Pub Date : 2024-09-07DOI: 10.3390/universe10090360
Xuemei Zhang, Zhipeng Hu, Weitian Huang, Lisheng Mao
We present a comprehensive investigation of mid-infrared (MIR) flux variability at 3.4 μm (W1 band) for a large sample of 3816 blazars, using Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) data through December 2022. The sample consists of 1740 flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), 1281 BL Lac objects (BL Lacs), and 795 blazars of uncertain type (BCUs). Considering Fermi Large Area Telescope detection, we classify 2331 as Fermi blazars and 1485 as non-Fermi blazars. Additionally, based on synchrotron peak frequency, the sample includes 2264 low-synchrotron peaked (LSP), 512 intermediate-synchrotron peaked (ISP), and 655 high-synchrotron peaked (HSP) sources. We conduct a comparative analysis of short- and long-term intrinsic variability amplitude (σm), duty cycle (DC), and ensemble structure function (ESF) across blazar subclasses. The median short-term σm values were 0.181−0.106+0.153, 0.104−0.054+0.101, 0.135−0.076+0.154, 0.173−0.097+0.158, 0.177−0.100+0.156, 0.096−0.050+0.109, and 0.106−0.058+0.100 mag for FSRQs, BL Lacs, Fermi blazars, non-Fermi blazars, LSPs, ISPs, and HSPs, respectively. The median DC values were 71.03−22.48+14.17, 64.02−22.86+16.97, 68.96−25.52+15.66, 69.40−22.17+14.42, 71.24−21.36+14.25, 63.03−33.19+16.93, and 64.63−24.26+15.88 percent for the same subclasses. The median long-term σm values were 0.137−0.105+0.408, 0.171−0.132+0.206, 0.282−0.184+0.332, 0.071−0.062+0.143, 0.218−0.174+0.386, 0.173−0.132+0.208, and 0.101−0.077+0.161 mag for the same subclasses, respectively. Our results reveal significant differences in 3.4 μm flux variability among these subclasses. FSRQs (LSPs) exhibit larger σm and DC values compared to BL Lacs (ISPs and HSPs). Fermi blazars display higher long-term σm but lower short-term σm relative to non-Fermi blazars, while DC distributions between the two groups are similar. ESF analysis further confirms the greater variability of FSRQs, LSPs, and Fermi blazars across a wide range of time scales compared to BL Lacs, ISPs/HSPs, and non-Fermi blazars. These findings highlight a close correlation between MIR variability and blazar properties, providing valuable insights into the underlying physical mechanisms responsible for their emission.
{"title":"A Comprehensive Study on the Mid-Infrared Variability of Blazars","authors":"Xuemei Zhang, Zhipeng Hu, Weitian Huang, Lisheng Mao","doi":"10.3390/universe10090360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10090360","url":null,"abstract":"We present a comprehensive investigation of mid-infrared (MIR) flux variability at 3.4 μm (W1 band) for a large sample of 3816 blazars, using Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) data through December 2022. The sample consists of 1740 flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), 1281 BL Lac objects (BL Lacs), and 795 blazars of uncertain type (BCUs). Considering Fermi Large Area Telescope detection, we classify 2331 as Fermi blazars and 1485 as non-Fermi blazars. Additionally, based on synchrotron peak frequency, the sample includes 2264 low-synchrotron peaked (LSP), 512 intermediate-synchrotron peaked (ISP), and 655 high-synchrotron peaked (HSP) sources. We conduct a comparative analysis of short- and long-term intrinsic variability amplitude (σm), duty cycle (DC), and ensemble structure function (ESF) across blazar subclasses. The median short-term σm values were 0.181−0.106+0.153, 0.104−0.054+0.101, 0.135−0.076+0.154, 0.173−0.097+0.158, 0.177−0.100+0.156, 0.096−0.050+0.109, and 0.106−0.058+0.100 mag for FSRQs, BL Lacs, Fermi blazars, non-Fermi blazars, LSPs, ISPs, and HSPs, respectively. The median DC values were 71.03−22.48+14.17, 64.02−22.86+16.97, 68.96−25.52+15.66, 69.40−22.17+14.42, 71.24−21.36+14.25, 63.03−33.19+16.93, and 64.63−24.26+15.88 percent for the same subclasses. The median long-term σm values were 0.137−0.105+0.408, 0.171−0.132+0.206, 0.282−0.184+0.332, 0.071−0.062+0.143, 0.218−0.174+0.386, 0.173−0.132+0.208, and 0.101−0.077+0.161 mag for the same subclasses, respectively. Our results reveal significant differences in 3.4 μm flux variability among these subclasses. FSRQs (LSPs) exhibit larger σm and DC values compared to BL Lacs (ISPs and HSPs). Fermi blazars display higher long-term σm but lower short-term σm relative to non-Fermi blazars, while DC distributions between the two groups are similar. ESF analysis further confirms the greater variability of FSRQs, LSPs, and Fermi blazars across a wide range of time scales compared to BL Lacs, ISPs/HSPs, and non-Fermi blazars. These findings highlight a close correlation between MIR variability and blazar properties, providing valuable insights into the underlying physical mechanisms responsible for their emission.","PeriodicalId":48646,"journal":{"name":"Universe","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142210891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The baryonic mass–velocity relation provides an important test of different galaxy dynamics models such as Lambda–cold dark matter (ΛCDM) and alternatives like Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND). Novel nonlinear density wave theory with a soliton solution gives an opportunity to test whether the derived rotational velocity expression is able to support the well known Tully–Fisher empirical relation between mass and rotation velocity in disk galaxies. Initial assumptions do not involve any larger dark matter halo that supports the stability of the very thin galactic disk nor any modified gravitational acceleration acting on galactic scales. It rather follows an important gravitational interaction between constituents of disk mass in the outer part of the disk via gravitational potential. Data are obtained by a fitting procedure applied on the sample of 81 rotational curves of late type spirals using expressions for the rotational velocity derived as an exact, a self-consistent solution of the nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation for galactic surface mass density. The location of these selected objects in the baryonic mass–rotation velocity plane follows the relation logMb=3.7±0.2logVflat+2.7±0.4 in marginal agreement with the findings in the literature.
{"title":"Probing the Nonlinear Density Wave Theory of Spiral Galaxies by Baryonic Tully–Fisher Relation","authors":"Miroslava Vukcevic, Djordje Savic, Predrag Jovanović","doi":"10.3390/universe10090359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10090359","url":null,"abstract":"The baryonic mass–velocity relation provides an important test of different galaxy dynamics models such as Lambda–cold dark matter (ΛCDM) and alternatives like Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND). Novel nonlinear density wave theory with a soliton solution gives an opportunity to test whether the derived rotational velocity expression is able to support the well known Tully–Fisher empirical relation between mass and rotation velocity in disk galaxies. Initial assumptions do not involve any larger dark matter halo that supports the stability of the very thin galactic disk nor any modified gravitational acceleration acting on galactic scales. It rather follows an important gravitational interaction between constituents of disk mass in the outer part of the disk via gravitational potential. Data are obtained by a fitting procedure applied on the sample of 81 rotational curves of late type spirals using expressions for the rotational velocity derived as an exact, a self-consistent solution of the nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation for galactic surface mass density. The location of these selected objects in the baryonic mass–rotation velocity plane follows the relation logMb=3.7±0.2logVflat+2.7±0.4 in marginal agreement with the findings in the literature.","PeriodicalId":48646,"journal":{"name":"Universe","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142210893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-06DOI: 10.3390/universe10090358
Emanuele Panella, Juan F. Pedraza, Andrew Svesko
We review constructions of three-dimensional ‘quantum’ black holes. Such spacetimes arise via holographic braneworlds and are exact solutions to an induced higher-derivative theory of gravity consistently coupled to a large-c quantum field theory with an ultraviolet cutoff, accounting for all orders of semi-classical backreaction. Notably, such quantum-corrected black holes are much larger than the Planck length. We describe the geometry and horizon thermodynamics of a host of asymptotically (anti-) de Sitter and flat quantum black holes. A summary of higher-dimensional extensions is given. We survey multiple applications of quantum black holes and braneworld holography.
{"title":"Three-Dimensional Quantum Black Holes: A Primer","authors":"Emanuele Panella, Juan F. Pedraza, Andrew Svesko","doi":"10.3390/universe10090358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10090358","url":null,"abstract":"We review constructions of three-dimensional ‘quantum’ black holes. Such spacetimes arise via holographic braneworlds and are exact solutions to an induced higher-derivative theory of gravity consistently coupled to a large-c quantum field theory with an ultraviolet cutoff, accounting for all orders of semi-classical backreaction. Notably, such quantum-corrected black holes are much larger than the Planck length. We describe the geometry and horizon thermodynamics of a host of asymptotically (anti-) de Sitter and flat quantum black holes. A summary of higher-dimensional extensions is given. We survey multiple applications of quantum black holes and braneworld holography.","PeriodicalId":48646,"journal":{"name":"Universe","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142210897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.3390/universe10090356
Rodger I. Thompson
This study considers the specific case of a flat, minimally coupled to gravity, quintessence cosmology with a dark energy quartic polynomial potential that has the same mathematical form as the Higgs potential. Previous work on this case determined that the scalar field is given by a simple expression of the Lambert W function in terms of the easily observable scale factor. This expression provides analytic equations for the evolution of cosmological dark energy parameters as a function of the scale factor for all points on the Lambert W function principal branch. The Lambert W function is zero at a scale factor of zero that marks the big bang. The evolutionary equations beyond the big bang describe a canonical universe that is similar to ΛCDM, making it an excellent dynamical template to compare with observational data. The portion of the W function principal before the big bang extends to the infinite pre-bang past. It describes a noncanonical universe with an initially very low mass density that contracts by rolling down the dark energy potential to a singularity, big bang, at the scale factor zero point. This provides a natural origin for the big bang. It also raises the possibility that the universe existed before the big bang and is far older, and that it was once far larger than its current size. The recent increasing interest in the possibility of a dynamical universe instead of ΛCDM makes the exploration of the nature of such universes particularly relevant.
本研究考虑的是平坦、与引力耦合最小、具有暗能量四元多项式势的五元宇宙学的具体情况，其数学形式与希格斯势相同。以前关于这种情况的研究确定，标量场是由易于观测的尺度因子的朗伯 W 函数的简单表达式给出的。这个表达式为宇宙学暗能量参数的演化提供了解析方程，它是兰伯特 W 函数主支上所有点的尺度因子的函数。兰伯特 W 函数在大爆炸的尺度因子为零时为零。大爆炸之后的演化方程描述了一个与ΛCDM 相似的典型宇宙，使其成为与观测数据进行比较的绝佳动力学模板。大爆炸之前的 W 函数本构部分一直延伸到大爆炸之前的无限过去。它描述了一个非正则宇宙，其初始质量密度非常低，通过暗能量势能向下滚动收缩，在尺度因子零点形成奇点，即大爆炸。这为大爆炸提供了一个自然起源。这也提出了一种可能性，即宇宙在大爆炸之前就已经存在，而且要古老得多，它曾经比现在的大小要大得多。最近，人们越来越关注用动力学宇宙代替ΛCDM的可能性，这使得探索这种宇宙的性质变得尤为重要。
{"title":"Non-Canonical Dark Energy Parameter Evolution in a Canonical Quintessence Cosmology","authors":"Rodger I. Thompson","doi":"10.3390/universe10090356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10090356","url":null,"abstract":"This study considers the specific case of a flat, minimally coupled to gravity, quintessence cosmology with a dark energy quartic polynomial potential that has the same mathematical form as the Higgs potential. Previous work on this case determined that the scalar field is given by a simple expression of the Lambert W function in terms of the easily observable scale factor. This expression provides analytic equations for the evolution of cosmological dark energy parameters as a function of the scale factor for all points on the Lambert W function principal branch. The Lambert W function is zero at a scale factor of zero that marks the big bang. The evolutionary equations beyond the big bang describe a canonical universe that is similar to ΛCDM, making it an excellent dynamical template to compare with observational data. The portion of the W function principal before the big bang extends to the infinite pre-bang past. It describes a noncanonical universe with an initially very low mass density that contracts by rolling down the dark energy potential to a singularity, big bang, at the scale factor zero point. This provides a natural origin for the big bang. It also raises the possibility that the universe existed before the big bang and is far older, and that it was once far larger than its current size. The recent increasing interest in the possibility of a dynamical universe instead of ΛCDM makes the exploration of the nature of such universes particularly relevant.","PeriodicalId":48646,"journal":{"name":"Universe","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142210895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.3390/universe10090357
Alessio Giarnetti, Simone Marciano, Davide Meloni
DUNE is a next-generation long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment. It is expected to measure, with unprecedented precision, the atmospheric oscillation parameters, including the CP-violating phase δCP. Moreover, several studies have suggested that its unique features should allow DUNE to probe several new physics scenarios. In this work, we explore the performances of the DUNE far detector in constraining new physics if a high-energy neutrino flux is employed (HE-DUNE). We take into account three different scenarios: Lorentz Invariance Violation (LIV), Long-Range Forces (LRFs) and Large Extra Dimensions (LEDs). Our results show that HE-DUNE should be able to set bounds competitive to the current ones and, in particular, it can outperform the standard DUNE capabilities in constraining CPT-even LIV parameters and the compactification radius RED of the LED model.
{"title":"Exploring New Physics with Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment High-Energy Flux: The Case of Lorentz Invariance Violation, Large Extra Dimensions and Long-Range Forces","authors":"Alessio Giarnetti, Simone Marciano, Davide Meloni","doi":"10.3390/universe10090357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10090357","url":null,"abstract":"DUNE is a next-generation long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment. It is expected to measure, with unprecedented precision, the atmospheric oscillation parameters, including the CP-violating phase δCP. Moreover, several studies have suggested that its unique features should allow DUNE to probe several new physics scenarios. In this work, we explore the performances of the DUNE far detector in constraining new physics if a high-energy neutrino flux is employed (HE-DUNE). We take into account three different scenarios: Lorentz Invariance Violation (LIV), Long-Range Forces (LRFs) and Large Extra Dimensions (LEDs). Our results show that HE-DUNE should be able to set bounds competitive to the current ones and, in particular, it can outperform the standard DUNE capabilities in constraining CPT-even LIV parameters and the compactification radius RED of the LED model.","PeriodicalId":48646,"journal":{"name":"Universe","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142210894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.3390/universe10090354
Sultan Saburov, Sergei V. Ketov
A modified gravity model of Starobinsky inflation and primordial black hole production is proposed in good (within 1σ) agreement with current measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation. The model is an extension of the singularity-free Appleby–Battye–Starobinsky model by the R4 term with different values of the parameters whose fine-tuning leads to the efficient production of primordial black holes on smaller scales with the asteroid-size masses between 1016 g and 1020 g. Those primordial black holes may be part (or the whole) of the current dark matter, while the proposed model can be confirmed or falsified by the detection or absence of the induced gravitational waves with the frequencies in the 10−2 Hz range. The relative size of quantum (loop) corrections to the power spectrum of scalar perturbations in the model is found to be of the order of 10−3 or less, so that the model is not ruled out by the quantum corrections.
{"title":"Quantum Loop Corrections in the Modified Gravity Model of Starobinsky Inflation With Primordial Black Hole Production","authors":"Sultan Saburov, Sergei V. Ketov","doi":"10.3390/universe10090354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10090354","url":null,"abstract":"A modified gravity model of Starobinsky inflation and primordial black hole production is proposed in good (within 1σ) agreement with current measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation. The model is an extension of the singularity-free Appleby–Battye–Starobinsky model by the R4 term with different values of the parameters whose fine-tuning leads to the efficient production of primordial black holes on smaller scales with the asteroid-size masses between 1016 g and 1020 g. Those primordial black holes may be part (or the whole) of the current dark matter, while the proposed model can be confirmed or falsified by the detection or absence of the induced gravitational waves with the frequencies in the 10−2 Hz range. The relative size of quantum (loop) corrections to the power spectrum of scalar perturbations in the model is found to be of the order of 10−3 or less, so that the model is not ruled out by the quantum corrections.","PeriodicalId":48646,"journal":{"name":"Universe","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142210930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.3390/universe10090355
Abraão J. S. Capistrano, Carlos Henrique Coimbra-Araújo, Rita de Cássia dos Anjos
We analyze a rotating black hole (BH) in a four-dimensional space-time embedded in five-dimensional flat bulk. In Boyer–Lindquist coordinates, we use a generic extension of the Kerr metric by the line element of Gürses–Gürsey metric. We discuss their horizon properties and shadow cast which is tailored by the influence of the extrinsic curvature. By means of the model based on the Nash–Greene theorem, we analyze the Gürses–Gürsey metric embedded in five dimensions acting as a rotating “charged” BH which may be regarded as a source of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). We also show that this type of BH presents a different structure of the accretion disk which is modified by the extrinsic curvature leading to an enlargement of the photons ring and an increase in the BH’s inner shadow. In the presence of a magnetic field, our initial results suggest that such BHs may be efficient free-test particle accelerators orbiting the inner stable circular orbit (ISCO).
{"title":"4D Embedded Rotating Black Hole as a Particle Accelerator in the Presence of Magnetic Fields","authors":"Abraão J. S. Capistrano, Carlos Henrique Coimbra-Araújo, Rita de Cássia dos Anjos","doi":"10.3390/universe10090355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10090355","url":null,"abstract":"We analyze a rotating black hole (BH) in a four-dimensional space-time embedded in five-dimensional flat bulk. In Boyer–Lindquist coordinates, we use a generic extension of the Kerr metric by the line element of Gürses–Gürsey metric. We discuss their horizon properties and shadow cast which is tailored by the influence of the extrinsic curvature. By means of the model based on the Nash–Greene theorem, we analyze the Gürses–Gürsey metric embedded in five dimensions acting as a rotating “charged” BH which may be regarded as a source of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). We also show that this type of BH presents a different structure of the accretion disk which is modified by the extrinsic curvature leading to an enlargement of the photons ring and an increase in the BH’s inner shadow. In the presence of a magnetic field, our initial results suggest that such BHs may be efficient free-test particle accelerators orbiting the inner stable circular orbit (ISCO).","PeriodicalId":48646,"journal":{"name":"Universe","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142210904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.3390/universe10090353
Ricardo García-Salcedo, Isidro Gómez-Vargas, Tame González, Vicent Martinez-Badenes, Israel Quiros
We apply a combined study in order to investigate the dynamics of cosmological models incorporating nonlinear electrodynamics (NLED). The study is based on the simultaneous investigation of such fundamental aspects as stability and causality, complemented with a dynamical systems investigation of the involved models, as well as Bayesian inference for parameter estimation. We explore two specific NLED models: the power-law and the rational Lagrangian. We present the theoretical framework of NLED coupled with general relativity, followed by an analysis of the stability and causality of the various NLED Lagrangians. We then perform a detailed dynamical analysis to identify the ranges where these models are stable and causal. Our results show that the power-law Lagrangian model transitions through various cosmological phases, evolving from a Maxwell radiation-dominated state to a matter-dominated state. For the rational Lagrangian model, including the Maxwell term, stable and causal behavior is observed within specific parameter ranges, with critical points indicating the evolutionary pathways of the universe. To validate our theoretical findings, we perform Bayesian parameter estimation using a comprehensive set of observational data, including cosmic chronometers, baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements, and supernovae type Ia (SNeIa). The estimated parameters for both models align with the expected values for the current universe, particularly the matter density Ωm and the Hubble parameter h. However, the parameters of the models are not tightly constrained within the prior ranges. Our combined studies approach rules out the mentioned models as an appropriate description of the cosmos. Our results highlight the need for further refinement and exploration of NLED-based cosmological models to fully integrate them into the standard cosmological framework.
{"title":"Combined Studies Approach to Rule Out Cosmological Models Which Are Based on Nonlinear Electrodynamics","authors":"Ricardo García-Salcedo, Isidro Gómez-Vargas, Tame González, Vicent Martinez-Badenes, Israel Quiros","doi":"10.3390/universe10090353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10090353","url":null,"abstract":"We apply a combined study in order to investigate the dynamics of cosmological models incorporating nonlinear electrodynamics (NLED). The study is based on the simultaneous investigation of such fundamental aspects as stability and causality, complemented with a dynamical systems investigation of the involved models, as well as Bayesian inference for parameter estimation. We explore two specific NLED models: the power-law and the rational Lagrangian. We present the theoretical framework of NLED coupled with general relativity, followed by an analysis of the stability and causality of the various NLED Lagrangians. We then perform a detailed dynamical analysis to identify the ranges where these models are stable and causal. Our results show that the power-law Lagrangian model transitions through various cosmological phases, evolving from a Maxwell radiation-dominated state to a matter-dominated state. For the rational Lagrangian model, including the Maxwell term, stable and causal behavior is observed within specific parameter ranges, with critical points indicating the evolutionary pathways of the universe. To validate our theoretical findings, we perform Bayesian parameter estimation using a comprehensive set of observational data, including cosmic chronometers, baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements, and supernovae type Ia (SNeIa). The estimated parameters for both models align with the expected values for the current universe, particularly the matter density Ωm and the Hubble parameter h. However, the parameters of the models are not tightly constrained within the prior ranges. Our combined studies approach rules out the mentioned models as an appropriate description of the cosmos. Our results highlight the need for further refinement and exploration of NLED-based cosmological models to fully integrate them into the standard cosmological framework.","PeriodicalId":48646,"journal":{"name":"Universe","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142210898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.3390/universe10090352
Shin’ichi Nojiri, Sergei D. Odintsov, Tanmoy Paul
We provide a short review of the recent developments in entropic cosmology based on two thermodynamic laws of the apparent horizon, namely the first and the second laws of thermodynamics. The first law essentially provides the change in entropy of the apparent horizon during the cosmic evolution of the universe; in particular, it is expressed by TdS=−d(ρV)+WdV (where W is the work density and other quantities have their usual meanings). In this way, the first law actually links various theories of gravity with the entropy of the apparent horizon. This leads to a natural question—“What is the form of the horizon entropy corresponding to a general modified theory of gravity?”. The second law of horizon thermodynamics states that the change in total entropy (the sum of horizon entropy + matter fields’ entropy) with respect to cosmic time must be positive, where the matter fields behave like an open system characterised by a non-zero chemical potential. The second law of horizon thermodynamics importantly provides model-independent constraints on entropic parameters. Finally, we discuss the standpoint of entropic cosmology on inflation (or bounce), reheating and primordial gravitational waves from the perspective of a generalised entropy function.
我们简要回顾了基于两个视界热力学定律（即热力学第一定律和第二定律）的熵宇宙学的最新发展。第一定律基本上提供了宇宙演化过程中视地平线的熵的变化；特别是，它用 TdS=-d(ρV)+WdV 表示（其中 W 是功密度，其他量具有通常的含义）。这样，第一定律实际上将各种引力理论与视界熵联系在了一起。这就自然引出了一个问题--"与一般修正引力理论相对应的视界熵的形式是什么？视界热力学第二定律指出，相对于宇宙时间，总熵（视界熵+物质场熵之和）的变化必须为正，其中物质场的行为就像一个开放系统，其特征是化学势不为零。地平线热力学第二定律为熵参数提供了与模型无关的重要约束。最后，我们从广义熵函数的角度，讨论了熵宇宙学关于暴胀（或反弹）、再热和原始引力波的观点。
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Pub Date : 2024-09-02DOI: 10.3390/universe10090351
Juan A. Cañas, J. Bernal, A. Martín-Ruiz
Quantum and classical mechanics are fundamentally different theories, but the correspondence principle states that quantum particles behave classically in the appropriate limit. For high-energy periodic quantum systems, the emergence of the classical description should be understood in a distributional sense, i.e., the quantum probability density approaches the classical distribution when the former is coarse-grained. Following a simple reformulation of this limit in the Fourier space, in this paper, we investigate the macroscopic behavior of freely falling quantum particles. To illustrate how the method works and to fix some ideas, we first successfully apply it to the case of a particle in a box. Next, we show that, for a particle bouncing under the gravity field, in the limit of a high quantum number, the leading term of the quantum distribution corresponds to the exact classical distribution plus sub-leading corrections, which we interpret as quantum corrections at the macroscopic level.
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