Environment and Development Economics最新文献

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Modeling farmers' preference and willingness to pay for improved climate services in Rwanda 模拟卢旺达农民为改善气候服务付费的偏好和意愿

IF 2.1 4区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Environment and Development Economics

Pub Date : 2022-09-27 DOI: 10.1017/s1355770x22000286

A. Tesfaye, J. Hansen, D. Kagabo, E. Birachi, M. Radeny, D. Solomon

This study aims to understand how Rwandan farmers value the improved characteristics of climate services introduced to them in a choice experiment setting. Data were collected from 1,525 household heads in November 2019. A random parameters logit model was used to analyze the data. Results suggest that Rwandan farmers value forecast accuracy, dissemination through a combination of extension agents and the Participatory Integrated Climate Services for Agriculture process, and bundling with market price information. This study suggests that to improve agricultural management planning and food security of farmers through the provision of climate services, these services need to be accurate, user-tailored, and accessible.

本研究旨在了解卢旺达农民如何评价在选择性实验环境中向他们介绍的气候服务的改进特性。2019年11月，从1525户户主那里收集了数据。采用随机参数logit模型对数据进行分析。结果表明，卢旺达农民重视预测的准确性，通过推广机构和参与式农业综合气候服务过程的结合传播，以及与市场价格信息捆绑在一起。这项研究表明，要通过提供气候服务来改善农业管理规划和农民的粮食安全，这些服务需要准确、适合用户并易于获取。

引用次数: 0

Background risk and risk-taking – evidence from the field 背景风险和冒险行为——来自实地的证据

IF 2.1 4区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Environment and Development Economics

Pub Date : 2022-09-27 DOI: 10.1017/s1355770x22000274

Linda Kleemann, Marie-Catherine Riekhof

Most decisions involving risk are not taken in isolation. In addition to the risk from that decision, other independent, so-called ‘background’ risks, are considered. Our research adds to the growing evidence that this background risk influences risk-taking. We report results from a repeated lab-in-the-field investment task with Senegalese fishers in the presence of background risk related to their fishing income and their health. Our measure of background risk is the monthly wind condition. Without controls, we find that fishers act on average intemperately. Adding controls, we find that the impact of background risk on risk-taking—measured as the investment in the investment task—depends on the boat size of the fishers. When dividing the sample according to wealth, we find temperate behavior for the relatively poorer group and intemperate behavior that depends on boat lengths for the relatively richer group. Our results show the interrelations between background risk and context factors.

大多数涉及风险的决策都不是孤立地做出的。除了该决定的风险之外，还考虑了其他独立的、所谓的“背景”风险。我们的研究进一步证明，这种背景风险会影响冒险行为。我们报告了塞内加尔渔民在存在与其渔业收入和健康相关的背景风险的情况下进行的重复实验室现场投资任务的结果。我们衡量背景风险的标准是每月的风况。在没有控制的情况下，我们发现渔民的行为一般都是不节制的。加入控制因素后，我们发现背景风险对风险承担的影响(以投资任务中的投资来衡量)取决于渔民渔船的大小。当根据财富划分样本时，我们发现相对贫穷的群体有节制的行为，而相对富裕的群体则有不节制的行为，这取决于船的长度。我们的研究结果显示了背景风险和环境因素之间的相互关系。

引用次数: 0

COVID-19, climate shocks, and food security linkages: evidence and perceptions from smallholder farming communities in Tanzania 2019冠状病毒病、气候冲击和粮食安全联系:来自坦桑尼亚小农社区的证据和看法

IF 2.1 4区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Environment and Development Economics

Pub Date : 2022-09-09 DOI: 10.1017/s1355770x22000225

Violet Lasdun, Aurélie P. Harou, C. Magomba, Aika Aku

Insights on the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic are critical for designing and implementing policies to alleviate the food security burden it may have caused, and for bolstering rural communities against similar macroeconomic shocks in the future. Yet estimating the causal effects of the pandemic is difficult due to its ubiquitous nature and entanglement with other shocks. In this descriptive study, we combine high-resolution satellite imagery to control for plot-level rainfall with household socio-economic panel data from 2014, 2016, 2019 and 2020, to differentiate the effect of the pandemic from climatic shocks on food security in Morogoro, Tanzania. We find evidence of decreased incomes, increased prices of staple foods, and increased food insecurity in 2020 relative to previous years, and link these changes to the pandemic by asking households about their perceptions of COVID-19. Respondents overwhelmingly attribute economic hardships to the pandemic, with perceived impacts differing by asset level.

深入了解2019冠状病毒病大流行的间接影响，对于制定和实施减轻疫情可能造成的粮食安全负担的政策，以及帮助农村社区抵御未来类似的宏观经济冲击，都至关重要。然而，由于大流行的普遍性和与其他冲击的纠缠性，很难估计其因果影响。在这项描述性研究中，我们将高分辨率卫星图像与2014年、2016年、2019年和2020年的家庭社会经济面板数据相结合，以区分疫情与气候冲击对坦桑尼亚莫罗戈罗粮食安全的影响。我们发现，与前几年相比，2020年将出现收入下降、主食价格上涨和粮食不安全状况加剧的迹象，并通过询问家庭对COVID-19的看法，将这些变化与疫情联系起来。受访者绝大多数将经济困难归因于疫情，其感知到的影响因资产水平而异。

引用次数: 1

The impact of weather shocks on employment outcomes: evidence from South Africa 天气冲击对就业结果的影响:来自南非的证据

IF 2.1 4区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Environment and Development Economics

Pub Date : 2022-09-09 DOI: 10.1017/s1355770x22000237

Harriet Brookes Gray, Vis Taraz, Simon D. Halliday

Climate change is increasing the frequency of extreme weather events, such as drought and heat waves. In this paper, we assess the impact of drought and high temperatures on the employment outcomes of working-age individuals in South Africa between 2008 and 2017. We merge high-resolution weather data with detailed individual-level survey data on labor market outcomes, and estimate causal impacts using a fixed effects framework. We find that increases in the occurrence of drought reduce overall employment. These effects are concentrated in the tertiary sector, amongst informal workers, and in provinces with a higher reliance on tourism. Taken together, our results suggest that the impacts of climate change will be felt unequally by South Africa's workers.

气候变化正在增加极端天气事件的频率，如干旱和热浪。在本文中，我们评估了干旱和高温对2008年至2017年南非工作年龄个人就业结果的影响。我们将高分辨率天气数据与劳动力市场结果的详细个人调查数据合并，并使用固定效应框架估计因果影响。我们发现，干旱发生的增加减少了总体就业。这些影响主要集中在第三部门、非正规工人和高度依赖旅游业的省份。综上所述，我们的研究结果表明，气候变化对南非工人的影响是不平等的。

引用次数: 0

EDE volume 27 issue 5 Cover and Front matter EDE第27卷第5期封面和封面

IF 2.1 4区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Environment and Development Economics

Pub Date : 2022-09-06 DOI: 10.1017/s1355770x22000250

引用次数: 0

Lasting impact on health from natural disasters, potential mechanisms and mitigating effects 自然灾害对健康的持久影响、潜在机制和缓解效果

IF 2.1 4区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Environment and Development Economics

Pub Date : 2022-09-06 DOI: 10.1017/s1355770x2200016x

Gaurav Dhamija, Gitanjali Sen

Exposure to extreme shocks in early life is found to have a lasting impact in adulthood. Exploiting the variation in exposure measured by age and intensity of an earthquake, we evaluate the impact of a 7.7 MW earthquake in Gujarat, India, on the health stock of children who were in utero or below three years. Using the India Human Development Survey data from 2004–05 and earthquake intensity data, we find an affected girl child to be shorter by at least 2.5 cm at the age of 3–6 years. The earthquake seems to have destroyed the household infrastructures and health facilities, affecting the expecting mothers and newborn children. The households using services to meet nutritional needs of children and pregnant women seem to be least affected. Our findings recommend faster reconstruction activities and highlight the importance of universal healthcare and nutritional delivery services to mitigate the impacts of early-life shocks.

人们发现，早年遭受极端冲击会对成年产生持久影响。利用按年龄和地震强度测量的暴露量变化，我们评估了印度古吉拉特邦7.7兆瓦地震对子宫内或三岁以下儿童健康状况的影响。利用2004年至2005年印度人类发展调查数据和地震强度数据，我们发现受影响的女童在3-6岁时至少矮2.5厘米。地震似乎摧毁了家庭基础设施和卫生设施，影响了孕妇和新生儿。使用服务来满足儿童和孕妇营养需求的家庭似乎受到的影响最小。我们的研究结果建议加快重建活动，并强调普及医疗保健和营养提供服务的重要性，以减轻早期生活冲击的影响。

引用次数: 1

EDE volume 27 issue 5 Cover and Back matter EDE第27卷第5期封面和封底

IF 2.1 4区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Environment and Development Economics

Pub Date : 2022-09-06 DOI: 10.1017/s1355770x22000262

引用次数: 0

Is the environment a victim of the economic downturn? Evidence from China's manufacturing firms 环境是经济衰退的牺牲品吗？来自中国制造企业的证据

IF 2.1 4区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Environment and Development Economics

Pub Date : 2022-08-16 DOI: 10.1017/s1355770x22000195

Xue-mei Zhang, Haitao Yin, Huimin Yang

This paper investigates whether pollution-intensive industries develop faster in a time of economic downturn. Using firm-level panel data from 2005 to 2013, we find supporting empirical results in an analysis of China's manufacturing industries in the 2008 economic crisis. We find that pollution-intensive firms tended to produce more compared with non-pollution-intensive firms in the 2008 economic crisis, with the pre-crisis period as a baseline. We further find that this effect is more pronounced in areas with higher export dependence and a smaller proportion of production from pollution-intensive industries. The relatively faster production expansion in pollution-intensive industries is more evident for state-owned enterprises.

本文调查了污染密集型产业在经济衰退时期是否发展得更快。利用2005年至2013年的企业层面面板数据，我们对2008年经济危机中的中国制造业进行了实证分析。我们发现，在2008年经济危机中，以危机前时期为基准，污染密集型企业往往比非污染密集型公司生产更多。我们进一步发现，这种影响在出口依赖度较高、污染密集型行业生产比例较小的地区更为明显。污染密集型行业相对较快的生产扩张对国有企业来说更为明显。

引用次数: 0

Migration response to drought in Mali. An analysis using panel data on Malian localities over the 1987-2009 period 移民对马里干旱的反应。使用1987-2009年马里地区面板数据进行的分析

IF 2.1 4区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Environment and Development Economics

Pub Date : 2022-08-15 DOI: 10.1017/s1355770x22000183

D. Defrance, Esther Delesalle, F. Gubert

This paper combines population and climate data to estimate the volume of migration induced by the drought events that have hit Mali since the late 1980s. The results show that droughts have had the effect of decreasing net migration rates in the affected localities. This is true for both men and women, regardless of their age. The effect of drought episodes, however, is found to differ according to localities and households’ capacity to adapt to climatic constraints: it fades in localities characterized by more diversified crops and in areas that receive more rainfall on average. Climate shocks also had an impact on international mobility: over the 2004–2009 period, around 2300 additional departures per year can be attributed to the droughts that hit Mali during the 2000s. We forecast that, under different climate scenarios and population growth projections, mobility induced by drought events will substantially grow in the next decades.

本文结合人口和气候数据来估计自20世纪80年代末以来袭击马里的干旱事件引起的移民量。结果表明，干旱对受影响地区的净迁移率有降低作用。无论年龄大小，这对男性和女性都适用。然而，干旱事件的影响因地区和家庭适应气候限制的能力而异:在作物更多样化的地区和平均降雨量更多的地区，这种影响逐渐消失。气候冲击也对国际流动产生了影响:2004年至2009年期间，每年约有2300人因2000年代袭击马里的干旱而离开。我们预测，在不同的气候情景和人口增长预测下，未来几十年由干旱事件引起的人口流动将大幅增加。

引用次数: 0

Avoiding catastrophic collapse in small-scale fisheries through inefficient cooperation: evidence from a framed field experiment 通过低效合作避免小规模渔业的灾难性崩溃：一项框架式实地实验的证据

IF 2.1 4区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Environment and Development Economics

Pub Date : 2022-08-15 DOI: 10.1017/s1355770x22000171

T. Lindahl, Rawadee Jarungrattanapong

Small-scale fisheries (SSFs) are significant for poverty alleviation, but are threatened by over-exploitation and climate change effects such as drastic drops in regrowth rates. How will fishers adapt? To shed light on this, we ran a common-pool resource experiment with SSF fishers in Thailand. Our results show that groups confronted with a potential abrupt drop in the regrowth rate are more likely to form cooperative agreements compared to groups not confronted with such a drop, which theory cannot predict. However, groups that form cooperative agreements do not necessarily manage the resource efficiently; many groups under-exploit. Over-exploitation is driven by individual characteristics, e.g., if individuals can diversify income, and if they are born outside the village. We conclude that more systematic exploration of the role of socio-economic factors, and how these factors interact with ecological conditions facing fishers, are needed. Our work can be seen as one step in this direction.

小规模渔业对减轻贫困具有重要意义，但受到过度开发和气候变化影响的威胁，如再生率急剧下降。渔民将如何适应？为了阐明这一点，我们与泰国的SSF渔民进行了一项共同的水池资源实验。我们的研究结果表明，与没有面临再生率突然下降的群体相比，面临再生率潜在下降的群体更有可能达成合作协议，这是理论无法预测的。然而，形成合作协议的团体并不一定能有效地管理资源；许多团体受到剥削。过度剥削是由个人特征驱动的，例如，个人是否能够实现收入多样化，以及他们是否出生在村外。我们的结论是，需要更系统地探索社会经济因素的作用，以及这些因素如何与渔民面临的生态条件相互作用。我们的工作可以看作是朝着这个方向迈出的一步。

引用次数: 4

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