Pub Date : 2018-09-01DOI: 10.1177/0735275118794981
M. Wood, Dustin S. Stoltz, J. Van Ness, Marshall A. Taylor
A perennial concern in frame analysis is explaining how frames structure perception and persuade audiences. In this article, we suggest that the distinction between personal culture and public culture offers a productive way forward. We propose an approach centered on an analytic contrast between schemas, which we define as a form of personal culture, and frames, which we define as a form of public culture. We develop an “evocation model” of the structure and function of frames. In the model, frames are conceived as material assemblages that activate a network of schemas, thereby evoking a response when people are exposed to them. We discuss how the proposed model extends, and clarifies, extant approaches, and consider new directions for future research.
{"title":"Schemas and Frames","authors":"M. Wood, Dustin S. Stoltz, J. Van Ness, Marshall A. Taylor","doi":"10.1177/0735275118794981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275118794981","url":null,"abstract":"A perennial concern in frame analysis is explaining how frames structure perception and persuade audiences. In this article, we suggest that the distinction between personal culture and public culture offers a productive way forward. We propose an approach centered on an analytic contrast between schemas, which we define as a form of personal culture, and frames, which we define as a form of public culture. We develop an “evocation model” of the structure and function of frames. In the model, frames are conceived as material assemblages that activate a network of schemas, thereby evoking a response when people are exposed to them. We discuss how the proposed model extends, and clarifies, extant approaches, and consider new directions for future research.","PeriodicalId":48131,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Theory","volume":"36 1","pages":"244 - 261"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0735275118794981","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48908111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1177/0735275118777004
C. Beck
The social scientific study of revolution has been deviled by a lack of progress in recent years, divided between competing views on the universality of patterns in revolution. This study examines the origins of these epistemologies. Drawing on an insight that different modes of comparison yield different types of knowledge, I argue that the network structure of how cases are compared constrains or enables the development of a field’s theoretical sensibilities. Analysis of comparative studies of revolution published from 1970 to 2009 reveals that the field overall is most amenable to knowledge about particular cases rather than the phenomenon of revolution broadly. Analysis of the changing structure of comparison over time reveals that comparison precedes the development of an epistemology. The results suggest that conclusions about the possibility, or lack thereof, of generalization may be an artifact of the comparative method.
{"title":"The Structure of Comparison in the Study of Revolution","authors":"C. Beck","doi":"10.1177/0735275118777004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275118777004","url":null,"abstract":"The social scientific study of revolution has been deviled by a lack of progress in recent years, divided between competing views on the universality of patterns in revolution. This study examines the origins of these epistemologies. Drawing on an insight that different modes of comparison yield different types of knowledge, I argue that the network structure of how cases are compared constrains or enables the development of a field’s theoretical sensibilities. Analysis of comparative studies of revolution published from 1970 to 2009 reveals that the field overall is most amenable to knowledge about particular cases rather than the phenomenon of revolution broadly. Analysis of the changing structure of comparison over time reveals that comparison precedes the development of an epistemology. The results suggest that conclusions about the possibility, or lack thereof, of generalization may be an artifact of the comparative method.","PeriodicalId":48131,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Theory","volume":"36 1","pages":"134 - 161"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0735275118777004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42820544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1177/0735275118777013
Emily Erikson
Social network analysis has trouble distinguishing between group processes in which several people interact concurrently and sequentially unfolding dyadic interactions. This article suggests that there are substantial differences between these two types of interactions and that the concept of events can help distinguish between the two. Examples drawn from economic sociology and collective action demonstrate the different effects that may result from group events versus aggregated dyadic interactions.
{"title":"How Group Events Can Shape Network Processes","authors":"Emily Erikson","doi":"10.1177/0735275118777013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275118777013","url":null,"abstract":"Social network analysis has trouble distinguishing between group processes in which several people interact concurrently and sequentially unfolding dyadic interactions. This article suggests that there are substantial differences between these two types of interactions and that the concept of events can help distinguish between the two. Examples drawn from economic sociology and collective action demonstrate the different effects that may result from group events versus aggregated dyadic interactions.","PeriodicalId":48131,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Theory","volume":"36 1","pages":"187 - 193"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0735275118777013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48265553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1177/0735275118776996
J. Martin
Most attempts to examine the relation between networks and events begin with what we should question—that it invariably helps us to imagine that our units fall neatly into “events” that occupy distinct points in Cartesian time. I show that the core insights that inspired contemporary network analysis come from a structuralist conception which is both far more theoretically generative than the Cartesian vision and does less violence to the nature of the sorts of empirical material that we usually have before us.
{"title":"Getting off the Cartesian Clothesline","authors":"J. Martin","doi":"10.1177/0735275118776996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275118776996","url":null,"abstract":"Most attempts to examine the relation between networks and events begin with what we should question—that it invariably helps us to imagine that our units fall neatly into “events” that occupy distinct points in Cartesian time. I show that the core insights that inspired contemporary network analysis come from a structuralist conception which is both far more theoretically generative than the Cartesian vision and does less violence to the nature of the sorts of empirical material that we usually have before us.","PeriodicalId":48131,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Theory","volume":"36 1","pages":"194 - 200"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0735275118776996","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43724029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1177/0735275118777010
Jonathan Hearn
This article challenges the idea that competition was central to Adam Smith’s thinking by scrutinizing the concept’s role in Smith’s work, particularly The Wealth of Nations. We will understand Smith’s perspective better if we avoid reading later developments of the concept, particularly in economics, back into Smith’s times and writings. Conversely, I argue that the division of labor is the governing idea providing the basic organizational structure of Wealth of Nations. Clarifying (and demoting) the role of competition in Smith’s thinking requires showing the centrality of the idea of the division of labor—the idea doing the major analytic work in his thinking. The argument contributes to recent reassessments of the scope and significance of Smith’s social theory and strengthens the view that his approach has more in common with historical and political sociology than with economics as currently configured.
{"title":"How to Read The Wealth of Nations (or Why the Division of Labor Is More Important Than Competition in Adam Smith)","authors":"Jonathan Hearn","doi":"10.1177/0735275118777010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275118777010","url":null,"abstract":"This article challenges the idea that competition was central to Adam Smith’s thinking by scrutinizing the concept’s role in Smith’s work, particularly The Wealth of Nations. We will understand Smith’s perspective better if we avoid reading later developments of the concept, particularly in economics, back into Smith’s times and writings. Conversely, I argue that the division of labor is the governing idea providing the basic organizational structure of Wealth of Nations. Clarifying (and demoting) the role of competition in Smith’s thinking requires showing the centrality of the idea of the division of labor—the idea doing the major analytic work in his thinking. The argument contributes to recent reassessments of the scope and significance of Smith’s social theory and strengthens the view that his approach has more in common with historical and political sociology than with economics as currently configured.","PeriodicalId":48131,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Theory","volume":"36 1","pages":"162 - 184"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0735275118777010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41986598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1177/0735275118777007
Iddo Tavory
This article pushes interactionist sociology forward. It does so by drawing out the implications of a simple idea, that to understand the situation—the mise en scene of interactionist theory—we must understand it in relation not only to past-induced habits of thought and action but to future situations anticipated in interaction. Focusing especially on the rhythmic nature of situations, the paper then argues that such a recalibration both unsettles core tenets of interactionism and helps solve some problems in the sociology of culture. As an illustration, it focuses on two such puzzles—the place of disruption in interaction and the relationship between the notion of “boundaries” and of “distinctions” in the sociology of culture.
{"title":"Between Situations: Anticipation, Rhythms, and the Theory of Interaction","authors":"Iddo Tavory","doi":"10.1177/0735275118777007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275118777007","url":null,"abstract":"This article pushes interactionist sociology forward. It does so by drawing out the implications of a simple idea, that to understand the situation—the mise en scene of interactionist theory—we must understand it in relation not only to past-induced habits of thought and action but to future situations anticipated in interaction. Focusing especially on the rhythmic nature of situations, the paper then argues that such a recalibration both unsettles core tenets of interactionism and helps solve some problems in the sociology of culture. As an illustration, it focuses on two such puzzles—the place of disruption in interaction and the relationship between the notion of “boundaries” and of “distinctions” in the sociology of culture.","PeriodicalId":48131,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Theory","volume":"36 1","pages":"117 - 133"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0735275118777007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45745948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1177/0735275118777000
Hrag Balian, P. Bearman
This article identifies why large-scale multisided civil conflict lasts for so long. The simple answer is that groups engaged in such conflicts have opportunities to achieve coveted ends like dominance and/or revenge by killing members of other groups. We focus on killing events and their temporal ordering rather than on rates. From this perspective, we identify how purely endogenous dynamics lead to conflict continuity and more unusually, conflict failure, or peace. The empirical case we consider is the Northern Ireland “Troubles,” 1969–2001.
{"title":"Pathways to Violence: Dynamics for the Continuation of Large-scale Conflict","authors":"Hrag Balian, P. Bearman","doi":"10.1177/0735275118777000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275118777000","url":null,"abstract":"This article identifies why large-scale multisided civil conflict lasts for so long. The simple answer is that groups engaged in such conflicts have opportunities to achieve coveted ends like dominance and/or revenge by killing members of other groups. We focus on killing events and their temporal ordering rather than on rates. From this perspective, we identify how purely endogenous dynamics lead to conflict continuity and more unusually, conflict failure, or peace. The empirical case we consider is the Northern Ireland “Troubles,” 1969–2001.","PeriodicalId":48131,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Theory","volume":"36 1","pages":"210 - 220"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0735275118777000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44885974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1177/0735275118777002
R. Breiger, Juliane Smith
Progress in theorizing networks and events requires formulating a greater diversity of networks and, in particular, enabling network analysis to exploit relations between events and the attributes, actions, and variables that characterize them. We advance this line of inquiry in dialogue with a recent approach to the systematic study of violent conflicts among state actors and groups of people who refuse to accept their governments’ power. One productive way to analyze an insurgency is to view it as a network of sequenced events across stages (periods) of conflict. We explore this formulation, identify limitations, and present illustrative analysis demonstrating how new and useful insights can be obtained by combining our formal approach with one grounded in the comparative analysis of case studies.
{"title":"Insurgencies as Networks of Event Orderings","authors":"R. Breiger, Juliane Smith","doi":"10.1177/0735275118777002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275118777002","url":null,"abstract":"Progress in theorizing networks and events requires formulating a greater diversity of networks and, in particular, enabling network analysis to exploit relations between events and the attributes, actions, and variables that characterize them. We advance this line of inquiry in dialogue with a recent approach to the systematic study of violent conflicts among state actors and groups of people who refuse to accept their governments’ power. One productive way to analyze an insurgency is to view it as a network of sequenced events across stages (periods) of conflict. We explore this formulation, identify limitations, and present illustrative analysis demonstrating how new and useful insights can be obtained by combining our formal approach with one grounded in the comparative analysis of case studies.","PeriodicalId":48131,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Theory","volume":"36 1","pages":"201 - 209"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0735275118777002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47256765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-01DOI: 10.1177/0735275118777231
Emily Erikson
Prompted by developments in dynamic network analysis, historical network research, and decision theory, Marissa King, Balázs Kovács, and I organized a one-day workshop in the fall of 2016 around the theme of “Networks and Events” at the Yale Institute for Network Science (YINS), cosponsored by YINS and the Initiative on Leadership and Organization at the Yale School of Management. We were able to host only a fraction of the exciting scholars whose work bears on the interrelation of these two topics; nevertheless, the workshop was a generative event. One product was the collection of papers that forms the substance of the following symposium. The following four papers are similar in that they address the relationship between events and networks by conceptualizing and analyzing how events can be linked into patterned configurations that can predict and explain social outcomes and behavior. All depict episodes that are eventful in the colloquial sense of being remarkable and deviating from the mundane and routine. The set of empirical phenomena this captures is quite broad, and the papers describe a wide range of phenomena, including interactions between many people at once, killings, insurgencies, and moments of historical importance. Conceptual differences are also evident. Events are treated variously as social actors (represented by nodes), the ties that link social actors into networks, and networks themselves. The papers, however, are consistent in challenging—but also extending—existing theoretical approaches to events and eventfulness. William Sewell defined events as brief but significant moments that produce large-scale and lasting structural transformations. If structural transformation is defined as changes in the patterns of relationships that hold together the social body, each of the papers suggests that events cannot be moments that produce structural change because the structures of relations that matter are both cross-sectional and longitudinal. These structures are the complex, dynamic patterns of relational transformation and change that occur over time. Thus, for example, the simultaneity or sequential nature of interactions can have an independent effect on information or market exchange, and the order in which counterinsurgency forces secure areas and cultivate widespread public support can determine the outcomes of conflicts. The problems of dynamic network analysis have increasingly forced network researchers to confront the problem that structure is not static and that the way it interacts with time is not limited to persistence or transformation. This issue has taken on even greater
{"title":"Introduction to Events & Networks Symposium","authors":"Emily Erikson","doi":"10.1177/0735275118777231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275118777231","url":null,"abstract":"Prompted by developments in dynamic network analysis, historical network research, and decision theory, Marissa King, Balázs Kovács, and I organized a one-day workshop in the fall of 2016 around the theme of “Networks and Events” at the Yale Institute for Network Science (YINS), cosponsored by YINS and the Initiative on Leadership and Organization at the Yale School of Management. We were able to host only a fraction of the exciting scholars whose work bears on the interrelation of these two topics; nevertheless, the workshop was a generative event. One product was the collection of papers that forms the substance of the following symposium. The following four papers are similar in that they address the relationship between events and networks by conceptualizing and analyzing how events can be linked into patterned configurations that can predict and explain social outcomes and behavior. All depict episodes that are eventful in the colloquial sense of being remarkable and deviating from the mundane and routine. The set of empirical phenomena this captures is quite broad, and the papers describe a wide range of phenomena, including interactions between many people at once, killings, insurgencies, and moments of historical importance. Conceptual differences are also evident. Events are treated variously as social actors (represented by nodes), the ties that link social actors into networks, and networks themselves. The papers, however, are consistent in challenging—but also extending—existing theoretical approaches to events and eventfulness. William Sewell defined events as brief but significant moments that produce large-scale and lasting structural transformations. If structural transformation is defined as changes in the patterns of relationships that hold together the social body, each of the papers suggests that events cannot be moments that produce structural change because the structures of relations that matter are both cross-sectional and longitudinal. These structures are the complex, dynamic patterns of relational transformation and change that occur over time. Thus, for example, the simultaneity or sequential nature of interactions can have an independent effect on information or market exchange, and the order in which counterinsurgency forces secure areas and cultivate widespread public support can determine the outcomes of conflicts. The problems of dynamic network analysis have increasingly forced network researchers to confront the problem that structure is not static and that the way it interacts with time is not limited to persistence or transformation. This issue has taken on even greater","PeriodicalId":48131,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Theory","volume":"36 1","pages":"185 - 186"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0735275118777231","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47106848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-01DOI: 10.1177/0735275118759381
Jakob Feinig
Although Karl Polanyi is best known for his theorization of market regulation and the double movement, democratizing the economic was one of his core concerns. He believed societies need to bring labor, land, and money under collective oversight to displace the logic of market fundamentalism with the logic of human needs. In this article, the author draws on Polanyi’s vocabulary to shed light on the denial of money politics and the possibility of democratization. The author illustrates these dynamics through an analysis of long-term dynamics of (de)politicization in British colonial America and the United States through the 1930s. The author developed this approach hoping that it can contribute to nudging public debates beyond regulation and monetary policy techniques and toward popular involvement and knowledge.
{"title":"Beyond Double Movement and Re-regulation: Polanyi, the Organized Denial of Money Politics, and the Promise of Democratization","authors":"Jakob Feinig","doi":"10.1177/0735275118759381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0735275118759381","url":null,"abstract":"Although Karl Polanyi is best known for his theorization of market regulation and the double movement, democratizing the economic was one of his core concerns. He believed societies need to bring labor, land, and money under collective oversight to displace the logic of market fundamentalism with the logic of human needs. In this article, the author draws on Polanyi’s vocabulary to shed light on the denial of money politics and the possibility of democratization. The author illustrates these dynamics through an analysis of long-term dynamics of (de)politicization in British colonial America and the United States through the 1930s. The author developed this approach hoping that it can contribute to nudging public debates beyond regulation and monetary policy techniques and toward popular involvement and knowledge.","PeriodicalId":48131,"journal":{"name":"Sociological Theory","volume":"36 1","pages":"67 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0735275118759381","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41802540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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