Pub Date : 2023-02-14DOI: 10.1080/1068316x.2023.2176498
Erica Martin, Lauren A. Monds
Alcohol intoxication is a common feature in crime, yet jurors often possess little understanding of how alcohol affects eyewitness memory. Furthermore, jurors are often blind to biases about different crimes that affect their interpretation of eyewitness evidence. Accordingly, the current study investigated the impact of (1) a victim’s intoxication status during a crime and (2) the type of crime committed on mock jury decision-making. Undergraduate students (N = 228) read a trial transcript describing a rape or robbery committed against a woman who was either sober or intoxicated to a low, moderate, or severe degree when the crime occurred. They also completed questionnaires assessing trial-related judgements, sexist attitudes towards women, and alcohol beliefs, behaviours, and experiences. Mock jurors incorrectly perceived alcohol as detrimental to victim credibility at any dose. However, the victim’s intoxication status failed to influence verdict decisions, which were better accounted for by extra-legal factors. Variance in jury decision-making according to crime type was not observed. The current study asserts the need for jury education to correct misconceptions about the effects of alcohol on eyewitness memory, and continued exploration of the role of crime type and extra-legal factors in intoxication-related cases.
{"title":"The effect of victim intoxication and crime type on mock jury decision-making","authors":"Erica Martin, Lauren A. Monds","doi":"10.1080/1068316x.2023.2176498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316x.2023.2176498","url":null,"abstract":"Alcohol intoxication is a common feature in crime, yet jurors often possess little understanding of how alcohol affects eyewitness memory. Furthermore, jurors are often blind to biases about different crimes that affect their interpretation of eyewitness evidence. Accordingly, the current study investigated the impact of (1) a victim’s intoxication status during a crime and (2) the type of crime committed on mock jury decision-making. Undergraduate students (N = 228) read a trial transcript describing a rape or robbery committed against a woman who was either sober or intoxicated to a low, moderate, or severe degree when the crime occurred. They also completed questionnaires assessing trial-related judgements, sexist attitudes towards women, and alcohol beliefs, behaviours, and experiences. Mock jurors incorrectly perceived alcohol as detrimental to victim credibility at any dose. However, the victim’s intoxication status failed to influence verdict decisions, which were better accounted for by extra-legal factors. Variance in jury decision-making according to crime type was not observed. The current study asserts the need for jury education to correct misconceptions about the effects of alcohol on eyewitness memory, and continued exploration of the role of crime type and extra-legal factors in intoxication-related cases.","PeriodicalId":47845,"journal":{"name":"Psychology Crime & Law","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135797967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-01DOI: 10.1080/1068316X.2022.2032055
M. Eisen, Jennifer M. Jones, Rebecca C. Ying, T’awna Q. Williams, Lauren J Ristrom
ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to examine whether misidentifying an innocent suspect with a unique feature (i.e. facial tattoo) would impact witnesses’ recollections of the culprit so that they would mistakenly describe the culprit as having that same feature, when in reality, he did not. In both experiments, participants viewed a video of a simulated carjacking in which the perpetrator’s face was visible from a close or far distance, and were then led to misidentify an innocent suspect from a suggestive culprit-absent photo-array. The innocent suspect either had a tattoo photoshopped onto his face, or, like the culprit, had no visible facial markings. After making the identification, half the participants received confirming post-identification feedback. Finally, participant-witnesses were asked to describe the culprit in their own words. In both experiments, over a third of the participant-witnesses in the tattoo condition mistakenly described the culprit as having had a tattoo on his face. In Experiment 2, remember/know judgements indicated that participant/witnesses in the tattoo condition were also more likely to report remembering that the culprit had a face tattoo, rather than simply knowing this to be true. Also, as predicted, in both experiments, confirming feedback significantly boosted erroneous reports of recalling the tattoo.
{"title":"Misidentifying an innocent suspect can alter witness recollections of the perpetrator’s face","authors":"M. Eisen, Jennifer M. Jones, Rebecca C. Ying, T’awna Q. Williams, Lauren J Ristrom","doi":"10.1080/1068316X.2022.2032055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2022.2032055","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to examine whether misidentifying an innocent suspect with a unique feature (i.e. facial tattoo) would impact witnesses’ recollections of the culprit so that they would mistakenly describe the culprit as having that same feature, when in reality, he did not. In both experiments, participants viewed a video of a simulated carjacking in which the perpetrator’s face was visible from a close or far distance, and were then led to misidentify an innocent suspect from a suggestive culprit-absent photo-array. The innocent suspect either had a tattoo photoshopped onto his face, or, like the culprit, had no visible facial markings. After making the identification, half the participants received confirming post-identification feedback. Finally, participant-witnesses were asked to describe the culprit in their own words. In both experiments, over a third of the participant-witnesses in the tattoo condition mistakenly described the culprit as having had a tattoo on his face. In Experiment 2, remember/know judgements indicated that participant/witnesses in the tattoo condition were also more likely to report remembering that the culprit had a face tattoo, rather than simply knowing this to be true. Also, as predicted, in both experiments, confirming feedback significantly boosted erroneous reports of recalling the tattoo.","PeriodicalId":47845,"journal":{"name":"Psychology Crime & Law","volume":"11 1","pages":"740 - 767"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76670365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-17DOI: 10.1080/1068316X.2021.2018443
Panagiota Loizidou, Rory E. Wieczorek-Fynn, Joseph C. Wu
ABSTRACT Neuroscience can provide evidence in some cases of legal matters, despite its tenuous nature. Among others, arguing for diminished capacity, insanity, or pleading for mitigation is the most frequent use of neurological evidence in the courtroom. While there is a plethora of studies discussing the moral and legal matters of the practice, there is a lack of studies examining specific cases and the subsequent applications of brain knowledge. This study details the capital punishment trial of Kelvin Lee Coleman Jr., charged in 2013 with double murder in Tampa, Florida, to illustrate the extent that expert opinions – based on neuroimaging, neurological, and neuropsychiatric examinations – had an impact on the court’s decisions. The defendant was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. According to the comments of the trial’s jury, the most influential reason for not sentencing the defendant to death is the fact that during the incident was that he was under extreme mental and emotional disturbance. Other reasons were evidence of brain abnormalities resulting from neurological insult, fetal alcohol syndrome, and orbitofrontal syndrome contributing to severely abnormal behavior and lack of impulse control.
神经科学可以在某些法律案件中提供证据，尽管其脆弱的性质。其中，在法庭上最常使用神经学证据的是辩称行为能力下降、精神错乱或请求减刑。虽然有大量的研究讨论了这种做法的道德和法律问题，但缺乏对具体案例和大脑知识随后应用的研究。本研究详细描述了2013年在佛罗里达州坦帕市被控双重谋杀的Kelvin Lee Coleman Jr.的死刑审判，以说明专家意见——基于神经成像、神经学和神经精神检查——对法院判决的影响程度。被告被判处无期徒刑，不得假释。根据审判陪审团的评论，没有判处被告死刑的最重要的原因是，在事件发生期间，他处于极端的精神和情绪紊乱状态。其他原因包括神经损伤、胎儿酒精综合征和眼窝额叶综合征导致的大脑异常，导致严重的异常行为和缺乏冲动控制。
{"title":"The State of Florida v. Kelvin Lee Coleman Jr.: the implications of neuroscience in the courtroom through a case study","authors":"Panagiota Loizidou, Rory E. Wieczorek-Fynn, Joseph C. Wu","doi":"10.1080/1068316X.2021.2018443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2021.2018443","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Neuroscience can provide evidence in some cases of legal matters, despite its tenuous nature. Among others, arguing for diminished capacity, insanity, or pleading for mitigation is the most frequent use of neurological evidence in the courtroom. While there is a plethora of studies discussing the moral and legal matters of the practice, there is a lack of studies examining specific cases and the subsequent applications of brain knowledge. This study details the capital punishment trial of Kelvin Lee Coleman Jr., charged in 2013 with double murder in Tampa, Florida, to illustrate the extent that expert opinions – based on neuroimaging, neurological, and neuropsychiatric examinations – had an impact on the court’s decisions. The defendant was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. According to the comments of the trial’s jury, the most influential reason for not sentencing the defendant to death is the fact that during the incident was that he was under extreme mental and emotional disturbance. Other reasons were evidence of brain abnormalities resulting from neurological insult, fetal alcohol syndrome, and orbitofrontal syndrome contributing to severely abnormal behavior and lack of impulse control.","PeriodicalId":47845,"journal":{"name":"Psychology Crime & Law","volume":"10 1","pages":"339 - 360"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83082827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-03DOI: 10.1080/1068316X.2022.2041014
Emma Rempel, Tara M. Burke
ABSTRACT The current study explored how a computer-generated animation (CGA) illustrating a defendant’s version of events affected jurors’ judgments in a mock second-degree murder trial. We hypothesized that mock jurors who viewed a CGA illustrating the defendant’s testimony would be more likely to acquit compared to those who viewed static visual images or did not view a visual aid, and that this effect would occur regardless of whether the narrative depicted in the CGA was corroborated by pertinent testimonial evidence. In this 2 (testimony congruence: incongruent vs. congruent) x 3 (testimony modality: no-aid vs. static visual aid vs. computer-generated animation) between-subjects design, undergraduate students (N = 238) read a transcript from a fictitious trial and heard the defendant’s testimony in one of three modalities. Across congruence conditions, participants were significantly more likely to acquit the defendant when his testimony was accompanied by a CGA (OR = 5.08), compared to a static visual aid or with no-aid. Our results suggest that CGAs may have a disproportionate impact on jurors’ judgments compared to traditional forms of demonstrative evidence. Whether this impact is facilitative or prejudicial, however, depends on whether the content of the animation is congruent or incongruent with other case evidence.
{"title":"Technology on trial: facilitative and prejudicial effects of computer-generated animations on jurors’ legal judgments","authors":"Emma Rempel, Tara M. Burke","doi":"10.1080/1068316X.2022.2041014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2022.2041014","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The current study explored how a computer-generated animation (CGA) illustrating a defendant’s version of events affected jurors’ judgments in a mock second-degree murder trial. We hypothesized that mock jurors who viewed a CGA illustrating the defendant’s testimony would be more likely to acquit compared to those who viewed static visual images or did not view a visual aid, and that this effect would occur regardless of whether the narrative depicted in the CGA was corroborated by pertinent testimonial evidence. In this 2 (testimony congruence: incongruent vs. congruent) x 3 (testimony modality: no-aid vs. static visual aid vs. computer-generated animation) between-subjects design, undergraduate students (N = 238) read a transcript from a fictitious trial and heard the defendant’s testimony in one of three modalities. Across congruence conditions, participants were significantly more likely to acquit the defendant when his testimony was accompanied by a CGA (OR = 5.08), compared to a static visual aid or with no-aid. Our results suggest that CGAs may have a disproportionate impact on jurors’ judgments compared to traditional forms of demonstrative evidence. Whether this impact is facilitative or prejudicial, however, depends on whether the content of the animation is congruent or incongruent with other case evidence.","PeriodicalId":47845,"journal":{"name":"Psychology Crime & Law","volume":"41 1","pages":"934 - 956"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90166396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-03DOI: 10.1080/1068316X.2022.2043312
Amy Hyman Gregory, Andrea C. F. Wolfs, Nadja Schreiber Compo
ABSTRACT The U.S. National Institute of Justice’s Eyewitness Evidence: A Guide for Law Enforcement makes recommendations regarding best practice witness interviewing techniques. However, relatively little is known about police training in collecting and documenting evidence from witness interviews. One hundred seventy-seven police officers from three U.S. states (CT, FL, and MA) were surveyed about witness interview training and practices, perceptions of question type, and recording/documentation of interviews. Results indicate awareness of the importance of asking open-ended questions, but training is lacking, particularly regarding question types. Many officers reported using techniques consistent with the Cognitive Interview such as rapport-building, avoiding leading questions, and taking additional steps to assist recall. Seventy-four percent reported recording interviews via notes or electronic recording devices, while 16% indicated only doing so for certain cases/situations. Fourteen percent also acknowledged not documenting their questions in notes or reports, focusing solely on witness responses. In terms of post-interview documentation, 78% acknowledged writing reports using information elicited during witness interviews. In terms of testimony, 82% reported frequently testifying about witness interview content at criminal trials. Findings suggest that although U.S. police interviewers have implemented some best practice techniques, there are still some considerable training needs as evidenced by self-reported practices.
{"title":"Witness/victim interviewing: a survey of real-world investigators’ training and practices","authors":"Amy Hyman Gregory, Andrea C. F. Wolfs, Nadja Schreiber Compo","doi":"10.1080/1068316X.2022.2043312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2022.2043312","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The U.S. National Institute of Justice’s Eyewitness Evidence: A Guide for Law Enforcement makes recommendations regarding best practice witness interviewing techniques. However, relatively little is known about police training in collecting and documenting evidence from witness interviews. One hundred seventy-seven police officers from three U.S. states (CT, FL, and MA) were surveyed about witness interview training and practices, perceptions of question type, and recording/documentation of interviews. Results indicate awareness of the importance of asking open-ended questions, but training is lacking, particularly regarding question types. Many officers reported using techniques consistent with the Cognitive Interview such as rapport-building, avoiding leading questions, and taking additional steps to assist recall. Seventy-four percent reported recording interviews via notes or electronic recording devices, while 16% indicated only doing so for certain cases/situations. Fourteen percent also acknowledged not documenting their questions in notes or reports, focusing solely on witness responses. In terms of post-interview documentation, 78% acknowledged writing reports using information elicited during witness interviews. In terms of testimony, 82% reported frequently testifying about witness interview content at criminal trials. Findings suggest that although U.S. police interviewers have implemented some best practice techniques, there are still some considerable training needs as evidenced by self-reported practices.","PeriodicalId":47845,"journal":{"name":"Psychology Crime & Law","volume":"64 1","pages":"957 - 981"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85396270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-27DOI: 10.1080/1068316X.2022.2027944
C. Clemmow, N. Bouhana, Zoe Marchment, P. Gill
ABSTRACT A public health approach to countering the threat from extremism aims to manage vulnerability before behaviour escalates to require involvement from the criminal justice system. Fundamental to applying a public health approach is understanding how risk (and protective) factors can be modified, in other words, the functional roles of these factors. To unpack the functional roles of risk factors, a more dynamic approach to modelling the complex relationships between factors is needed. In the present study we surveyed a representative sample of the UK general population (n = 1500) where participants self-reported risk factors and indicators for vulnerability to radicalisation. Operationalising analytical guidance from a Risk Analysis Framework (RAF), we applied psychometric network modelling to visualise the relationships among risk factors relating to individual-level propensities, situational influences, and exposure to extremism-enabling environments. We present our results as a series of network graphs and discuss (a) how risk factors ‘cluster’ or ‘co-occur’, (b) the most influential risk factors which may be important for intervention and prevention, and (c) ‘risk pathways’ which suggest potential putative risk and/or protective factors. We present our findings as evidence for a public health approach to countering the threat from extremism.
{"title":"Vulnerability to radicalisation in a general population: a psychometric network approach","authors":"C. Clemmow, N. Bouhana, Zoe Marchment, P. Gill","doi":"10.1080/1068316X.2022.2027944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2022.2027944","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A public health approach to countering the threat from extremism aims to manage vulnerability before behaviour escalates to require involvement from the criminal justice system. Fundamental to applying a public health approach is understanding how risk (and protective) factors can be modified, in other words, the functional roles of these factors. To unpack the functional roles of risk factors, a more dynamic approach to modelling the complex relationships between factors is needed. In the present study we surveyed a representative sample of the UK general population (n = 1500) where participants self-reported risk factors and indicators for vulnerability to radicalisation. Operationalising analytical guidance from a Risk Analysis Framework (RAF), we applied psychometric network modelling to visualise the relationships among risk factors relating to individual-level propensities, situational influences, and exposure to extremism-enabling environments. We present our results as a series of network graphs and discuss (a) how risk factors ‘cluster’ or ‘co-occur’, (b) the most influential risk factors which may be important for intervention and prevention, and (c) ‘risk pathways’ which suggest potential putative risk and/or protective factors. We present our findings as evidence for a public health approach to countering the threat from extremism.","PeriodicalId":47845,"journal":{"name":"Psychology Crime & Law","volume":"90 1","pages":"408 - 436"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85842202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-22DOI: 10.1080/1068316X.2022.2043313
L. Kaylor, Georgia M. Winters, E. Jeglic, Jennifer Cilli
ABSTRACT Both in-person and online sexual grooming of children is a common process used by those who sexually abuse children. Sexual grooming refers to the method by which an adult manipulates a potential minor victim into situations where sexual abuse can more readily take place while at the same time preventing the minor from disclosing the abuse or others recognizing the inappropriate behaviors. Child sexual grooming is considered a precursor to the criminal act of child sexual abuse; however, in some jurisdictions child sexual grooming in and of itself is considered a standalone criminal offense. Both federal and state governments in the United States have created anti-grooming laws to criminalize these preparatory acts to protect children before the sexual abuse can occur. This paper will explore the current research on sexual grooming to provide a framework for understanding sexual grooming behaviors, critically examine federal and state sexual grooming legislation, and provide recommendations on how to evaluate and integrate sexual grooming research into criminal prosecution and policy.
{"title":"An analysis of child sexual grooming legislation in the United States","authors":"L. Kaylor, Georgia M. Winters, E. Jeglic, Jennifer Cilli","doi":"10.1080/1068316X.2022.2043313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2022.2043313","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 Both in-person and online sexual grooming of children is a common process used by those who sexually abuse children. Sexual grooming refers to the method by which an adult manipulates a potential minor victim into situations where sexual abuse can more readily take place while at the same time preventing the minor from disclosing the abuse or others recognizing the inappropriate behaviors. Child sexual grooming is considered a precursor to the criminal act of child sexual abuse; however, in some jurisdictions child sexual grooming in and of itself is considered a standalone criminal offense. Both federal and state governments in the United States have created anti-grooming laws to criminalize these preparatory acts to protect children before the sexual abuse can occur. This paper will explore the current research on sexual grooming to provide a framework for understanding sexual grooming behaviors, critically examine federal and state sexual grooming legislation, and provide recommendations on how to evaluate and integrate sexual grooming research into criminal prosecution and policy.","PeriodicalId":47845,"journal":{"name":"Psychology Crime & Law","volume":"42 1","pages":"982 - 1000"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87710124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.1080/1068316X.2022.2038599
L. Klapatch, Y. Hanoch, S. Wood, David Hengerer
ABSTRACT Mass marketing scams (MMSs) impact millions of people with financial losses in the billions. Understanding what types of MMSs work is key to reducing the compliance rate. Inspired by Simon’s work, we designed an experiment to examine how four different types of MMSs impact interest in and intention to respond to solicitations. We first conducted a cluster analysis on 215 actual MMS solicitations. The analysis revealed four distinct types of solicitations: negative-cold, one-reward letters, high emotionality, high scarcity letters where the prize is mentioned often, very colorful multi-prize letters, and low emotionality, low scarcity cold letters. In a second experiment, 281 participants (recruited on MTurk) were randomly assigned to read one of the four types of solicitations. Our data revealed differences in intention to respond by sending money. Furthermore, younger (vs. older) individuals indicated a higher interest in the solicitation and higher intention to send in money and rated the solicitations as significantly more beneficial and less risky. Finally, perceptions of risks and benefits were the main driving force behind compliance beyond interest and intention to comply. In line with Simon’s ideas, our study highlights the need to examine both the environment (the types of solicitations) and the decision-maker.
{"title":"Consumers’ response to mass market scam solicitations: profiling scams and responses","authors":"L. Klapatch, Y. Hanoch, S. Wood, David Hengerer","doi":"10.1080/1068316X.2022.2038599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2022.2038599","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Mass marketing scams (MMSs) impact millions of people with financial losses in the billions. Understanding what types of MMSs work is key to reducing the compliance rate. Inspired by Simon’s work, we designed an experiment to examine how four different types of MMSs impact interest in and intention to respond to solicitations. We first conducted a cluster analysis on 215 actual MMS solicitations. The analysis revealed four distinct types of solicitations: negative-cold, one-reward letters, high emotionality, high scarcity letters where the prize is mentioned often, very colorful multi-prize letters, and low emotionality, low scarcity cold letters. In a second experiment, 281 participants (recruited on MTurk) were randomly assigned to read one of the four types of solicitations. Our data revealed differences in intention to respond by sending money. Furthermore, younger (vs. older) individuals indicated a higher interest in the solicitation and higher intention to send in money and rated the solicitations as significantly more beneficial and less risky. Finally, perceptions of risks and benefits were the main driving force behind compliance beyond interest and intention to comply. In line with Simon’s ideas, our study highlights the need to examine both the environment (the types of solicitations) and the decision-maker.","PeriodicalId":47845,"journal":{"name":"Psychology Crime & Law","volume":"105 1","pages":"903 - 921"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80692600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-17DOI: 10.1080/1068316X.2022.2037592
V. S. Pasyk, A. Green, S. Cairns
ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to highlight the importance of readiness to change as an influential factor in the working alliance with clients who have offended. This article provides a review of the literature on frameworks for offender rehabilitation and a working alliance model for forensic populations. Recidivism and stages of change, as evidence for the serious consideration of readiness as part of the working alliance, are discussed. A review of the literature on readiness to change in clients who have offended, as well as a visual representation of our model, are provided. Implications for research, theory, and practice are also considered.
{"title":"The working alliance and readiness to change in clients who have criminally offended","authors":"V. S. Pasyk, A. Green, S. Cairns","doi":"10.1080/1068316X.2022.2037592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2022.2037592","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to highlight the importance of readiness to change as an influential factor in the working alliance with clients who have offended. This article provides a review of the literature on frameworks for offender rehabilitation and a working alliance model for forensic populations. Recidivism and stages of change, as evidence for the serious consideration of readiness as part of the working alliance, are discussed. A review of the literature on readiness to change in clients who have offended, as well as a visual representation of our model, are provided. Implications for research, theory, and practice are also considered.","PeriodicalId":47845,"journal":{"name":"Psychology Crime & Law","volume":"36 1","pages":"809 - 824"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85373342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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