Pub Date : 2021-01-01Epub Date: 2020-07-27DOI: 10.1007/s40732-020-00415-0
William B Root, Ruth Anne Rehfeldt
The 21st century has seen rapid enrollment in online courses and environmental and biological determinates, such as COVID-19, that challenge how universities respond to education. However, this "new way of doing things" has empirical support from the past. Skinner (1968) laid out a science of teaching derived from operant conditioning principles and provided methods for adopting programmed instruction into what he termed a "teaching machine." This series of investigations evaluated the validity of programmed instruction in online courses, as measured by quiz performance, the frequency of discussion posts, instructor time commitment, generalization, and student perceptions of the online modalities used. Results are discussed for the synthesis of programmed instruction and group learning towards a modern teaching machine.
{"title":"Towards a Modern-Day Teaching Machine: The Synthesis of Programmed Instruction and Online Education.","authors":"William B Root, Ruth Anne Rehfeldt","doi":"10.1007/s40732-020-00415-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-020-00415-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 21st century has seen rapid enrollment in online courses and environmental and biological determinates, such as COVID-19, that challenge how universities respond to education. However, this \"new way of doing things\" has empirical support from the past. Skinner (1968) laid out a science of teaching derived from operant conditioning principles and provided methods for adopting programmed instruction into what he termed a \"teaching machine.\" This series of investigations evaluated the validity of programmed instruction in online courses, as measured by quiz performance, the frequency of discussion posts, instructor time commitment, generalization, and student perceptions of the online modalities used. Results are discussed for the synthesis of programmed instruction and group learning towards a modern teaching machine.</p>","PeriodicalId":47856,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Record","volume":"71 1","pages":"85-94"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40732-020-00415-0","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38298259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01Epub Date: 2020-09-30DOI: 10.1007/s40732-020-00430-1
Cary E Trump, Jessica L Herrod, Kevin M Ayres, Joel E Ringdahl, Lauren Best
Behavioral Momentum Theory (BMT) is often described as analogous to Newton's (1687) laws of motion. That is to say, similar to an object in motion continuing in motion unless acted upon by a force, responses occurring in a static environment will continue to occur at the same rate, unless presented with a disruptor (Nevin, Tota, Torquato, & Shull, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53, 359-379, 1990). When evaluating response rates through a behavioral momentum framework, responding continuing after a change in reinforcer conditions is said to persist. Previous research conducted with nonhuman animals indicates greater response persistence following conditions with either higher reinforcer rates or higher reinforcer magnitudes (Nevin, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 21(3), 389-408, 1974; Nevin et al., Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53, 359-379, 1990). Although BMT's implications extend across human and nonhuman species, this literature review attempts to provide practitioners and researchers information regarding response persistence across various conditions with human participants.
行为动量理论(BMT)经常被描述为类似于牛顿(1687)的运动定律。也就是说，类似于运动中的物体在没有外力作用的情况下继续运动，在静态环境中发生的反应将继续以相同的速度发生，除非出现干扰(Nevin, Tota, Torquato， & Shull, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53,359 -379, 1990)。当通过行为动量框架评估反应率时，反应在强化条件改变后继续被称为持续。先前对非人类动物进行的研究表明，在高强化率或高强化幅度的条件下，动物的反应持续性更强(Nevin, Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 21(3)， 389- 408,1974;Nevin et al.， Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53, 359-379, 1990)。尽管BMT的影响遍及人类和非人类物种，但本文献综述试图为从业者和研究人员提供有关人类参与者在各种条件下反应持久性的信息。
{"title":"Behavior Momentum Theory and Humans: A Review of the Literature.","authors":"Cary E Trump, Jessica L Herrod, Kevin M Ayres, Joel E Ringdahl, Lauren Best","doi":"10.1007/s40732-020-00430-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-020-00430-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Behavioral Momentum Theory (BMT) is often described as analogous to Newton's (1687) laws of motion. That is to say, similar to an object in motion continuing in motion unless acted upon by a force, responses occurring in a static environment will continue to occur at the same rate, unless presented with a disruptor (Nevin, Tota, Torquato, & Shull, <i>Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53,</i> 359-379, 1990). When evaluating response rates through a behavioral momentum framework, responding continuing after a change in reinforcer conditions is said to persist. Previous research conducted with nonhuman animals indicates greater response persistence following conditions with either higher reinforcer rates or higher reinforcer magnitudes (Nevin, <i>Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 21</i>(3), 389-408, 1974; Nevin et al., <i>Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 53</i>, 359-379, 1990). Although BMT's implications extend across human and nonhuman species, this literature review attempts to provide practitioners and researchers information regarding response persistence across various conditions with human participants.</p>","PeriodicalId":47856,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Record","volume":"71 1","pages":"71-83"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40732-020-00430-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38458528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01Epub Date: 2020-06-17DOI: 10.1007/s40732-020-00409-y
J E R Staddon
Travis Thompson's lengthy review of Staddon's The New Behaviorism requires several corrections and extensions. This response discusses Staddon's analysis of Herrnstein's matching law and concludes that Thompson misinterprets a gentle critique as a paean. The response goes on to defend the utility of models and "internal states" (i.e., postulated processes that are not directly measurable) as "formal representation[s] of the data reduced to a minimal number of terms," a position similar to one of B. F. Skinner's statements. The response ends with a defense of Skinner's empirical brilliance, but a critique of his sweeping societal prescriptions.
特拉维斯·汤普森(Travis Thompson)对斯塔登的《新行为主义》(The New behavioural ism)的长篇评论需要几处修改和扩展。这篇回应讨论了斯塔登对赫恩斯坦匹配定律的分析，并得出结论，汤普森将温和的批评误解为赞歌。回应继续为模型的效用和“内部状态”(即，不能直接测量的假设过程)辩护，称其为“将数据简化为最小数量的术语的正式表示”，这一立场类似于B. F. Skinner的陈述之一。在回应的结尾，作者为斯金纳在实证方面的才华进行了辩护，但也批评了他为社会开出的药方。
{"title":"The Role of Theory in Behavior Analysis: A Response to <i>Unfinished Business</i>, Travis Thompson's Review of Staddon's <i>New Behaviorism</i> (2<sup>nd</sup> edition).","authors":"J E R Staddon","doi":"10.1007/s40732-020-00409-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-020-00409-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Travis Thompson's lengthy review of Staddon's <i>The New Behaviorism</i> requires several corrections and extensions. This response discusses Staddon's analysis of Herrnstein's matching law and concludes that Thompson misinterprets a gentle critique as a paean. The response goes on to defend the utility of models and \"internal states\" (i.e., postulated processes that are not directly measurable) as \"formal representation[s] of the data reduced to a minimal number of terms,\" a position similar to one of B. F. Skinner's statements. The response ends with a defense of Skinner's empirical brilliance, but a critique of his sweeping societal prescriptions.</p>","PeriodicalId":47856,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Record","volume":"71 3","pages":"473-479"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40732-020-00409-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38296586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01Epub Date: 2022-01-05DOI: 10.1007/s40732-021-00503-9
Darlene Crone-Todd, Douglas Johnson, Kent Johnson
{"title":"Introduction to Special Issue: A Creative Collaboration.","authors":"Darlene Crone-Todd, Douglas Johnson, Kent Johnson","doi":"10.1007/s40732-021-00503-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-021-00503-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47856,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Record","volume":"71 4","pages":"501-502"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8730297/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39670927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-26DOI: 10.1007/s40732-020-00445-8
Isabel Cabrera, M. Márquez-González, Naoko Kishita, Carlos Vara-García, A. Losada
{"title":"Development and Validation of an Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) to Measure Implicit Dysfunctional Beliefs about Caregiving in Dementia Family Caregivers","authors":"Isabel Cabrera, M. Márquez-González, Naoko Kishita, Carlos Vara-García, A. Losada","doi":"10.1007/s40732-020-00445-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-020-00445-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47856,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Record","volume":"71 1","pages":"41 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40732-020-00445-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"52840107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-23DOI: 10.1007/s40732-020-00447-6
M. O’Connor, A. Stapleton, K. Barrett, Oisin Byrne, N. McGinley, N. Slingerland, Nicole Lee, Sarah Michalek, L. McHugh
{"title":"Testing the Psychometric Properties of the Newly Developed ACTive Values Wheel","authors":"M. O’Connor, A. Stapleton, K. Barrett, Oisin Byrne, N. McGinley, N. Slingerland, Nicole Lee, Sarah Michalek, L. McHugh","doi":"10.1007/s40732-020-00447-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-020-00447-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47856,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Record","volume":"71 1","pages":"461 - 471"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40732-020-00447-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45274489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-17DOI: 10.1007/s40732-020-00444-9
Yvonne Barnes-Holmes, D. Barnes-Holmes, Ciara McEnteggart, M. Dougher, Carmen Luciano
{"title":"Introduction to the Special Issue on Clinical Psychology and Behavioral Science: Processes, Principles, and Analytic Strategies","authors":"Yvonne Barnes-Holmes, D. Barnes-Holmes, Ciara McEnteggart, M. Dougher, Carmen Luciano","doi":"10.1007/s40732-020-00444-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-020-00444-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47856,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Record","volume":"70 1","pages":"541 - 542"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40732-020-00444-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48428884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-12DOI: 10.1007/s40732-020-00436-9
M. Dixon, S. Hayes, Caleb R. Stanley, Stu Law, Thouraya Al-Nasser
{"title":"Is Acceptance and Commitment Training or Therapy (ACT) a Method that Applied Behavior Analysts Can and Should Use?","authors":"M. Dixon, S. Hayes, Caleb R. Stanley, Stu Law, Thouraya Al-Nasser","doi":"10.1007/s40732-020-00436-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-020-00436-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47856,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Record","volume":"70 1","pages":"559 - 579"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40732-020-00436-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44966407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-10DOI: 10.1007/s40732-020-00443-w
Y. Hayashi
{"title":"Attitude Moderates the Relation between Frequency of Media Multitasking in the Classroom and Delay Discounting","authors":"Y. Hayashi","doi":"10.1007/s40732-020-00443-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40732-020-00443-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47856,"journal":{"name":"Psychological Record","volume":"71 1","pages":"211 - 218"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s40732-020-00443-w","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46313536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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