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Debugging in the Domain-Specific Modeling Languages for multi-agent systems
IF 1.7 3区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2025-02-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.cola.2025.101325
Baris Tekin Tezel , Geylani Kardas
In many cases, developers face challenges while implementing Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) due to the complexity of expanding software systems, despite the presence of numerous agent programming environments and platforms. To tackle this complexity, Model-driven Engineering (MDE) can be employed at a higher level of abstraction and component modeling before diving into MAS development, which helps alleviate the intricacies. Probably, the most effective method of incorporating MDE into Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) is to adapt Domain-Specific Modeling Languages (DSMLs) along with integrated development environments (IDEs). These tools make it easier to model the system and generate the necessary code for the development process. Although existing MAS DSML IDEs offer some control over systems modeled based on the language’s syntax and semantics, they lack built-in debugging support. This deficiency leads to uncertainty among agent developers about the accuracy of models prepared during the design phase. To address this issue, this study proposes a comprehensive debugging framework (MASDebugFW) that facilitates the design of agent components within modeling environments. The framework’s utilization commences with modeling MASs using a design language, and then converting these design model instances into a runtime model. Following that, the runtime model undergoes simulation using an integrated simulator specifically designed for debugging purposes. Additionally, the framework includes a simulation environment model and a control mechanism to manage the simulation process effectively. These features further enhance the debugging capabilities and overall functionality of MASDebugFW. Furthermore, we have qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated MASDebugFW, subjecting all obtained results to statistical analysis. The evaluation results show that, on average, the implemented framework reduces debugging time by around 45%, leading to more efficient debugging processes. Moreover, it significantly enhances bug detection and repair capabilities, as it increases the number of bugs fixed in the models by approximately 50%.
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引用次数: 0
GPotion: Embedding GPU programming in Elixir
IF 1.7 3区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2025-02-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.cola.2025.101323
André Rauber Du Bois, Gerson Geraldo H. Cavalheiro
This paper describes GPotion, a DSL for GPU programming embedded in the Elixir functional language. GPotion allows programmers to write low-level GPU kernels, similar to CUDA kernels, in Elixir but also provides high-level facilities, like garbage collection of host and device arrays allocated in the host, type inference and simplified data transfer. This paper describes the design and implementation of GPotion and also presents experiments that demonstrate that GPotion allows fast and efficient kernels with little overhead in comparison to pure CUDA. GPotion is implemented using metaprogramming features of Elixir, without having to modify Elixir’s compiler. The source code for GPotion and the benchmarks used in the experiments are available in a GitHub repository.
本文介绍的 GPotion 是一种嵌入 Elixir 功能语言的 GPU 编程 DSL。GPotion 允许程序员在 Elixir 中编写类似于 CUDA 内核的底层 GPU 内核,但同时也提供了高层设施,如主机和设备阵列在主机中分配的垃圾回收、类型推断和简化的数据传输。本文介绍了 GPotion 的设计与实现,并通过实验证明,与纯 CUDA 内核相比,GPotion 内核既快速又高效,而且开销很小。GPotion 使用 Elixir 的元编程功能实现,无需修改 Elixir 的编译器。GPotion 的源代码和实验中使用的基准可在 GitHub 存储库中获取。
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引用次数: 0
Near-Pruned single assignment transformation of programs
IF 1.7 3区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2025-02-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cola.2025.101324
Akshay M. Fajge, Raju Halder
This paper introduces Near-Pruned SSA, a novel variant of the SSA form that attains precision close to the Pruned version while prioritizing its efficient generation without the need for costly data flow analysis. This is realized by leveraging variables’ usage information within the program’s augmented CFG. Furthermore, we propose a direct method for generating DSA form of programs that bypasses the traditional process of ϕ-node destruction into its immediate predecessor-blocks, thereby streamlining the process. Experimental evaluation on a range of Solidity programs, including real-world smart contracts deployed on the Ethereum mainnet, demonstrates that our method outperforms existing SSA variants, except for the Pruned version, by minimizing the number of introduced ϕ-statements compared to state-of-the-art techniques. In particular, the proposed Near-Pruned variant demonstrates a computational cost that is approximately one-third of that of the Pruned variant while achieving a nearly 92% reduction in the introduction of additional statements compared to the Semi-Pruned variant.
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引用次数: 0
MLAPW: A framework to assess the impact of feature selection and sampling techniques on anti-pattern prediction using WSDL metrics
IF 1.7 3区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.cola.2025.101322
Lov Kumar , Vikram Singh , Lalita Bhanu Murthy , Aneesh Krishna , Sanjay Misra
<div><h3>Context:</h3><div>The quality and design of Service-Based Systems may be degraded because of frequent changes, and negatively impacts the software design quality called <strong>Anti-patterns</strong>. The existence of these Anti-patterns highly impacts the overall maintainability of Service-Based Systems. Hence, early detection of these anti-patterns’ presence becomes mandatory with co-located modifications. However, it is not easy to find these anti-patterns manually.</div></div><div><h3>Objective:</h3><div>The objective of this work is to explore the role of WSDL (Web Services Description Language) metrics (MLAPW) for anti-pattern prediction using a Machine Learning (ML) based framework. This framework encompasses different variants of feature selection techniques, data sampling techniques, and a wide range of ML algorithms. This work empirically investigates the predictive ability of anti-pattern prediction models developed using different sets of WSDL metrics. Our major focus is to investigate ’<em>how these metrics accurately predict different types of Anti-patterns present in the WSDL file</em>’.</div></div><div><h3>Methods:</h3><div>To achieve the objective, different sets of WSDL metrics such as Structural Quality Metrics, Procedural Quality Metrics, Data Quality Metrics, Quality Metrics, and Complexity metrics, are used as input for Anti-patterns prediction models. Since these models use WSDL metrics as input, we have also used feature selection methods to find the best sets of WSDL metrics. These models are trained using various machine-learning techniques. This study also shows the performance of these models trained on balanced data using data sampling techniques. Finally, the empirical investigation of these techniques was done using accuracy and ROC (receiver operating characteristic curve) curve (AUC) with hypothesis testing.</div></div><div><h3>Results:</h3><div>The empirical study’s observation is based on 226 WSDL files from various domains such as finance, tourism, health, education, etc. The assessment asserts that the models trained using WSDL metrics have 0.79 mean AUC and 0.90 Median AUC. However, the models trained using the selected feature with classifier feature subset selection (CFS) have a better mean AUC of 0.80 and median AUC of 0.97. The experimental results also confirm that the models trained on up-sampling (UPSAM) have a better mean AUC of 0.79 and median AUC of 0.91 with a low value of Friedman rank of 2.40. Finally, the models trained using the least square support vector machine (LSSVM) achieved 1 median AUC, 0.99 mean AUC, and a low Friedman rank of 1.30.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion:</h3><div>The experimental results show that the AUC values of the models trained using Data and Procedural Quality Metrics are high as compared to the other sets of metrics. However, the models improved significantly in their prediction performance after employing feature selection techniques. The experimental result
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引用次数: 0
Code histories: Documenting development by recording code influences and changes in code
IF 1.7 3区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-12-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.cola.2024.101313
Vo Thien Tri Pham, Caitlin Kelleher
Developers frequently encounter challenges when working with large code bases found in modern software applications, from navigating through files to more complex tasks like understanding code histories, dependencies, and evolutions. While many applications use Version Control Systems (VCSs) to archive present-day programs and provide a historical perspective on code development, the level of detail they offer is often insufficient for in-depth analyses. As a result, it becomes difficult to fully explore the potential benefits of historical data in software development. We introduce an enhanced recording framework that integrates both the Visual Studio Code (VS Code) development environment and the Google Chrome web browser to capture more detailed development activities. Our framework is designed to offer additional recording options, thereby providing researchers with more opportunities to study how different historical resources can be utilized. Through an observational study, we demonstrate the utility of our framework in capturing the complex dynamics of code change activities, highlighting its potential value in both academic and practical contexts.
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引用次数: 0
A comprehensive meta-analysis of efficiency and effectiveness in the detection community
IF 1.7 3区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-12-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cola.2024.101314
Mohamed Amine Daoud , Sid Ahmed Mokhtar Mostefaoui , Abdelkader Ouared , Hadj Madani Meghazi , Bendaoud Mebarek , Abdelkader Bouguessa , Hasan Ahmed
Creating an intrusion detection system (IDS) is a prominent area of research that continuously draws attention from both scholars and practitioners who tirelessly innovate new solutions. The complexity of IDS naturally escalates alongside technological advancements, whether they are manually implemented within security infrastructures or elaborated upon in academic literature. However, accessing and comparing these IDS solutions requires sifting through a multitude of hypotheses presented in research papers, which is a laborious and error-prone endeavor. Consequently, many researchers encounter difficulties in replicating results or reanalyzing published IDSs. This challenge primarily arises due to the absence of a standardized process for elucidating IDS methodologies. In response, this paper advocates for a framework aimed at enhancing the reproducibility of IDS outcomes, thereby enabling their seamless reuse across diverse cybersecurity contexts, benefiting both end-users and experts alike. The proposed framework introduces a descriptive language for the precise specification of IDS descriptions. Additionally, a model repository facilitates the sharing and reusability of IDS configurations. Lastly, through a case study, we showcase the effectiveness of our framework in addressing challenges associated with data acquisition and knowledge organization and sharing. Our results demonstrate satisfactory prediction accuracy for configuration reuse and precise identification of reusable components.
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引用次数: 0
MTable: Visual query interface for browsing and navigation in NoSQL data stores
IF 1.7 3区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-12-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.cola.2024.101312
Kanika Soni, Shelly Sachdeva
Almost all human endeavors in the era of the digital revolution, from commercial and industrial processes to scientific and medical research, depend on the use of ever-increasing amounts of data. However, this humungous data and its complexity make data exploration and querying challenging even for experts. This led to the demand for easy access to data, even for naive users, all the more evident. Considering this, the database community has tilted toward NoSQL Data stores. While there has been much study on query formulation assistance for NoSQL data stores, many users still want help when specifying complex queries (such as aggregation pipeline queries), which require an in-depth understanding of the data storage architecture of a specific NoSQL data store. To help users perform interactive browsing and navigation in NoSQL data stores (MongoDB), this paper proposes a novel, simple, and user-friendly interface, MTable, that provides users with a presentation-level interactive view. This view compactly presents the query results from multiple embedded documents within a single tabular format compared to MongoDB's find operation, which always returns the main document. A certain cell of the MTable contains clickable hyperlinks for users to interact directly with the data persisted in the document stores. This helps the users to incrementally construct complex queries and navigate the document stores without worrying about the tedious task of writing complex queries. In a user study, participants performed various querying tasks faster with MTable than with the traditional querying mechanism. MTable has received positive subjective feedback as well.
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引用次数: 0
Mental stress analysis by measuring heart rate variability during learning programming: Comparison of visual- and text-based languages
IF 1.7 3区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.cola.2024.101311
Katsuyuki Umezawa , Takumi Koshikawa , Makoto Nakazawa , Shigeichi Hirasawa
Visual-based programming languages that facilitate block-based coding have gained popularity as introductory methods for learning programming. Conversely, programming experts typically use text-based programming languages like C and Java. Nevertheless, a seamless method for transitioning from a visual- to text-based language has yet to be developed. Therefore, our research project aims to develop a methodology that facilitates this transition by bridging the gap between the two languages and verifying the variations in the biometric information of learners of both languages. In this study, we measured the participants’ heart rate variability (HRV) and evaluated variations in mental stress experienced while learning visual- and text-based languages. The experimental results confirmed that participants proficient in text-based languages experienced lower HRV (indicating higher stress levels) when learning visual-based languages. Conversely, those poorly proficient in text-based languages exhibited higher HRVs (indicating more favorable stress levels) while learning text-based languages. This study successfully observed differences in stress levels while learning both language types using experimental methods. These findings serve as a preliminary step toward clarifying the impact of stress experienced during learning outcomes and identifying the factors that constitute beneficial stress. This study establishes a foundation for an intermediate language that can enhance transitions between the two types of languages.
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引用次数: 0
Combining type inference techniques for semi-automatic UML generation from Pharo code 结合类型推断技术,从 Pharo 代码中半自动生成 UML
IF 1.7 3区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.cola.2024.101300
Jan Blizničenko, Robert Pergl
This paper explores how to reconstruct UML diagrams from dynamically typed languages such as Smalltalk, which do not use explicit type information. This lack of information makes traditional methods for extracting associations difficult. It addresses the need for automated techniques, particularly in legacy software systems, to facilitate their transformation into modern technologies, focusing on Smalltalk as a case study due to its extensive industrial legacy and modern adaptations like Pharo. We propose a way to create UML diagrams from Smalltalk code, focusing on using type inference to determine UML associations. For optimal outcomes for large-scale software systems, we recommend combining different type inference methods in an automatic or semi-automatic way.
本文探讨了如何从动态类型语言(如 Smalltalk)中重建 UML 图表,因为这种语言不使用显式类型信息。这种信息的缺乏使得提取关联的传统方法变得困难。本文以Smalltalk为例,探讨了对自动化技术的需求,特别是在传统软件系统中,以促进其向现代技术的转化。我们提出了一种从Smalltalk代码中创建UML图表的方法,重点是使用类型推论来确定UML关联。为了使大型软件系统达到最佳效果,我们建议以自动或半自动的方式结合不同的类型推断方法。
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引用次数: 0
An efficient instance selection algorithm for fast training of support vector machine for cross-project software defect prediction pairs 用于跨项目软件缺陷预测对支持向量机快速训练的高效实例选择算法
IF 1.7 3区 计算机科学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.cola.2024.101301
Manpreet Singh, Jitender Kumar Chhabra
SVM is limited in its use for cross-project software defect prediction because of its very slow training process. So, this research article proposes a new instance selection (IS) algorithm called boundary detection among classes (BDAC) to reduce the training dataset size for faster training of SVM without degrading the prediction performance. The proposed algorithm is evaluated against six existing IS algorithms based on accuracy, running time, data reduction rate, etc. using 23 general datasets, 18 software defect prediction datasets, and two shape-based datasets, and results prove that BDAC is better than the selected algorithm based on collective comparison.
SVM 在跨项目软件缺陷预测中的应用受到限制,因为其训练过程非常缓慢。因此,本文提出了一种名为 "类间边界检测"(BDAC)的新实例选择(IS)算法,以减少训练数据集的大小,从而在不降低预测性能的情况下加快 SVM 的训练速度。文章使用 23 个一般数据集、18 个软件缺陷预测数据集和 2 个基于形状的数据集,根据准确度、运行时间、数据减少率等指标,对所提出的算法与现有的 6 种 IS 算法进行了评估,结果证明,基于集体比较,BDAC 优于所选算法。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Computer Languages
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