Non-aqueous organic redox flow batteries (NAORFBs) suffer from rapid capacity fading mainly due to the crossover of redox-active species across the membrane. Minimizing the crossover of redox-active species through ion exchange membranes remains a complex challenge in NAORFBs. To address the crossover issue, we approached the problem through a molecular size exclusion principle designing a dimer of viologen derivative as an anode material. Coupled with N-hexyl phenothiazine as a catholyte, a static cell was demonstrated, which exhibits an excellent cycling stability (100 cycles) with an average Coulombic efficiency of 90% at 10 mA cm−2 current density.
非水有机氧化还原液流电池(NAORFBs)容量快速衰减主要是由于氧化还原活性物质在膜上的交叉。在naorfb中,最小化氧化还原活性物质通过离子交换膜的交叉仍然是一个复杂的挑战。为了解决交叉问题,我们通过分子尺寸排除原理来解决这个问题,设计了一种紫素衍生物的二聚体作为阳极材料。在10 mA cm−2电流密度下,n -己基吩噻嗪偶联成一种静态电池,具有良好的循环稳定性(100次循环),平均库仑效率为90%。
{"title":"Molecular size exclusion effect extending the cycling stability of a non-aqueous redox flow battery","authors":"Sandeep Kumar Mohapatra, Kothandaraman Ramanujam, Sethuraman Sankararaman","doi":"10.1063/5.0167853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0167853","url":null,"abstract":"Non-aqueous organic redox flow batteries (NAORFBs) suffer from rapid capacity fading mainly due to the crossover of redox-active species across the membrane. Minimizing the crossover of redox-active species through ion exchange membranes remains a complex challenge in NAORFBs. To address the crossover issue, we approached the problem through a molecular size exclusion principle designing a dimer of viologen derivative as an anode material. Coupled with N-hexyl phenothiazine as a catholyte, a static cell was demonstrated, which exhibits an excellent cycling stability (100 cycles) with an average Coulombic efficiency of 90% at 10 mA cm−2 current density.","PeriodicalId":486383,"journal":{"name":"APL Energy","volume":"75 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135413511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eleni Prountzou, Andreas Ioannou, Dimitrios Sapalidis, Eleni Pavlidou, Maria Katsikini, Andreas Othonos, Matthew Zervos
Cu2O has been deposited on m-, r-, and a-Al2O3 by reactive sputtering of Cu using Ar with different contents of O2 followed by annealing under carefully optimized conditions at 500 °C under Ar:H2 in order to prevent the oxidation and reduction of the Cu2O layers, which have a cubic crystal structure and are bulk-relaxed. We find that the content of O2 influences the structural and optical properties of the Cu2O layers that exhibited a detailed spectral structure and distinct peaks at 2.75, 2.54, and 2.17 eV corresponding to the indigo, blue, and yellow direct gap transitions of Cu2O as observed by ultrafast pump–probe spectroscopy at room temperature. However, we also observed a transition at 1.8 eV that is related to the occurrence of states ∼0.4 eV below the conduction band minimum of Cu2O. We discuss the controversial origin of these states, which are usually attributed to donor-like oxygen vacancy states, and suggest that the origin of these states may be related to traps at the interfaces of CuO/Cu2O nanostructures, which is important in the context of energy conversion pertaining to solar cells and photocatalysis.
{"title":"Critical and controversial issues pertaining to the growth and properties of Cu2O in the context of energy conversion","authors":"Eleni Prountzou, Andreas Ioannou, Dimitrios Sapalidis, Eleni Pavlidou, Maria Katsikini, Andreas Othonos, Matthew Zervos","doi":"10.1063/5.0165856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0165856","url":null,"abstract":"Cu2O has been deposited on m-, r-, and a-Al2O3 by reactive sputtering of Cu using Ar with different contents of O2 followed by annealing under carefully optimized conditions at 500 °C under Ar:H2 in order to prevent the oxidation and reduction of the Cu2O layers, which have a cubic crystal structure and are bulk-relaxed. We find that the content of O2 influences the structural and optical properties of the Cu2O layers that exhibited a detailed spectral structure and distinct peaks at 2.75, 2.54, and 2.17 eV corresponding to the indigo, blue, and yellow direct gap transitions of Cu2O as observed by ultrafast pump–probe spectroscopy at room temperature. However, we also observed a transition at 1.8 eV that is related to the occurrence of states ∼0.4 eV below the conduction band minimum of Cu2O. We discuss the controversial origin of these states, which are usually attributed to donor-like oxygen vacancy states, and suggest that the origin of these states may be related to traps at the interfaces of CuO/Cu2O nanostructures, which is important in the context of energy conversion pertaining to solar cells and photocatalysis.","PeriodicalId":486383,"journal":{"name":"APL Energy","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135569678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Bernadet, F. Buzi, F. Baiutti, J. Segura-Ruiz, J. Dolado, D. Montinaro, M. Torrell, A. Morata, A. Tarancón
Highly efficient solid oxide cells are one of the most promising technologies for a sustainable future based on renewable hydrogen. The diffusion barrier layer employed between zirconia-based electrolytes and state-of-the-art oxygen electrodes aims to limit the formation of electrically insulating secondary phases that dramatically reduce the cells’ performance. Conventional barrier layers manufactured by screen-printing technology lead to porous microstructures that enable the formation of insulating SrZrO3, partially blocking the active area of the cells. Opposite, homogeneous and dense barrier layers have proven to be the ultimate solution to limit interdiffusion, substantially improving the cells’ performance. Despite the relevance of this solution, the impact of the barrier layer thickness on the final performance of the cells is still unknown. In this work, gadolinia-doped ceria barrier layers with thicknesses between 200 and 800 nm made by pulsed laser deposition were studied in button cells. Excellent electrochemical performance was obtained for all the cells, improving 45% of the power output of the reference counterparts. Moreover, durability tests performed on the cell with the thinnest layer (200 nm) did not show any measurable degradation for 3500 h of continuous operation under high current densities of 0.77 A cm−2 (∼0.87 V) at 750 °C. Post-mortem characterization by synchrotron nano-x-ray fluorescence of a pristine cell and the aged cell allowed us to observe that some spots of SrZrO3 were present at the cathode/electrolyte interface since the cell manufacturing step without increasing during long-term operation. Indeed, the discontinuity of this insulating phase seems not to be critical for cell operation.
高效固体氧化物电池是基于可再生氢的可持续未来最有前途的技术之一。锆基电解质和最先进的氧电极之间的扩散阻挡层旨在限制电绝缘二次相的形成,从而大大降低电池的性能。通过丝网印刷技术制造的传统阻隔层导致多孔微结构,从而形成绝缘的SrZrO3,部分阻断细胞的活性区域。相反,均匀和致密的屏障层已被证明是限制相互扩散的最终解决方案,大大提高了电池的性能。尽管该解决方案具有相关性,但阻挡层厚度对电池最终性能的影响仍然未知。本文研究了用脉冲激光沉积方法在纽扣电池中制备厚度为200 ~ 800 nm的钆掺杂二氧化铈阻挡层。所有电池都获得了优异的电化学性能,输出功率比对照电池提高了45%。此外,在750°C下0.77 A cm−2 (~ 0.87 V)的高电流密度下,对最薄层(200 nm)的电池进行的耐久性测试显示,在连续运行3500小时时,没有任何可测量的退化。通过同步加速器纳米x射线荧光对原始细胞和老化细胞进行解剖表征,我们观察到自电池制造步骤以来,阴极/电解质界面上存在一些SrZrO3斑点,而在长期操作中没有增加。事实上,这个绝缘阶段的不连续性似乎对电池的运行并不重要。
{"title":"Thickness effect of thin-film barrier layers for enhanced long-term operation of solid oxide fuel cells","authors":"L. Bernadet, F. Buzi, F. Baiutti, J. Segura-Ruiz, J. Dolado, D. Montinaro, M. Torrell, A. Morata, A. Tarancón","doi":"10.1063/5.0159765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0159765","url":null,"abstract":"Highly efficient solid oxide cells are one of the most promising technologies for a sustainable future based on renewable hydrogen. The diffusion barrier layer employed between zirconia-based electrolytes and state-of-the-art oxygen electrodes aims to limit the formation of electrically insulating secondary phases that dramatically reduce the cells’ performance. Conventional barrier layers manufactured by screen-printing technology lead to porous microstructures that enable the formation of insulating SrZrO3, partially blocking the active area of the cells. Opposite, homogeneous and dense barrier layers have proven to be the ultimate solution to limit interdiffusion, substantially improving the cells’ performance. Despite the relevance of this solution, the impact of the barrier layer thickness on the final performance of the cells is still unknown. In this work, gadolinia-doped ceria barrier layers with thicknesses between 200 and 800 nm made by pulsed laser deposition were studied in button cells. Excellent electrochemical performance was obtained for all the cells, improving 45% of the power output of the reference counterparts. Moreover, durability tests performed on the cell with the thinnest layer (200 nm) did not show any measurable degradation for 3500 h of continuous operation under high current densities of 0.77 A cm−2 (∼0.87 V) at 750 °C. Post-mortem characterization by synchrotron nano-x-ray fluorescence of a pristine cell and the aged cell allowed us to observe that some spots of SrZrO3 were present at the cathode/electrolyte interface since the cell manufacturing step without increasing during long-term operation. Indeed, the discontinuity of this insulating phase seems not to be critical for cell operation.","PeriodicalId":486383,"journal":{"name":"APL Energy","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136033098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Umair Ali, Hongbo Mo, Yin Li, Aleksandra B. Djurišić
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are among the most promising emerging photovoltaic technologies, due to their high efficiency, comparable to that of silicon solar cells. However, concerns about the stability of these devices remain, despite great progress achieved in recent years. To address these concerns, comprehensive investigations of their stability under realistic operating conditions are necessary. In this Perspective, we will discuss the outdoor testing of PSCs. We will first introduce degradation mechanisms relevant for intrinsic stability, as well as degradation mechanisms due to ambient exposure. Effective encapsulation of PSCs will then be discussed, followed by a summary of achieved progress and discussion of testing protocols and equipment to make outdoor testing more accessible. Finally, challenges and future outlook will be discussed.
{"title":"Outdoor stability testing of perovskite solar cells: Necessary step toward real-life applications","authors":"Muhammad Umair Ali, Hongbo Mo, Yin Li, Aleksandra B. Djurišić","doi":"10.1063/5.0155845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0155845","url":null,"abstract":"Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are among the most promising emerging photovoltaic technologies, due to their high efficiency, comparable to that of silicon solar cells. However, concerns about the stability of these devices remain, despite great progress achieved in recent years. To address these concerns, comprehensive investigations of their stability under realistic operating conditions are necessary. In this Perspective, we will discuss the outdoor testing of PSCs. We will first introduce degradation mechanisms relevant for intrinsic stability, as well as degradation mechanisms due to ambient exposure. Effective encapsulation of PSCs will then be discussed, followed by a summary of achieved progress and discussion of testing protocols and equipment to make outdoor testing more accessible. Finally, challenges and future outlook will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":486383,"journal":{"name":"APL Energy","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135347407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hadi Afshari, Sergio A. Chacon, Shashi Sourabh, Todd A. Byers, Vincent R. Whiteside, Rose Crawford, Bibhudutta Rout, Giles E. Eperon, Ian R. Sellers
The high tolerance and stability of triple halide perovskite solar cells is demonstrated in practical space conditions at high irradiation levels. The solar cells were irradiated for a range of proton energies (75 keV, 300 keV, and 1 MeV) and fluences (up to 4 × 1014 p/cm2). The fluences of the energy proton irradiations were varied to induce the same amount of vacancies in the absorber layer due to non-ionizing nuclear energy loss (predominant at <300 keV) and electron ionization loss (predominant at >300 keV). While proton irradiation of the solar cells initially resulted in degradation of the photovoltaic parameters, self-healing was observed after two months where the performance of the devices was shown to return to their pristine operation levels. Their ability to recover upon radiation exposure supports the practical potential of perovskite solar cells for next-generation space missions.
{"title":"Radiation tolerance and self-healing in triple halide perovskite solar cells","authors":"Hadi Afshari, Sergio A. Chacon, Shashi Sourabh, Todd A. Byers, Vincent R. Whiteside, Rose Crawford, Bibhudutta Rout, Giles E. Eperon, Ian R. Sellers","doi":"10.1063/5.0158216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0158216","url":null,"abstract":"The high tolerance and stability of triple halide perovskite solar cells is demonstrated in practical space conditions at high irradiation levels. The solar cells were irradiated for a range of proton energies (75 keV, 300 keV, and 1 MeV) and fluences (up to 4 × 1014 p/cm2). The fluences of the energy proton irradiations were varied to induce the same amount of vacancies in the absorber layer due to non-ionizing nuclear energy loss (predominant at &lt;300 keV) and electron ionization loss (predominant at &gt;300 keV). While proton irradiation of the solar cells initially resulted in degradation of the photovoltaic parameters, self-healing was observed after two months where the performance of the devices was shown to return to their pristine operation levels. Their ability to recover upon radiation exposure supports the practical potential of perovskite solar cells for next-generation space missions.","PeriodicalId":486383,"journal":{"name":"APL Energy","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135249679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francesco Matteucci, David Calabro, Monica Lira-Cantu
Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Francesco Matteucci, David Calabro, Monica Lira-Cantu; APL Energy introduces a new type of manuscript: Proof of Concept and Prototype. APL Energy 7 July 2023; 1 (2): 020401. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0175186 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAIP Publishing PortfolioAPL Energy Search Advanced Search |Citation Search
查看图标查看文章内容图表和表格视频音频补充数据同行评审分享图标分享Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn工具图标工具转载和权限引用图标引用搜索网站引用Francesco Matteucci, David Calabro, Monica Lira-Cantu;APL能源公司推出了一种新型的手稿:概念和原型证明。APL Energy 2023年7月7日;1(2): 020401。https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0175186下载引文文件:Ris (Zotero)参考管理器EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex工具栏搜索搜索下拉菜单工具栏搜索搜索输入搜索输入自动建议过滤您的搜索所有内容aip出版投资组合apl能源搜索高级搜索|引文搜索
{"title":"<i>APL Energy</i> introduces a new type of manuscript: Proof of Concept and Prototype","authors":"Francesco Matteucci, David Calabro, Monica Lira-Cantu","doi":"10.1063/5.0175186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0175186","url":null,"abstract":"Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Francesco Matteucci, David Calabro, Monica Lira-Cantu; APL Energy introduces a new type of manuscript: Proof of Concept and Prototype. APL Energy 7 July 2023; 1 (2): 020401. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0175186 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAIP Publishing PortfolioAPL Energy Search Advanced Search |Citation Search","PeriodicalId":486383,"journal":{"name":"APL Energy","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135588929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}