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Targeted memory reactivation with sleep disruption does not weaken week-old memories. 干扰睡眠的定向记忆再激活不会削弱一周前的记忆。
IF 3.6 1区 心理学 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00276-0
Nathan W Whitmore, Erika M Yamazaki, Ken A Paller

When memories are reactivated during sleep, they are potentially transformed and strengthened. However, disturbed sleep may make this process ineffective. In a prior study, memories formed shortly before sleep were weakened by auditory stimulation when that stimulation provoked memory reactivation while also disrupting sleep - a procedure known as targeted memory reactivation with sleep disruption (TMR-SD). Here we used TMR-SD to test whether memory weakening occurs for less-fragile memories. Participants first learned locations of 74 objects on a monitor. One week later, TMR-SD auditory cues linked with 50% of the previously learned object locations were presented during sleep. Even though the cues disturbed sleep, memories were not weakened when reactivated in this way, compared to when not reactivated. Whereas memory storage is vulnerable to disruption shortly after learning, this new evidence supports the notion that memory storage gradually gains resistance to the harm caused by reactivation combined with sleep disruption.

当记忆在睡眠中被重新激活时,它们有可能得到转化和强化。然而,睡眠紊乱可能会使这一过程失效。在之前的一项研究中,当听觉刺激在扰乱睡眠的同时引起记忆再激活时,睡眠前不久形成的记忆会被听觉刺激削弱--这一过程被称为睡眠扰乱下的定向记忆再激活(TMR-SD)。在这里,我们使用TMR-SD来测试记忆弱化是否发生在不太脆弱的记忆上。参与者首先在显示器上学习 74 个物体的位置。一周后,在睡眠中出现与之前学习过的50%物体位置相关联的TMR-SD听觉提示。尽管这些提示干扰了睡眠,但与未被重新激活的记忆相比,以这种方式重新激活的记忆并没有减弱。虽然记忆存储在学习后不久就容易受到干扰,但这一新证据支持了这样一种观点,即记忆存储会逐渐抵御重新激活和睡眠干扰所造成的伤害。
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引用次数: 0
A transient memory lapse in humans 1-3 h after training. 人类在训练后 1-3 小时会出现短暂的记忆衰退。
IF 3.6 1区 心理学 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00272-4
Beverly A Wright, Ruijing Ning

In many non-human species, learning retention decreases temporarily following training. This has led to the suggestion that these lapses reflect a fundamental component of memory formation. If so, transient memory lapses should also be prevalent in humans, and should occur for all types of learning. In line with these predictions, we report two cases of transient memory lapses in humans that occur 1-3 h after training on a perceptual-discrimination task. The results indicate that the occurrence of transient memory lapses extends to perceptual learning, a form of skill learning, and suggest that transient memory lapses may be a common but overlooked facet of memory formation in humans.

在许多非人类物种中,学习保持力会在训练后暂时下降。因此有人认为,这些失效反映了记忆形成的一个基本组成部分。如果是这样的话,瞬时记忆失效在人类中也应该很普遍,而且应该发生在所有类型的学习中。根据这些预测,我们报告了两例人类瞬时记忆缺失的案例,它们发生在感知辨别任务训练后 1-3 小时。结果表明,瞬时记忆失效的发生延伸到了感知学习这种技能学习形式,并表明瞬时记忆失效可能是人类记忆形成过程中一个常见但被忽视的方面。
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引用次数: 0
Sex differences in motivational biases over instrumental actions. 工具性行动动机偏差的性别差异。
IF 3.6 1区 心理学 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00246-6
Luigi A E Degni, Sara Garofalo, Gianluca Finotti, Francesca Starita, Trevor W Robbins, Giuseppe di Pellegrino

Motivational (i.e., appetitive or aversive) cues can bias value-based decisions by affecting either direction and intensity of instrumental actions. Despite several findings describing important interindividual differences in these biases, whether biological sex can also play a role is still up to debate. By comparing females and males in both appetitive and aversive Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer paradigms we found that, while motivational cues similarly bias the direction of instrumental actions in both sexes, the intensity of such actions is increased by the cue in male participants only. The present results constitute compelling evidence that a crucial motivational bias of daily actions directed to obtaining rewards or avoiding punishments is modulated by biological sex. This evidence sheds new light on the role of sex in motivational processes that underlie decision-making, highlighting the importance of considering sex as a crucial factor in future research on this topic.

动机(即食欲或厌恶)线索会影响工具性行动的方向和强度,从而使基于价值的决策产生偏差。尽管有一些研究结果描述了这些偏差的重要个体间差异,但生理性别是否也会起作用仍有待商榷。通过比较女性和男性在食欲性和厌恶性巴甫洛夫到工具性转移范式中的表现,我们发现,虽然动机线索同样会偏向两性的工具性行动方向,但只有男性参与者的工具性行动强度会因线索而增加。本研究结果构成了令人信服的证据,表明日常行为中旨在获得奖励或避免惩罚的重要动机偏向会受到生理性别的调节。这一证据为性别在决策动机过程中的作用提供了新的启示,强调了在未来有关这一主题的研究中将性别作为一个关键因素的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
A systematic review of observational practice for adaptation of reaching movements. 对伸手动作适应性观察实践的系统回顾。
IF 3.6 1区 心理学 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00271-5
Julian Rudisch, Luis K H Holzhauer, Karmen Kravanja, Fred H Hamker, Claudia Voelcker-Rehage

Observational practice is discussed as a substitute for physical practice for motor learning and adaptation. We systematically reviewed the literature on observational practice in reaching and aiming tasks. Our objectives were to identify (i) performance differences between observational and physical practice; (ii) factors that contribute to adaptation following observational practice; and (iii) the neural correlates of observational practice. We found 18 studies, all investigated adaptation of reaching in visuomotor rotations or force-field perturbations. Results of the studies showed that observational practice led to adaptation in both, visuomotor rotation and force-field paradigms (d = -2.16 as compared to no practice). However, direct effects were considerably smaller as compared to physical practice (d = 4.38) and aftereffects were absent, suggesting that observational practice informed inverse, but not forward modes. Contrarily, neurophysiological evidence in this review showed that observational and physical practice involved similar brain regions.

在运动学习和适应方面,观察练习被认为可以替代身体练习。我们系统地回顾了有关伸手和瞄准任务中观察练习的文献。我们的目标是确定:(i) 观察练习和身体练习之间的表现差异;(ii) 观察练习后的适应因素;(iii) 观察练习的神经相关因素。我们发现了 18 项研究,所有研究都调查了在视觉运动旋转或力场扰动中伸手的适应性。研究结果表明,在视觉运动旋转和力场范式中,观察练习都会导致适应(与不练习相比,d = -2.16)。然而,与身体练习相比,直接效应要小得多(d = 4.38),而且没有后发效应,这表明观察练习能提供反向模式,但不能提供正向模式。相反,本综述中的神经生理学证据表明,观察练习和身体练习涉及类似的脑区。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating large language models in analysing classroom dialogue. 评估分析课堂对话的大型语言模型。
IF 3.6 1区 心理学 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00273-3
Yun Long, Haifeng Luo, Yu Zhang

This study explores the use of Large Language Models (LLMs), specifically GPT-4, in analysing classroom dialogue-a key task for teaching diagnosis and quality improvement. Traditional qualitative methods are both knowledge- and labour-intensive. This research investigates the potential of LLMs to streamline and enhance this process. Using datasets from middle school mathematics and Chinese classes, classroom dialogues were manually coded by experts and then analysed with a customised GPT-4 model. The study compares manual annotations with GPT-4 outputs to evaluate efficacy. Metrics include time efficiency, inter-coder agreement, and reliability between human coders and GPT-4. Results show significant time savings and high coding consistency between the model and human coders, with minor discrepancies. These findings highlight the strong potential of LLMs in teaching evaluation and facilitation.

本研究探讨了大型语言模型(LLM),特别是 GPT-4 在分析课堂对话中的应用--这是教学诊断和质量改进的关键任务。传统的定性方法既是知识密集型的,也是劳动密集型的。本研究探讨了语言模型在简化和增强这一过程中的潜力。利用中学数学和中文课堂的数据集,由专家对课堂对话进行人工编码,然后使用定制的 GPT-4 模型进行分析。研究比较了人工注释和 GPT-4 输出,以评估其功效。衡量标准包括时间效率、编码员之间的一致性以及人工编码员与 GPT-4 之间的可靠性。结果表明,模型与人工编码人员之间的时间节省效果明显,编码一致性高,差异较小。这些发现凸显了 LLM 在教学评价和促进方面的巨大潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamic brain networks in spontaneous gestural communication. 自发手势交流中的动态大脑网络
IF 3.6 1区 心理学 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00274-2
Xinyue Wang, Kelong Lu, Yingyao He, Xinuo Qiao, Zhenni Gao, Yu Zhang, Ning Hao

Gestures accent and illustrate our communication. Although previous studies have uncovered the positive effects of gestures on communication, little is known about the specific cognitive functions of different types of gestures, or the instantaneous multi-brain dynamics. Here we used the fNIRS-based hyperscanning technique to track the brain activity of two communicators, examining regions such as the PFC and rTPJ, which are part of the mirroring and mentalizing systems. When participants collaboratively solved open-ended realistic problems, we characterised the dynamic multi-brain states linked with specific social behaviours. Results demonstrated that gestures are associated with enhanced team performance, and different gestures serve distinct cognitive functions: interactive gestures are accompanied by better team originality and a more efficient inter-brain network, while fluid gestures correlate with individual cognitive fluency and efficient intra-brain states. These findings reveal a close association between social behaviours and multi-brain networks, providing a new way to explore the brain-behaviour relationship.

手势强调并说明了我们的交流。尽管之前的研究已经揭示了手势对交流的积极影响,但人们对不同类型手势的具体认知功能或瞬时多脑动态却知之甚少。在这里,我们使用了基于 fNIRS 的超扫描技术来追踪两位交流者的大脑活动,检查了作为镜像和心智化系统一部分的前额叶功能区(PFC)和后前额叶功能区(rTPJ)等区域。当参与者合作解决开放式现实问题时,我们描述了与特定社交行为相关的动态多脑状态。结果表明,手势与团队绩效的提高有关,不同的手势具有不同的认知功能:互动手势具有更好的团队原创性和更高效的脑际网络,而流畅手势则与个人认知流畅性和高效的脑内状态相关。这些发现揭示了社会行为与多脑网络之间的密切联系,为探索大脑与行为的关系提供了一种新方法。
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引用次数: 0
Structural and transcriptional signatures of arithmetic abilities in children. 儿童算术能力的结构和转录特征
IF 3.6 1区 心理学 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00270-6
Dai Zhang, Yanghui Xie, Longsheng Wang, Ke Zhou

Arithmetic ability is critical for daily life, academic achievement, career development, and future economic success. Individual differences in arithmetic skills among children and adolescents are related to variations in brain structures. Most existing studies have used hypothesis-driven region of interest analysis. To identify distributed brain regions related to arithmetic ability, we used data-driven cross-validated predictive models to analyze cross-sectional behavioral and structural MRI data in children and adolescents. The gray matter volume (GMV) of widespread brain regions reliably predicted arithmetic abilities measured by the Comprehensive Mathematical Abilities Test. Furthermore, we applied neuroimaging-transcriptome association analysis to explore transcriptional signatures associated with structural patterns of arithmetic ability. Structural patterns of arithmetic ability primarily correlated with transcriptional profiles enriched for genes involved in transmembrane transport and synaptic signaling. Our findings enhance our understanding of the neural and genetic mechanisms underlying children's arithmetic ability and offer a practical predictor for arithmetic skills during development.

算术能力对日常生活、学业成绩、职业发展和未来的经济成功至关重要。儿童和青少年算术能力的个体差异与大脑结构的变化有关。现有研究大多采用假设驱动的兴趣区分析。为了确定与算术能力相关的分布式大脑区域,我们使用数据驱动的交叉验证预测模型来分析儿童和青少年的横断面行为和结构磁共振成像数据。广泛脑区的灰质体积(GMV)可以可靠地预测综合数学能力测试(Comprehensive Mathematical Abilities Test)所测得的算术能力。此外,我们还应用神经成像-转录组关联分析来探索与算术能力结构模式相关的转录特征。算术能力的结构模式主要与参与跨膜转运和突触信号转导的基因的转录特征相关。我们的研究结果加深了我们对儿童算术能力背后的神经和遗传机制的理解,并为算术能力的发展提供了一个实用的预测指标。
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引用次数: 0
Grit and academic resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic COVID-19 大流行期间的勇气和学术应变能力
IF 4.2 1区 心理学 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00265-3
Daniel L. Chen, Seda Ertac, Theodoros Evgeniou, Xin Miao, Ali Nadaf, Emrah Yilmaz

Grit, a non-cognitive skill that indicates perseverance and passion for long-term goals, has been shown to predict academic achievement. This paper provides evidence that grit also predicts student outcomes during the challenging period of the Covid-19 pandemic. We use a unique dataset from a digital learning platform in the United Arab Emirates to construct a behavioral measure of grit. We find that controlling for baseline achievement, students who were grittier according to this measure before the pandemic, register lower declines in math and science scores during the coronavirus period. Using machine learning, behavioral data obtained from the platform prior to the pandemic can explain 77% of the variance in academic resilience. A survey measure of grit coming from the same students, on the other hand, does not have significant predictive power over performance changes. Our findings have implications for interventions on non-cognitive skills, as well as how data from digital learning platforms can be used to predict student behavior and outcomes, which we expect will be increasingly relevant as AI-based learning technologies become more common.

勇气是一种非认知技能,表示对长期目标的毅力和热情,已被证明可以预测学习成绩。本文提供的证据表明,在 Covid-19 大流行的挑战时期,勇气也能预测学生的学习成绩。我们利用阿拉伯联合酋长国一个数字学习平台的独特数据集来构建勇气的行为测量指标。我们发现,在控制基线成绩的情况下,根据该测量方法,在大流行前比较有勇气的学生在冠状病毒期间的数学和科学成绩下降较少。利用机器学习,从大流行前平台上获得的行为数据可以解释 77% 的学业适应力差异。另一方面,来自相同学生的勇气调查数据对成绩变化没有显著的预测能力。我们的研究结果对非认知技能的干预以及如何利用数字学习平台的数据来预测学生的行为和结果具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
A working memory dependent dual process model of the testing effect 测试效应的工作记忆双过程模型
IF 4.2 1区 心理学 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00268-0
Yicong Zheng, Aike Shi, Xiaonan L. Liu

This Perspective article expands on a working memory-dependent dual-process model, originally proposed by Zheng et al.1, to elucidate individual differences in the testing effect. This model posits that the testing effect comprises two processes: retrieval-attempt and post-retrieval re-encoding. We substantiate this model with empirical evidence and propose future research. This model invites further studies on the trade-off between testing benefits and WM demands, facilitating the development of personalized educational practices.

这篇《视角》文章扩展了最初由 Zheng 等人1 提出的工作记忆双过程模型,以阐明测试效应的个体差异。该模型认为测试效应包括两个过程:检索-尝试和检索后重新编码。我们用经验证据证实了这一模型,并提出了未来的研究建议。该模型有助于进一步研究测试效益与 WM 需求之间的权衡,从而促进个性化教育实践的发展。
{"title":"A working memory dependent dual process model of the testing effect","authors":"Yicong Zheng, Aike Shi, Xiaonan L. Liu","doi":"10.1038/s41539-024-00268-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-024-00268-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This Perspective article expands on a working memory-dependent dual-process model, originally proposed by Zheng et al.<sup>1</sup>, to elucidate individual differences in the testing effect. This model posits that the testing effect comprises two processes: retrieval-attempt and post-retrieval re-encoding. We substantiate this model with empirical evidence and propose future research. This model invites further studies on the trade-off between testing benefits and WM demands, facilitating the development of personalized educational practices.</p>","PeriodicalId":48503,"journal":{"name":"npj Science of Learning","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142221266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Anticipated variability increases generalization of predictive learning. 预期的可变性提高了预测学习的普遍性。
IF 3.6 1区 心理学 Q1 EDUCATION & EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH Pub Date : 2024-09-07 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00269-z
Hadar Ram, Guy Grinfeld, Nira Liberman

We show that learners generalized more broadly around the learned stimulus when they expected more variability between the learning set and the generalization set, as well as within the generalization set. Experiments 1 and 3 used a predictive learning task and demonstrated border perceptual generalization both when expected variability was manipulated explicitly via instructions (Experiment 1), and implicitly by increasing temporal distance to the anticipated application of learning (Experiment 3). Experiment 2 showed that expecting to apply learning in the more distant future increases expected variability in the generalization set. We explain the relation between expected variability and generalization as an accuracy-applicability trade-off: when learners anticipate more variable generalization targets, they "cast a wider net" during learning, by attributing the outcome to a broader range of stimuli. The use of more abstract, broader categories when anticipating a more distant future application aligns with Construal Level Theory of psychological distance.

我们的研究表明,当学习者预期学习集和泛化集之间以及泛化集内部存在更多变异时,他们会围绕所学刺激进行更广泛的泛化。实验 1 和实验 3 使用了预测性学习任务,并通过指令明确操纵预期变异性(实验 1),以及通过增加与预期学习应用的时间距离(实验 3)隐含地操纵预期变异性,展示了边界知觉泛化。实验 2 表明,预期在更遥远的未来应用所学知识会增加泛化集中的预期变异性。我们将预期变异性与泛化之间的关系解释为准确性与适用性之间的权衡:当学习者预期泛化目标的变异性更大时,他们会在学习过程中 "撒下更大的网",将结果归因于更广泛的刺激。当预期未来的应用更遥远时,学习者会使用更抽象、更广泛的类别,这与心理距离的构象水平理论是一致的。
{"title":"Anticipated variability increases generalization of predictive learning.","authors":"Hadar Ram, Guy Grinfeld, Nira Liberman","doi":"10.1038/s41539-024-00269-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41539-024-00269-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We show that learners generalized more broadly around the learned stimulus when they expected more variability between the learning set and the generalization set, as well as within the generalization set. Experiments 1 and 3 used a predictive learning task and demonstrated border perceptual generalization both when expected variability was manipulated explicitly via instructions (Experiment 1), and implicitly by increasing temporal distance to the anticipated application of learning (Experiment 3). Experiment 2 showed that expecting to apply learning in the more distant future increases expected variability in the generalization set. We explain the relation between expected variability and generalization as an accuracy-applicability trade-off: when learners anticipate more variable generalization targets, they \"cast a wider net\" during learning, by attributing the outcome to a broader range of stimuli. The use of more abstract, broader categories when anticipating a more distant future application aligns with Construal Level Theory of psychological distance.</p>","PeriodicalId":48503,"journal":{"name":"npj Science of Learning","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11380665/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142146571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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