Richard Friberg, Emil M. S. Halseth, Frode Steen, Simen A. Ulsaker
We use grocery data from Norway and COVID-19 border closings to gauge the effect of cross-border shopping on commodity tax revenue. Detailed store–category-level data identify differential treatment effects that depend on distance to Swedish stores. Economically significant effects extend to up to two hours' drive from the border, and even further for prominent cross-border shopping products, such as beer, cigarettes, and carbonated soft drinks. Across all products, cross-border shopping decreases tax revenue from VAT by 3.6 percent at the national level. National commodity tax revenue from carbonated soft drinks (subject to a sugar tax) is reduced by 8.1 percent and from cigarettes by 11.9 percent.
{"title":"The effect of cross-border shopping on commodity tax revenue: results from Norway's COVID-19 border closings","authors":"Richard Friberg, Emil M. S. Halseth, Frode Steen, Simen A. Ulsaker","doi":"10.1111/sjoe.12559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12559","url":null,"abstract":"We use grocery data from Norway and COVID-19 border closings to gauge the effect of cross-border shopping on commodity tax revenue. Detailed store–category-level data identify differential treatment effects that depend on distance to Swedish stores. Economically significant effects extend to up to two hours' drive from the border, and even further for prominent cross-border shopping products, such as beer, cigarettes, and carbonated soft drinks. Across all products, cross-border shopping decreases tax revenue from VAT by 3.6 percent at the national level. National commodity tax revenue from carbonated soft drinks (subject to a sugar tax) is reduced by 8.1 percent and from cigarettes by 11.9 percent.","PeriodicalId":47929,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Economics","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140098056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We analyse the economic impact of using carbon pricing revenue to fund the EU budget. Such a reform would redistribute from countries with above average carbon intensive production to less carbon intensive countries. Once the reform is implemented, the low carbon countries will prefer a lower carbon price (i.e., laxer climate policy at the EU level) than before the reform, and vice versa. As a result, EU climate policy becomes less ambitious and less disputed, where quantitative impacts presumably remain small. Weaker incentives for national governments to enforce emission taxes after revenue centralisation may also contribute to higher emissions.
{"title":"Will the centralisation of carbon pricing revenue in the EU lead to laxer climate policy?","authors":"Clemens Fuest, Volker Meier","doi":"10.1111/sjoe.12555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12555","url":null,"abstract":"We analyse the economic impact of using carbon pricing revenue to fund the EU budget. Such a reform would redistribute from countries with above average carbon intensive production to less carbon intensive countries. Once the reform is implemented, the low carbon countries will prefer a lower carbon price (i.e., laxer climate policy at the EU level) than before the reform, and vice versa. As a result, EU climate policy becomes less ambitious and less disputed, where quantitative impacts presumably remain small. Weaker incentives for national governments to enforce emission taxes after revenue centralisation may also contribute to higher emissions.","PeriodicalId":47929,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Economics","volume":"239 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138826016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using Russian longitudinal data for 1994 - 2018, we document a secular decline in consumption and income inequality. Although within-cohort inequality is also declining, the lifecycle inequality profiles of income and consumption are surprisingly flat. A calibrated lifecycle model with incomplete markets, high initial variance of the persistent income component, and moderately persistent income shocks is consistent with nearly flat lifecycle inequality profiles and the puzzlingly large insurance role of assets found in the Russian data. This is in contrast to the standard calibrations that fail to match the lifecycle inequality profiles and the panel-data evidence on consumption insurance.
{"title":"Inequality in Russia over time and over the life cycle","authors":"Maksym Bryukhanov, Dmytro Hryshko","doi":"10.1111/sjoe.12556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12556","url":null,"abstract":"Using Russian longitudinal data for 1994 - 2018, we document a secular decline in consumption and income inequality. Although within-cohort inequality is also declining, the lifecycle inequality profiles of income and consumption are surprisingly flat. A calibrated lifecycle model with incomplete markets, high initial variance of the persistent income component, and moderately persistent income shocks is consistent with nearly flat lifecycle inequality profiles and the puzzlingly large insurance role of assets found in the Russian data. This is in contrast to the standard calibrations that fail to match the lifecycle inequality profiles and the panel-data evidence on consumption insurance.","PeriodicalId":47929,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Economics","volume":"43 9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138826109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we develop a comprehensive model of earnings and labor market dynamics, where employment and job change are endogenous. The model is estimated by applying the method of indirect inference on Swedish register data and then used to carry out some policy experiments. There are three key conclusions from these experiments. First, employment shocks early in life can to a larger extent be mitigated before retirement compared to employment shocks occurring later. Second, we find that idiosyncratic productivity shocks, unobserved heterogeneity, and education contribute substantially to life cycle earnings inequality. Finally, we find that transitory shocks to employment risk have negative effects on earnings and employment in the short run but may increase labor market fluidity in the medium run.
{"title":"Earnings, labor market dynamics, and inequality in Sweden","authors":"Johan Holmberg","doi":"10.1111/sjoe.12553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12553","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we develop a comprehensive model of earnings and labor market dynamics, where employment and job change are endogenous. The model is estimated by applying the method of indirect inference on Swedish register data and then used to carry out some policy experiments. There are three key conclusions from these experiments. First, employment shocks early in life can to a larger extent be mitigated before retirement compared to employment shocks occurring later. Second, we find that idiosyncratic productivity shocks, unobserved heterogeneity, and education contribute substantially to life cycle earnings inequality. Finally, we find that transitory shocks to employment risk have negative effects on earnings and employment in the short run but may increase labor market fluidity in the medium run.","PeriodicalId":47929,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Economics","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138826984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dorothée Averkamp, Christian Bredemeier, Falko Juessen
Abstract We propose a simple way to embed family‐economics arguments for pay differences between genders into standard decomposition techniques. To account appropriately for the role of the family in the determination of wages, one has to compare men and women with similar own characteristics – and with similar partners. In US survey data, we find that our extended decomposition explains considerably more of the wage gap than a standard approach, in line with our theory that highlights the role of career prioritization in dual‐earner couples.
{"title":"Decomposing gender wage gaps: a family economics perspective","authors":"Dorothée Averkamp, Christian Bredemeier, Falko Juessen","doi":"10.1111/sjoe.12542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12542","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We propose a simple way to embed family‐economics arguments for pay differences between genders into standard decomposition techniques. To account appropriately for the role of the family in the determination of wages, one has to compare men and women with similar own characteristics – and with similar partners. In US survey data, we find that our extended decomposition explains considerably more of the wage gap than a standard approach, in line with our theory that highlights the role of career prioritization in dual‐earner couples.","PeriodicalId":47929,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Economics","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135944949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kjell Arne Brekke, Alice Ciccone, Tom‐Reiel Heggedal, Leif Helland
Abstract We introduce loss aversion in an infinite‐horizon, alternating‐offers model. When outside options serve as reference points, the equilibrium of our model follows that of the standard Rubinstein bargaining model, i.e., outside options do not affect the equilibrium unless they are binding. However, when reference points are given by the resources players contribute to the pie, the bargaining outcome changes such that a player's share increases in her contribution. We test our model's predictions in the laboratory. As predicted, only binding outside options impact the division of the pie. Data also show that contributions matter for bargaining outcomes when they are activated as reference points, but not quite as predicted by our theory. Proposers gain a higher share of the pie only when they have contributed a higher share than the opponent has. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Reference points in sequential bargaining: theory and experiment","authors":"Kjell Arne Brekke, Alice Ciccone, Tom‐Reiel Heggedal, Leif Helland","doi":"10.1111/sjoe.12552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12552","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We introduce loss aversion in an infinite‐horizon, alternating‐offers model. When outside options serve as reference points, the equilibrium of our model follows that of the standard Rubinstein bargaining model, i.e., outside options do not affect the equilibrium unless they are binding. However, when reference points are given by the resources players contribute to the pie, the bargaining outcome changes such that a player's share increases in her contribution. We test our model's predictions in the laboratory. As predicted, only binding outside options impact the division of the pie. Data also show that contributions matter for bargaining outcomes when they are activated as reference points, but not quite as predicted by our theory. Proposers gain a higher share of the pie only when they have contributed a higher share than the opponent has. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":47929,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Economics","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136211364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Countries around the world are increasingly expanding legal maternity leaves, with the dual objective of protecting mothers’ jobs during childbirth recovery and enhancing child development. Using exhaustive census data, we find that a three‐year paid leave in France had zero average effects on children's long‐term schooling achievement, and no detectable impact heterogeneity. The lack of positive effects on children adds to the case against a policy that has strong adverse effects on mothers’ careers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Extended maternity leave and children's long‐term development","authors":"Luc Behaghel, Maria Florencia Pinto","doi":"10.1111/sjoe.12551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12551","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Countries around the world are increasingly expanding legal maternity leaves, with the dual objective of protecting mothers’ jobs during childbirth recovery and enhancing child development. Using exhaustive census data, we find that a three‐year paid leave in France had zero average effects on children's long‐term schooling achievement, and no detectable impact heterogeneity. The lack of positive effects on children adds to the case against a policy that has strong adverse effects on mothers’ careers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":47929,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Economics","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135744489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Elin Halvorsen, Zhiyang Jia, Herman Kruse, Trond C. Vigtel
Abstract This paper examines the substitution between pension wealth and household saving. To identify the effect of reductions in social security pension wealth on household saving, we utilize variations in changes in social security pension wealth induced by Norway's 2011 reform across different cohorts, time periods, and sectors. Our study focuses on saving behavior of individuals between ages 57–61, and we find that the annual saving rate increased by around 1.4 percentage points after the reform. When considering the overall life‐cycle changes in household saving, this corresponds to a crowd‐out effect of about 50 percent of the total loss in pension wealth. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Social security pension and the effect on household saving","authors":"Elin Halvorsen, Zhiyang Jia, Herman Kruse, Trond C. Vigtel","doi":"10.1111/sjoe.12550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12550","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper examines the substitution between pension wealth and household saving. To identify the effect of reductions in social security pension wealth on household saving, we utilize variations in changes in social security pension wealth induced by Norway's 2011 reform across different cohorts, time periods, and sectors. Our study focuses on saving behavior of individuals between ages 57–61, and we find that the annual saving rate increased by around 1.4 percentage points after the reform. When considering the overall life‐cycle changes in household saving, this corresponds to a crowd‐out effect of about 50 percent of the total loss in pension wealth. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":47929,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Economics","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135899808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In a field experiment, we study the causal effects of previous experience and language skills when newly arrived Syrian refugees in Sweden apply for low‐skilled jobs. We find no evidence of sizeable effects from previous experience or completed language classes on the probability of receiving callback from employers. However, female applicants were more likely than males to receive a positive response. As a complement to the experiment, we interview a select number of employers, which provides additional insights into how they judge candidates for low‐skilled jobs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Low‐skilled jobs, language proficiency, and job opportunities for refugees: an experimental study","authors":"Simon Ek, Mats Hammarstedt, Per Skedinger","doi":"10.1111/sjoe.12549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12549","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In a field experiment, we study the causal effects of previous experience and language skills when newly arrived Syrian refugees in Sweden apply for low‐skilled jobs. We find no evidence of sizeable effects from previous experience or completed language classes on the probability of receiving callback from employers. However, female applicants were more likely than males to receive a positive response. As a complement to the experiment, we interview a select number of employers, which provides additional insights into how they judge candidates for low‐skilled jobs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":47929,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Economics","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135425365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract We study how firms’ individual credit market experience influences their beliefs about the bank lending policy, using the Austrian Business Survey between 2011 and 2016. Firms which have recently experienced a loan rejection are more likely to believe that the lending policy is restrictive. We see similar effects for firms who were granted loans, but with conditions worse than anticipated. Exploiting the panel structure shows that firms without recent credit market experience are less likely to change their beliefs, which converge towards the middle category. Our findings are in line with theories of rational inattention and with asymmetric experience effects. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
{"title":"Individual credit market experience and beliefs about bank lending policy: evidence from a firm survey","authors":"Jarko Fidrmuc, Christa Hainz, Werner Hölzl","doi":"10.1111/sjoe.12548","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12548","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We study how firms’ individual credit market experience influences their beliefs about the bank lending policy, using the Austrian Business Survey between 2011 and 2016. Firms which have recently experienced a loan rejection are more likely to believe that the lending policy is restrictive. We see similar effects for firms who were granted loans, but with conditions worse than anticipated. Exploiting the panel structure shows that firms without recent credit market experience are less likely to change their beliefs, which converge towards the middle category. Our findings are in line with theories of rational inattention and with asymmetric experience effects. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.","PeriodicalId":47929,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian Journal of Economics","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135858104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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