineation of staff roles, and availability and deployment of school resources influenced if and how schools coordinated staff and schedules to support RtI. These elements consequently informed student groupings for interventions, the extent of student access to Tier 1 and Tier 2 content, and staff engagement in data-driven discussions. Implications: By closely examining the everyday realities of diverse elementary schools, this study demonstrates that RtI is not a singular program but a context-contingent process. In tracing the relationships between school contexts, instructional coordination, and the practical implementation of RtI, we provide insight into the messy realities of schools and obstacles to RtI that past research overlooks. These findings emphasize the importance of systematic, school-wide coordination that extends beyond single grade levels and subjects.
{"title":"Instructional Coordination for Response to Intervention: How Organizational Contexts Shape Tier 2 Interventions in Practice","authors":"H. Miesner, E. Blair, Chiara C. Packard, Lyn C. Macgregor, Eric Grodsky","doi":"10.1086/725584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725584","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This study examines how resources and organizational decisions within seven geographically diverse elementary schools shape instructional coordination for Tier 2 interventions within the Response to Intervention (RtI) framework. Research Methods: This work is part of a larger, multiple-case study examining how schools support academic achievement for economically disadvantaged students. We draw on qualitative interview and observation data from seven purposively sampled public elementary schools in Wisconsin during the 2017–18 school year. In our analysis, we approach each school as an individual case to ascertain how resources and organizational decisions shaped instructional coordination for Tier 2 interventions within the RtI framework. Findings: We find that organizational contexts shape how schools approach the instructional coordination of staffing and schedules requisite for multitiered instruction. Specifically, local programming, delineation of staff roles, and availability and deployment of school resources influenced if and how schools coordinated staff and schedules to support RtI. These elements consequently informed student groupings for interventions, the extent of student access to Tier 1 and Tier 2 content, and staff engagement in data-driven discussions. Implications: By closely examining the everyday realities of diverse elementary schools, this study demonstrates that RtI is not a singular program but a context-contingent process. In tracing the relationships between school contexts, instructional coordination, and the practical implementation of RtI, we provide insight into the messy realities of schools and obstacles to RtI that past research overlooks. These findings emphasize the importance of systematic, school-wide coordination that extends beyond single grade levels and subjects.","PeriodicalId":47629,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Education","volume":"129 1","pages":"565 - 592"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44912682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"教育学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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