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Working in the gig economy is boring: Non-encounters and the politics of detachment in platform capitalism 在零工经济中工作很无聊:在平台资本主义中,没有相遇和超然的政治
IF 3 3区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2022-05-10 DOI: 10.1111/geoj.12453
Elizabeth R. Straughan, David Bissell

This paper develops the concept of the non-encounter for geography in the context of the changing experience of gig economy work during COVID-19. Supplementing political economy insights with a cultural geographic sensitivity to embodiment, we explore the fluctuating bodily capacities of food delivery drivers during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Melbourne, Australia. We reflect on fieldwork with gig workers which drew our attention to how the practice of doorstep food delivery became ‘contact-free’ during the pandemic. In dialogue with cultural geographical literatures on boredom and interruptions, our paper highlights the deleterious impacts of repetition without interruption on workers' bodies. We argue that the felt absences of previously enjoyed light-touch interactions with customers and other delivery drivers has created a strange kind of ‘non-encounter’ for gig workers, intensifying feelings of boredom and a sense of detachment. We speculate on what this means for the future of gig work and for cultural geographers.

本文在2019冠状病毒病期间零工经济工作经验变化的背景下,发展了地理上的非相遇概念。通过对体现的文化地理敏感性来补充政治经济学见解,我们探讨了澳大利亚墨尔本2019冠状病毒病大流行第一年送餐司机身体能力的波动。我们回顾了与零工工人的实地工作,这些工作使我们注意到,在大流行期间,上门送餐的做法是如何“无接触”的。在与文化地理文献关于无聊和中断的对话中,我们的论文强调了不间断重复对工人身体的有害影响。我们认为,以前与顾客和其他送货司机的轻松互动的缺失,为零工工人创造了一种奇怪的“不接触”,加剧了无聊感和疏离感。我们推测这对零工工作和文化地理学家的未来意味着什么。
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引用次数: 2
Urban wetlands, their dynamics and management strategies from the perspective of Environmental Geography 环境地理学视角下的城市湿地动态与管理策略
IF 3 3区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2022-05-02 DOI: 10.1111/geoj.12445
Feline Schön, Ana Domínguez, Marcel Achkar

The environment is a central axis of academic discussion, but even so, there are theoretical difficulties in understanding environmental problems. Environmental Geography provides arguments to articulate the relationships between society and nature and the possibility of focusing on the environmental system as an object of study. The aim of this article is to provide theoretical, methodological and operational elements for the evaluation of the interrelationship between wetland ecosystems and urban localities in Uruguay based on three case studies and analysing them from the theoretical and conceptual context of Environmental Geography. The methodological strategy is based on a multi-scale analysis: at the national scale, studying the situation of the interrelationship between wetlands and urban areas, and at the basin scale, case studies are selected to address the specific conditions of the relationship. In Uruguay, 50% of urban localities are located in wetland territories, but no national strategy can be identified to solve the problem of flooding events in urban areas. Environmental Geography offers the possibility of making the interrelationships between urban spaces and the environments where they develop visible as it makes it possible to analyse the causes of the problem at the basin level in order to achieve sustainable management.

环境是学术讨论的中轴线,但即便如此,在理解环境问题上仍存在理论上的困难。环境地理学为阐明社会与自然之间的关系以及将环境系统作为研究对象的可能性提供了论据。本文的目的是基于三个案例研究,并从环境地理学的理论和概念背景对它们进行分析,为评估乌拉圭湿地生态系统与城市地区之间的相互关系提供理论、方法和操作要素。方法策略基于多尺度分析:在国家尺度上,研究湿地与城市之间相互关系的情况;在流域尺度上,选择案例研究来解决这种关系的具体情况。在乌拉圭,50%的城市地区位于湿地地区,但无法确定解决城市地区洪水事件问题的国家战略。环境地理学提供了使城市空间和环境之间的相互关系变得可见的可能性,因为它使在流域一级分析问题的原因成为可能,以便实现可持续管理。
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引用次数: 0
Essential workers' pandemic mobilities and the changing meanings of the commute 基本工作者的流行病流动性和通勤意义的变化
IF 3 3区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2022-05-02 DOI: 10.1111/geoj.12447
Anna Plyushteva

This commentary reflects on the pandemic commute and its significance for, on one hand, engaging with the problematic category of essential work, and on the other, future geographical research on transport and mobilities. Drawing on essential workers' contributions to the ‘Not working from home’ public engagement project, I outline some experiences of commuting during the COVID-19 pandemic. I illustrate the role of pandemic commuting in defining, and wrestling with, what the category of essential work might mean. I then discuss the ways in which attending to pandemic commutes may extend and reshape existing research on unequal mobilities. Some of the future research directions made more urgent by a focus on pandemic commutes include critical engagements with: first, intersectional inequalities in the journey to work; second, the category of ‘essential journeys’ as used in transport policy and practice; third, the positionality of academic researchers who work on the topic of commuting; and finally, the treatment of commuting time as an integral part of working time.

本评论反映了大流行通勤及其重要性,一方面,参与有问题的基本工作类别,另一方面,未来关于运输和流动的地理研究。根据基本工作者对“不在家工作”公众参与项目的贡献,我概述了COVID-19大流行期间通勤的一些经历。我举例说明了流行病通勤在定义和解决基本工作类别可能意味着什么方面的作用。然后,我讨论了关注流行病通勤可能扩展和重塑关于不平等流动性的现有研究的方式。由于关注流行病通勤,未来的一些研究方向变得更加紧迫,其中包括:首先,工作旅程中的交叉不平等;第二,交通政策和实践中使用的“必要旅程”类别;第三,研究通勤问题的学术研究者的定位;最后,将通勤时间视为工作时间的一个组成部分。
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引用次数: 4
Identification of motorcycle accidents hotspots in the Czech Republic and their conditional factors: The use of KDE+ and two-step cluster analysis 捷克摩托车事故热点及其影响因素的识别:基于KDE+和两步聚类分析
IF 3 3区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2022-05-02 DOI: 10.1111/geoj.12446
Stanislav Kraft, Miroslav Marada, Jakub Petříček, Vojtěch Blažek, Tomáš Mrkvička

In recent decades, there has been a significant increase in the number of newly registered motorcycles worldwide. However, there is not only an increase in the number of motorcycles in traffic but also an increase in the number of conflicts between motorcyclists and the surrounding environment. A relatively significant research gap can be identified in the relationship between spatial factors and motorcycle accident rates. This paper analyses the spatiotemporal patterns of motorcycle accidents and studies their underlying factors. The KDE+ method (an extension of the kernel density estimation method) is used to identify concentrations of motorcycle accident key hotspots. To study the underlying traffic accident determinants, a two-step cluster analysis is used. The analysis is based on the database of motorcycle accidents in the Czech Republic from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2020. The paper achieves a few main findings. By applying the KDE+ method, the most dangerous sections of the road network in the Czech Republic were identified, where a significant accumulation of motorcycle accidents occur. Motorcycle accidents are highly seasonal. Motorcycle accidents tend to accumulate in the afternoon, especially during the summer months. Concerning the frequency of accidents and the collective risk index, urban traffic, that is the traffic density, is an important cause of motorcycle accidents, along with the winter period with rather unfavourable weather conditions, and especially the directional conditions—curves and intersections—are among the hazardous sections.

近几十年来,全球新登记的摩托车数量显著增加。然而,不仅交通上的摩托车数量增加,而且摩托车手与周围环境之间的冲突也在增加。空间因素与摩托车事故率之间的关系存在较大的研究空白。本文分析了摩托车事故的时空格局,并对其影响因素进行了研究。KDE+方法(核密度估计方法的扩展)用于识别摩托车事故关键热点的浓度。为了研究潜在的交通事故决定因素,采用了两步聚类分析。该分析基于2016年1月1日至2020年12月31日捷克共和国摩托车事故数据库。本文得出了几个主要结论。通过应用KDE+方法,确定了捷克共和国道路网络中最危险的路段,那里发生了大量摩托车事故。摩托车事故具有很强的季节性。摩托车事故往往在下午累积,尤其是在夏季。在事故发生频次和综合风险指数方面,城市交通即交通密度是摩托车事故发生的重要原因,冬季天气条件较差,特别是弯道、路口等方向条件是摩托车事故发生的危险路段。
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引用次数: 2
A strange sky: Security atmospheres and the technological management of geopolitical conflict in the case of Israel's Iron Dome 奇怪的天空:以以色列的“铁穹”为例,安全气氛和地缘政治冲突的技术管理
IF 3 3区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2022-04-28 DOI: 10.1111/geoj.12444
Ian Slesinger

This paper uses Israel's technologically advanced Iron Dome short-range missile defence system as a deep empirical case study to examine how affective atmospheres mediate the relationship between state power and the agency of technological objects deployed to govern (in)security. Drawing theoretically from productive tensions between more-than-human theories of object-oriented ontology, actor-network theory and affect theory, it evaluates Iron Dome as a scintillating ‘bright object’ with variable capacities and limitations that exceed the sum of its components. Iron Dome both overreaches and contradicts the intentions and governance logics of state elites within a spatio-temporally distributed array of architectures, infrastructures and practices. Within this milieu, its affective power is ambivalent and capricious, and can both enhance and undermine the atmospheric production of security in ways that exceed both instrumental functionality and human intentions. These findings indicate how a geography of security that attends to the affective dimension of object politics can account for the complex and non-causal ways in which technologies can either reinforce or inhibit security as an anthropocentric endeavour.

本文使用以色列技术先进的铁穹短程导弹防御系统作为深入的实证案例研究,以研究情感氛围如何调解国家权力与部署用于治理安全的技术对象机构之间的关系。从面向对象的本体论、行动者网络理论和影响理论等超越人类的理论之间产生的紧张关系中得出理论,它将“铁穹”评估为一个闪烁的“明亮物体”,具有可变的能力和局限性,超出了其组成部分的总和。“铁穹”在一个时空分布的建筑、基础设施和实践阵列中,既超越了国家精英的意图和治理逻辑,又与之相矛盾。在这种环境下,它的情感力量是矛盾和反复无常的,可以以超出工具功能和人类意图的方式加强和破坏安全的气氛生产。这些发现表明,关注客体政治情感维度的安全地理学如何能够解释复杂的、非因果的方式,在这种方式中,技术可以加强或抑制作为人类中心主义努力的安全。
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引用次数: 0
Climate impact or policy choice? The spatiotemporality of thermoregulation and border crosser mortality in southern Arizona 气候影响还是政策选择?亚利桑那州南部温度调节和过境动物死亡率的时空变化
IF 3 3区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.1111/geoj.12443
Samuel N. Chambers, Geoff Boyce, Daniel E. Martínez

US public officials frequently argue that high temperatures are responsible for increasing mortality of undocumented border crossers (UBCs) in southern Arizona. In this article, we suggest that these kinds of assertions are not only empirically misleading, they also serve to naturalise UBC deaths in the region by helping to obscure their structural causes. Indeed, although heat exposure is a primary cause of death in the region, prior studies have also shown that migration patterns have shifted toward more remote and rugged terrain, characterised by higher elevations and greater shade cover. Using physiological modelling and a spatiotemporal forensic analysis, we assess whether the distribution of recovered human remains has shifted toward locations characterised by environments where the human body is more or less capable of regulating core temperature, and thus succumbing to heat stress. We find that the distribution of recovered UBC remains has consistently trended toward locations where the potential for heat stress is lower, rather than higher. This demonstrates that UBC mortality is not principally a function of ambient or regional temperature, but rather is a result of specific policy decisions that lead to cumulative stress and prolonged exposure due to factors like difficulty and distance of travel. To contextualise these findings, we discuss the evolution of the US Border Patrol's policy of Prevention Through Deterrence, and apply the concepts of structural and cultural violence to theorize its consistently deadly outcomes.

美国政府官员经常辩称,高温是亚利桑那州南部无证越境者(ubc)死亡率上升的原因。在本文中,我们认为这些断言不仅在经验上具有误导性,而且通过帮助模糊其结构性原因,它们还有助于将该地区的UBC死亡归化。事实上,虽然热暴露是该地区死亡的主要原因,但先前的研究也表明,迁移模式已转向更偏远和崎岖的地形,其特点是海拔更高,树荫更广。利用生理模型和时空法医分析,我们评估了被发现的人类遗骸的分布是否已经转移到人体或多或少能够调节核心温度的环境中,从而屈服于热应激。我们发现,恢复的UBC遗骸的分布始终趋向于潜在热应力较低的位置,而不是较高的位置。这表明UBC死亡率主要不是环境或区域温度的函数,而是由于旅行难度和距离等因素导致累积压力和长时间暴露的具体政策决定的结果。为了将这些发现置于背景中,我们讨论了美国边境巡逻队通过威慑预防政策的演变,并应用结构和文化暴力的概念来理论化其一贯致命的结果。
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引用次数: 4
Of rivers, law and justice in the Anthropocene 人类世的河流、法律和正义
IF 3 3区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2022-03-25 DOI: 10.1111/geoj.12442
John Page, Alessandro Pelizzon

Beginning in the 2010s, rivers have captured the legal imagination of judges, legislators and activists alike, as part of a rapidly growing phenomenon described by UN Special Rapporteur on human rights and the environment, David Boyd as ‘a legal revolution that could save the world’. Investigating river cases in jurisdictions as diverse as Aotearoa New Zealand, Colombia, India, the United States and Australia, and following Nicole Graham's suggestion that the non-human world is constantly reconstituted within an all-encompassing legal cosmology for which any observable ‘thing’, any ‘object’, any landscape, is always, inherently, and inevitably a ‘lawscape’, this paper explores the legal and the ontological nature of ‘the river’. By casting traditional riparian doctrines against novel rights of Nature judgments, the paper highlights the interconnected and interdependent legal relationship between artificially construed human and non-human worlds, and observes a series of perceptible generational shifts in the legal and ontological treatment of rivers, from an abstract near-neglect, to a rights-based discourse, and ending (for the moment at least) in a deeply relational re-conceptualisation.

从 2010 年代开始,河流俘获了法官、立法者和活动家的法律想象力,被联合国人权与环境问题特别报告员戴维-博伊德(David Boyd)称为 "一场可以拯救世界的法律革命"。本文调查了新西兰奥特亚罗瓦、哥伦比亚、印度、美国和澳大利亚等不同司法管辖区的河流案例,并遵循妮可-格雷厄姆(Nicole Graham)的建议,即非人类世界在包罗万象的法律宇宙论中不断重构,任何可观察到的 "事物"、任何 "物体"、任何景观始终、固有且不可避免地是一种 "法律景观",本文探讨了 "河流 "的法律和本体论性质。通过将传统的河岸学说与新的自然权利判断相比较,本文强调了人为构建的人类世界与非人类世界之间相互关联、相互依存的法律关系,并观察到在河流的法律和本体论处理方面发生的一系列可感知的代际转变,从抽象的近乎忽视到基于权利的论述,最后(至少目前)以一种深层次的关系重新概念化而告终。
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引用次数: 0
Extended urbanisation and the politics of uncertainty: The contested pathways of highway corridors in India 扩展的城市化和不确定性政治:印度高速公路走廊的争议之路
IF 3 3区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2022-03-24 DOI: 10.1111/geoj.12441
Nitin Bathla

This paper explores how uncertainty has become a central constitutive feature under the ongoing attempts at rapid extension of highway corridors across India. Contrary to the terra nullius assumption that India's highway programmes operate under, the pathways to accumulation they seek to open present a palimpsest of pre-existing claims, occupancies and forms of dwelling that come into conflict with the attempts to extend urban space. The paper specifically follows the prolonged uncertainty surrounding a regional highway corridor between the cities of Delhi and Gurgaon, the Dwarka Expressway, which underwent multiple legal contestations over evictions and land disputes. In doing so, it analyses how managing uncertainty in the production of highway corridors becomes profitable for the state, powerful corporate actors and middle-class homebuyer-investors, presenting a form of value that can be commodified and exchanged. However, on the other hand, owing to its double-edged nature, uncertainty also becomes productive for the urban majority in laying claims to urban space. As rapid extended urbanisation increasingly disrupts the lifeworlds of marginal communities, this paper calls for embracing the politics and practices of uncertainty in the continued efforts to push ex-centric urban analysis beyond the narrow focus on state processes and commodification.

本文探讨了不确定性如何成为印度高速公路走廊快速延伸的核心构成特征。与印度高速公路项目所依据的无主地假设相反,这些项目试图开辟的积累之路呈现出一种由先前存在的权利主张、占用和居住形式组成的混合物,这些权利主张、占用和居住形式与扩展城市空间的尝试相冲突。本文特别关注了围绕德里和古尔冈两市之间的区域高速公路走廊--德瓦尔卡高速公路--的长期不确定性,该项目经历了有关驱逐和土地纠纷的多重法律争议。在此过程中,报告分析了在高速公路走廊建设过程中如何管理不确定性,从而为国家、强大的企业行为者和中产阶级购房投资者带来利润,呈现出一种可以商品化和交换的价值形式。然而,另一方面,由于其双刃性,不确定性也成为城市大多数人对城市空间提出要求的有利条件。随着快速扩展的城市化日益扰乱边缘社区的生活世界,本文呼吁在继续努力推动前中心城市分析超越对国家进程和商品化的狭隘关注的过程中,接受不确定性的政治和实践。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding recruitment and retention of doctors in rural Scotland: Stakeholder perspectives 了解苏格兰农村医生的招聘和保留:利益相关者的观点
IF 3 3区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2022-03-18 DOI: 10.1111/geoj.12439
Andrew S. Maclaren, Jennifer Cleland, Louise Locock, Zoë Skea, Alan Denison, Rosemary Hollick, Peter Murchie, Philip Wilson

Recruitment and retention of medical practitioners is a challenging contemporary policy issue for rural areas. In this paper we explore this issue in the context of doctors in rural and remote Scotland, drawing on findings from a service mapping exercise into the recruitment and retention of doctors in rural areas, conducted by interviewing key stakeholders in the delivery of healthcare in rural and remote Scotland, most of whom combine clinical and organisational responsibilities. The aim of this paper is to understand the key issues, drawing on what the stakeholders see across the day-to-day delivery of their clinical roles and within the varied levels of the organisational structure of Scottish healthcare to which they contribute. Our findings build on a review of key literature of contemporary issues in rural Scotland, healthcare delivery in rural areas and wider international literature on recruitment and retention of medical practitioners. Our findings focus around three key themes: power of place; how people make place; and place and policy. In our conclusion, we argue that the importance of this stakeholder research is three-fold. First, that such insights from stakeholders are important in shaping and preparing for future research on the topic, particularly interviewing those currently working. Second, it adds to and echoes the growing body of literature globally focused on recruitment and retention by expanding on the Scottish context. Finally, it proposes that appropriate and effective rural proofing is important in the implementation of new policies where place-based challenges or differences can emerge.

对农村地区来说,招聘和留住医生是一个具有挑战性的当代政策问题。在本文中,我们在苏格兰农村和偏远地区的医生的背景下探讨了这个问题,通过采访苏格兰农村和偏远地区医疗保健服务的主要利益相关者,在农村和偏远地区招募和保留医生的情况下,利用服务映射练习的结果,其中大多数人将临床和组织责任结合起来。本文的目的是了解关键问题,借鉴利益相关者在他们的临床角色的日常交付中所看到的,并在苏格兰医疗保健的不同层次的组织结构中做出贡献。我们的研究结果建立在对苏格兰农村当代问题的关键文献的回顾,农村地区的医疗保健服务和更广泛的关于医生招聘和保留的国际文献。我们的研究结果围绕着三个关键主题:地点的力量;人们如何创造空间;还有地方和政策。在我们的结论中,我们认为这个利益相关者研究的重要性是三重的。首先,来自利益相关者的这些见解对于塑造和准备未来关于该主题的研究非常重要,特别是采访那些目前正在工作的人。其次,通过扩展苏格兰背景,它增加并呼应了全球越来越多的关注招聘和留住人才的文学作品。最后,报告提出,在实施新政策时,适当和有效的农村证明非常重要,因为可能会出现基于地方的挑战或差异。
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引用次数: 2
Student loneliness through the pandemic: How, why and where? 大流行中的学生孤独:如何,为什么和在哪里?
IF 3 3区 社会学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2022-03-17 DOI: 10.1111/geoj.12438
Richard Phillips, Katie Seaborne, Angus Goldsmith, Natasha Curtis, Adele Davies, Will Haynes, Rose McEnroe, Nadia Murphy, Lucy O’Neill, Charlotte Pacey, Edward Walker, Elizabeth Wordley

Loneliness has emerged as a problem for individuals and society. A group whose loneliness has recently grown in severity and visibility is students in higher education. Complementing media reports and surveys of students’ lockdown loneliness, this paper presents qualitative research findings on students loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic. It explores the how, why and where of student loneliness through research co-produced with undergraduate and postgraduate students. Student-researchers investigated loneliness as a function of relationships and interactions through self-interviews and peer interviews (= 46) and through objects, chosen by participants to represent their experiences of lockdown. This research led to three conclusions, each with a geographical focus. First, as the spaces in which students live and study were fragmented, interactions and relationships were disrupted. Second, students struggled to put down roots in their places of study. Without a sense of belonging—to the city and institution where they studied, and the neighbourhood and accommodation where they lived—they were more likely to experience loneliness. Third, many students were unable to progress through life transitions associated with late adolescence including leaving home, learning social skills, forming sexual relationships and emerging into adulthood. Those facing bigger changes such as bereavement struggled to process these events and spoke of feeling ‘neither here nor there’—in limbo. But students displayed resilience, finding ways to cope with and mitigate their loneliness. Their coping strategies speak to the efforts of policymakers and practitioners—including those in universities, government, health and wellbeing services, and accommodation services—who are seeking ways to tackle students' (and other peoples') loneliness.

孤独已经成为个人和社会的一个问题。最近,高等教育学生的孤独感越来越严重,越来越引人注目。结合媒体对学生孤独感的报道和调查,本文提出了新冠肺炎大流行期间学生孤独感的定性研究结果。它通过与本科生和研究生共同进行的研究,探讨了学生孤独的方式、原因和地点。学生研究人员通过自我访谈和同伴访谈(n = 46)以及参与者选择的代表他们被封锁经历的对象,调查了孤独感作为关系和互动的函数。这项研究得出了三个结论,每个结论都有一个地理重点。首先,由于学生生活和学习的空间是碎片化的,互动和关系被破坏。其次,学生们很难在自己的学习场所扎根。没有归属感——对他们学习的城市和机构,对他们居住的社区和住所——他们更有可能感到孤独。第三,许多学生无法完成与青春期后期相关的人生转变,包括离开家、学习社交技能、建立性关系和进入成年期。那些面临更大变化的人,比如丧亲之痛,很难处理这些事件,他们说自己感觉“不在这里,也不在那里”——处于不确定状态。但学生们表现出了适应力,找到了应对和减轻孤独感的方法。他们的应对策略反映了政策制定者和实践者的努力——包括大学、政府、健康和福利服务机构以及住宿服务机构——他们正在寻找解决学生(和其他人)孤独的方法。
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引用次数: 11
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Geographical Journal
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