This Article reinterprets the 1976 Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD) to show how it might rationally strengthen protections for the environment against intentional damage by states, particularly during armed conflict. The Article applies the orthodox rules of treaty interpretation to analyze in depth the Convention text, the travaux préparatoires, and available subsequent state practice, aiming to determine how the somewhat opaque Article II of ENMOD and its definition of “environmental modification technique” is best understood. It concludes that ENMOD has a broader potential application than it has historically been given.
本文重新解释了 1976 年《禁止为军事或任何其他敌对目的使用改变环境的技术的公约》（ENMOD），以说明该公约如何能够合理地加强对环境的保护，使其免受国家的蓄意破坏，尤其是在武装冲突期间。文章运用正统的条约解释规则，深入分析了《公约》文本、准备工作材料和现有的嗣后国家实践，旨在确定如何最好地理解《军事或任何其他敌对使用改变环境的技术公约》第 II 条及其对 "改变环境的技术 "的定义。本报告的结论是，环境改造技术的潜在适用范围比历史上给予的更广。
{"title":"A Sleeping Giant? The ENMOD Convention as a Limit on Intentional Environmental Harm in Armed Conflict and Beyond","authors":"Joanna Jarose","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2024.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2024.15","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This Article reinterprets the 1976 Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD) to show how it might rationally strengthen protections for the environment against intentional damage by states, particularly during armed conflict. The Article applies the orthodox rules of treaty interpretation to analyze in depth the Convention text, the <span>travaux préparatoires</span>, and available subsequent state practice, aiming to determine how the somewhat opaque Article II of ENMOD and its definition of “environmental modification technique” is best understood. It concludes that ENMOD has a broader potential application than it has historically been given.</p>","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142444528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
About a decade ago, the neural network of the international financial system underwent an identity crisis. Since its establishment in 1973, the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (Swift) had become the world's dominant system for transmitting information about financial transactions, handling up to 20 million messages per day across 212 jurisdictions. The Belgium-based company reached this position by providing customers with a reliable, confidential, and global system to exchange information. “[W]e have always maintained the position that we are like the internet,” Swift chief executive officer Gottfried Leibbrandt said in an October 2012 interview, “we connect everybody and we do not listen in on the conversation.” In other words, to borrow a phrase from its website, “Swift is neutral.”
{"title":"Neutrality and Governance in a Weaponized World","authors":"J. Benton Heath","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2024.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2024.28","url":null,"abstract":"<p>About a decade ago, the neural network of the international financial system underwent an identity crisis. Since its establishment in 1973, the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (Swift) had become the world's dominant system for transmitting information about financial transactions, handling up to 20 million messages per day across 212 jurisdictions. The Belgium-based company reached this position by providing customers with a reliable, confidential, and global system to exchange information. “[W]e have always maintained the position that we are like the internet,” Swift chief executive officer Gottfried Leibbrandt said in an October 2012 interview, “we connect everybody and we do not listen in on the conversation.” In other words, to borrow a phrase from its website, “Swift is neutral.”</p>","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142444529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As a field of practice, international human rights law (IHRL) is in constant motion. The four books under review explore the legal, political, and civic dynamics that continuously shape and reshape this vibrant area of law. In this Essay, I underscore two important trends in contemporary IHRL scholarship that these books highlight. First, these works share a strong emphasis on agency, understood as human action that makes a difference in the world, be it the agency of individuals, domestic civil society organizations, transnational organizations, or courts. Highlighting agency, rather than overarching political, economic, and social structures, in turn shifts the attention from human rights law and doctrine “in the books” to an understanding of human rights law as a purposive and dynamic practice.
{"title":"Optimism in International Human Rights Law Scholarship","authors":"Başak Çalı","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2024.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2024.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As a field of practice, international human rights law (IHRL) is in constant motion. The four books under review explore the legal, political, and civic dynamics that continuously shape and reshape this vibrant area of law. In this Essay, I underscore two important trends in contemporary IHRL scholarship that these books highlight. First, these works share a strong emphasis on <span>agency</span>, understood as human action that makes a difference in the world, be it the agency of individuals, domestic civil society organizations, transnational organizations, or courts. Highlighting agency, rather than overarching political, economic, and social structures, in turn shifts the attention from human rights law and doctrine “in the books” to an understanding of human rights law as a purposive and dynamic practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140808494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Continental Shelf beyond 200 Nautical Miles: Announcement of the U.S. Outer Limits","authors":"Kevin A. Baumert","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2024.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2024.14","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140221629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Four Treaties in One: The Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Agreement","authors":"Daniel Bodansky","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2024.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2024.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140248503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Countermeasures of Others: When Can States Collaborate in the Taking of Countermeasures?","authors":"Miles Jackson, Federica Paddeu","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2024.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2024.8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139777983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Countermeasures of Others: When Can States Collaborate in the Taking of Countermeasures?","authors":"Miles Jackson, Federica Paddeu","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2024.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2024.8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139837607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"AJI volume 118 issue 1 Cover and Front matter","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2024.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2024.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140518008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Absolutely Indispensable Man: Ralph Bunche, the United Nations, and the Fight to End Empire. By Kal Raustiala. New York: Oxford University Press, 2023. Pp. xi, 569. Index.","authors":"Blanca Montejo","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2023.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2023.43","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140517384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The United States Takes Actions to Combat International Fentanyl Trafficking","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/ajil.2023.70","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/ajil.2023.70","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47841,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of International Law","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140515812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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