Pub Date : 2024-08-26DOI: 10.3390/universe10090340
Xuhang Yin, Houdun Zeng
We utilized a sample from the Fermi-LAT 14-year Source Catalog by adjusting the flux detection threshold, enabling us to derive the intrinsic source count distribution dN/dF25 of extragalactic blazars using nonparametric, unbinned methods developed by Efron and Petrosian and Lynden-Bell. Subsequently, we evaluated the contribution of blazars to the extragalactic gamma-ray background. Our findings are summarized as follows: (1) There is no significant correlation between flux and spectral index values among blazars and their subclasses FSRQs and BL Lacs. (2) The intrinsic differential distributions of flux values exhibit a broken-power-law form, with parameters that closely match previous findings. The intrinsic photon index distributions are well described by a Gaussian form for FSRQs and BL Lacs individually, while a dual-Gaussian model provides a more appropriate fit for blazars as a whole. (3) Blazars contribute 34.5% to the extragalactic gamma-ray background and 16.8% to the extragalactic diffuse gamma-ray background. When examined separately, FSRQs and BL Lacs contribute 19.6% and 13% to the extragalactic gamma-ray background, respectively.
{"title":"Source Count Distribution of Fermi LAT Gamma-Ray Blazars Using Novel Nonparametric Methods","authors":"Xuhang Yin, Houdun Zeng","doi":"10.3390/universe10090340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10090340","url":null,"abstract":"We utilized a sample from the Fermi-LAT 14-year Source Catalog by adjusting the flux detection threshold, enabling us to derive the intrinsic source count distribution dN/dF25 of extragalactic blazars using nonparametric, unbinned methods developed by Efron and Petrosian and Lynden-Bell. Subsequently, we evaluated the contribution of blazars to the extragalactic gamma-ray background. Our findings are summarized as follows: (1) There is no significant correlation between flux and spectral index values among blazars and their subclasses FSRQs and BL Lacs. (2) The intrinsic differential distributions of flux values exhibit a broken-power-law form, with parameters that closely match previous findings. The intrinsic photon index distributions are well described by a Gaussian form for FSRQs and BL Lacs individually, while a dual-Gaussian model provides a more appropriate fit for blazars as a whole. (3) Blazars contribute 34.5% to the extragalactic gamma-ray background and 16.8% to the extragalactic diffuse gamma-ray background. When examined separately, FSRQs and BL Lacs contribute 19.6% and 13% to the extragalactic gamma-ray background, respectively.","PeriodicalId":48646,"journal":{"name":"Universe","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.3390/universe10090337
Qichun Liu, Jie Lin, Xiaofeng Wang, Zhibin Dai, Yongkang Sun, Gaobo Xi, Jun Mo, Jialian Liu, Shengyu Yan, Alexei V. Filippenko, Thomas G. Brink, Yi Yang, Kishore C. Patra, Yongzhi Cai, Zhihao Chen, Liyang Chen, Fangzhou Guo, Xiaojun Jiang, Gaici Li, Wenxiong Li, Weili Lin, Cheng Miao, Xiaoran Ma, Haowei Peng, Qiqi Xia, Danfeng Xiang, Jicheng Zhang
The Tsinghua University–Ma Huateng Telescopes for Survey (TMTS) started to monitor the LAMOST plates in 2020, leading to the discovery of numerous short-period eclipsing binaries, peculiar pulsators, flare stars, and other variable objects. Here, we present the uninterrupted light curves for a sample of 64 cataclysmic variables (CVs) observed/discovered using the TMTS during its first three-year observations, and we introduce new CVs and new light-variation periods (from known CVs) revealed through the TMTS observations. Thanks to the high-cadence observations of TMTS, diverse light variations, including superhumps, quasi-periodic oscillations, large-amplitude orbital modulations, and rotational modulations, are able to be detected in our CV samples, providing key observational clues for understanding the fast-developing physical processes in various CVs. All of these short-timescale light-curve features help further classify the subtypes of CV systems. We highlight the light-curve features observed in our CV sample and discuss further implications of minute-cadence light curves for CV identifications and classifications. Moreover, we examine the Hα emission lines in the spectra from our nonmagnetic CV samples (i.e., dwarf novae and nova-like subclasses) and find that the distribution of Hα emission strength shows significant differences between the sources with orbital periods above and below the period gap, which agrees with the trend seen from the SDSS nonmagnetic CV sample.
{"title":"Minute-Cadence Observations of the LAMOST Fields with the TMTS: IV—Catalog of Cataclysmic Variables from the First 3-yr Survey","authors":"Qichun Liu, Jie Lin, Xiaofeng Wang, Zhibin Dai, Yongkang Sun, Gaobo Xi, Jun Mo, Jialian Liu, Shengyu Yan, Alexei V. Filippenko, Thomas G. Brink, Yi Yang, Kishore C. Patra, Yongzhi Cai, Zhihao Chen, Liyang Chen, Fangzhou Guo, Xiaojun Jiang, Gaici Li, Wenxiong Li, Weili Lin, Cheng Miao, Xiaoran Ma, Haowei Peng, Qiqi Xia, Danfeng Xiang, Jicheng Zhang","doi":"10.3390/universe10090337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10090337","url":null,"abstract":"The Tsinghua University–Ma Huateng Telescopes for Survey (TMTS) started to monitor the LAMOST plates in 2020, leading to the discovery of numerous short-period eclipsing binaries, peculiar pulsators, flare stars, and other variable objects. Here, we present the uninterrupted light curves for a sample of 64 cataclysmic variables (CVs) observed/discovered using the TMTS during its first three-year observations, and we introduce new CVs and new light-variation periods (from known CVs) revealed through the TMTS observations. Thanks to the high-cadence observations of TMTS, diverse light variations, including superhumps, quasi-periodic oscillations, large-amplitude orbital modulations, and rotational modulations, are able to be detected in our CV samples, providing key observational clues for understanding the fast-developing physical processes in various CVs. All of these short-timescale light-curve features help further classify the subtypes of CV systems. We highlight the light-curve features observed in our CV sample and discuss further implications of minute-cadence light curves for CV identifications and classifications. Moreover, we examine the Hα emission lines in the spectra from our nonmagnetic CV samples (i.e., dwarf novae and nova-like subclasses) and find that the distribution of Hα emission strength shows significant differences between the sources with orbital periods above and below the period gap, which agrees with the trend seen from the SDSS nonmagnetic CV sample.","PeriodicalId":48646,"journal":{"name":"Universe","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142210920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.3390/universe10090336
Juan Pablo Carlomagno, Gustavo A. Contrera, Ana Gabriela Grunfeld, David Blaschke
We present a study of hybrid neutron stars with color superconducting quark matter cores at a finite temperature that results in sequences of stars with constant entropy per baryon, s/nB=const. For the quark matter equation of state, we employ a recently developed nonlocal chiral quark model, while nuclear matter is described with a relativistic density functional model of the DD2 class. The phase transition is obtained through a Maxwell construction under isothermal conditions. We find that traversing the mixed phase on a trajectory at low s/nB≲2 in the phase diagram shows a heating effect, while at larger s/nB the temperature drops. This behavior may be attributed to the presence of a color superconducting quark matter phase at low temperatures and the melting of the diquark condensate which restores the normal quark matter phase at higher temperatures. While the isentropic hybrid star branch at low s/nB≲2 is connected to the neutron star branch, it becomes disconnected at higher entropy per baryon so that the “thermal twin” phenomenon is observed. We find that the transition from connected to disconnected hybrid star sequences may be estimated with the Seidov criterion for the difference in energy densities. The radii and masses at the onset of deconfinement exhibit a linear relationship and thus define a critical compactness of the isentropic star configuration for which the transition occurs and which, for large enough s/nB≳2 values, is accompanied by instability. The results of this study may be of relevance for uncovering the conditions for the supernova explodability of massive blue supergiant stars using the quark deconfinement mechanism. The accretion-induced deconfinement transition with thermal twin formation may contribute to explaining the origin of eccentric orbits in some binary systems and the origin of isolated millisecond pulsars.
{"title":"Hybrid Isentropic Twin Stars","authors":"Juan Pablo Carlomagno, Gustavo A. Contrera, Ana Gabriela Grunfeld, David Blaschke","doi":"10.3390/universe10090336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10090336","url":null,"abstract":"We present a study of hybrid neutron stars with color superconducting quark matter cores at a finite temperature that results in sequences of stars with constant entropy per baryon, s/nB=const. For the quark matter equation of state, we employ a recently developed nonlocal chiral quark model, while nuclear matter is described with a relativistic density functional model of the DD2 class. The phase transition is obtained through a Maxwell construction under isothermal conditions. We find that traversing the mixed phase on a trajectory at low s/nB≲2 in the phase diagram shows a heating effect, while at larger s/nB the temperature drops. This behavior may be attributed to the presence of a color superconducting quark matter phase at low temperatures and the melting of the diquark condensate which restores the normal quark matter phase at higher temperatures. While the isentropic hybrid star branch at low s/nB≲2 is connected to the neutron star branch, it becomes disconnected at higher entropy per baryon so that the “thermal twin” phenomenon is observed. We find that the transition from connected to disconnected hybrid star sequences may be estimated with the Seidov criterion for the difference in energy densities. The radii and masses at the onset of deconfinement exhibit a linear relationship and thus define a critical compactness of the isentropic star configuration for which the transition occurs and which, for large enough s/nB≳2 values, is accompanied by instability. The results of this study may be of relevance for uncovering the conditions for the supernova explodability of massive blue supergiant stars using the quark deconfinement mechanism. The accretion-induced deconfinement transition with thermal twin formation may contribute to explaining the origin of eccentric orbits in some binary systems and the origin of isolated millisecond pulsars.","PeriodicalId":48646,"journal":{"name":"Universe","volume":"90 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142210910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.3390/universe10090338
Recai Erdem
The effect of gravitational particle production of scalar particles on the total effective cosmic energy density (in the era after photon decoupling till the present) is considered. The effect is significant for heavy particles. It is found that gravitational particle production results in an effective increase in the directly measured value of the Hubble constant H0, while it does not affect the value of the Hubble constant in the calculation of the number density of baryons at the present time that is used to calculate recombination redshift. This may explain why the Hubble constants determined by local measurements and non-local measurements (such as CMB) are different. This suggests that gravitational particle production may have a non-negligible impact on H0 tension.
{"title":"Gravitational Particle Production and the Hubble Tension","authors":"Recai Erdem","doi":"10.3390/universe10090338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10090338","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of gravitational particle production of scalar particles on the total effective cosmic energy density (in the era after photon decoupling till the present) is considered. The effect is significant for heavy particles. It is found that gravitational particle production results in an effective increase in the directly measured value of the Hubble constant H0, while it does not affect the value of the Hubble constant in the calculation of the number density of baryons at the present time that is used to calculate recombination redshift. This may explain why the Hubble constants determined by local measurements and non-local measurements (such as CMB) are different. This suggests that gravitational particle production may have a non-negligible impact on H0 tension.","PeriodicalId":48646,"journal":{"name":"Universe","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142210911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.3390/universe10090339
Ricardo A. C. Cipriano, Nailya Ganiyeva, Tiberiu Harko, Francisco S. N. Lobo, Miguel A. S. Pinto, João Luís Rosa
In this work, we present a review of Energy-Momentum Squared Gravity (EMSG)—more specifically, f(R,TμνTμν) gravity, where R represents the Ricci scalar and Tμν denotes the energy-momentum tensor. The inclusion of quadratic contributions from the energy-momentum components has intriguing cosmological implications, particularly during the Universe’s early epochs. These effects dominate under high-energy conditions, enabling EMSG to potentially address unresolved issues in General Relativity (GR), such as the initial singularity and aspects of big-bang nucleosynthesis in certain models. The theory’s explicit non-minimal coupling between matter and geometry leads to the non-conservation of the energy-momentum tensor, which prompts the investigation of cosmological scenarios through the framework of irreversible thermodynamics of open systems. By employing this formalism, we interpret the energy-balance equations within EMSG from a thermodynamic perspective, viewing them as descriptions of irreversible matter creation processes. Since EMSG converges to GR in a vacuum and differences emerge only in the presence of an energy-momentum distribution, these distinctions become significant in high-curvature regions. Therefore, deviations from GR are expected to be pronounced in the dense cores of compact objects. This review delves into these facets of EMSG, highlighting its potential to shed light on some of the fundamental questions in modern cosmology and gravitational theory.
在这项工作中，我们回顾了能量-动量平方引力（EMSG）--更具体地说，f(R,TμνTμν) 引力，其中 R 代表利玛窦标量，Tμν 表示能量-动量张量。能动分量的二次贡献具有引人入胜的宇宙学意义，尤其是在宇宙的早期。这些效应在高能条件下占主导地位，使 EMSG 有可能解决广义相对论（GR）中尚未解决的问题，如初始奇点和某些模型中大爆炸核合成的某些方面。该理论在物质和几何之间明确的非最小耦合导致了能量-动量张量的非守恒，这促使我们通过开放系统的不可逆热力学框架来研究宇宙学情景。通过采用这种形式主义，我们从热力学的角度解释了 EMSG 中的能量平衡方程，将其视为对不可逆物质生成过程的描述。由于 EMSG 在真空中收敛于 GR，只有在存在能量-动量分布时才会出现差异，因此这些差异在高曲率区域变得非常重要。因此，在致密天体的致密内核中，与 GR 的偏差预计会非常明显。这篇综述深入探讨了 EMSG 的这些方面，强调它有可能揭示现代宇宙学和引力理论中的一些基本问题。
{"title":"Energy-Momentum Squared Gravity: A Brief Overview","authors":"Ricardo A. C. Cipriano, Nailya Ganiyeva, Tiberiu Harko, Francisco S. N. Lobo, Miguel A. S. Pinto, João Luís Rosa","doi":"10.3390/universe10090339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10090339","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we present a review of Energy-Momentum Squared Gravity (EMSG)—more specifically, f(R,TμνTμν) gravity, where R represents the Ricci scalar and Tμν denotes the energy-momentum tensor. The inclusion of quadratic contributions from the energy-momentum components has intriguing cosmological implications, particularly during the Universe’s early epochs. These effects dominate under high-energy conditions, enabling EMSG to potentially address unresolved issues in General Relativity (GR), such as the initial singularity and aspects of big-bang nucleosynthesis in certain models. The theory’s explicit non-minimal coupling between matter and geometry leads to the non-conservation of the energy-momentum tensor, which prompts the investigation of cosmological scenarios through the framework of irreversible thermodynamics of open systems. By employing this formalism, we interpret the energy-balance equations within EMSG from a thermodynamic perspective, viewing them as descriptions of irreversible matter creation processes. Since EMSG converges to GR in a vacuum and differences emerge only in the presence of an energy-momentum distribution, these distinctions become significant in high-curvature regions. Therefore, deviations from GR are expected to be pronounced in the dense cores of compact objects. This review delves into these facets of EMSG, highlighting its potential to shed light on some of the fundamental questions in modern cosmology and gravitational theory.","PeriodicalId":48646,"journal":{"name":"Universe","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142210912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fundamental plane of black hole activity is a very important tool to study accretion and jets. However, we found that the SEDs of AGNs and XRBs are different in the 2–10 keV energy band, and it seems inappropriate to use 2–10 keV X-ray luminosities to study the fundamental plane. In this work, we use the luminosity near the peak of the blackbody radiation of the active galactic nuclei and black hole binaries to replace the 2–10 keV luminosity. We re-explore the fundamental plane of black hole activity by using the 2500 A˚ luminosity as the peak luminosity of the blackbody radiation of AGNs and 1 keV luminosity as the peak luminosity of the blackbody radiation of XRBs. We compile samples of black hole binaries and active galactic nuclei with luminosity near the peak luminosity of blackbody radiation and study the fundamental plane between radio luminosity (LR), the peak luminosity of blackbody radiation (Lpeak), and black hole mass (MBH). We find that the radio–peak luminosity correlations are L5GHz/LEdd∝(L2500A˚/LEdd)1.55 and L5GHz/LEdd∝(L1keV/LEdd)1.53 for AGN and XRB, respectively, in the radiatively efficient sample, and L5GHz/LEdd∝(L2500A˚/LEdd)0.48 and L5GHz/LEdd∝(L1keV/LEdd)0.53 in the radiatively inefficient sample, respectively. Based on the similarities in radio–peak correlations, we further propose a fundamental plane in radio luminosity, the peak luminosity of blackbody radiation, and black hole mass, which is radiatively efficient: logL5GHz=1.57−0.01+0.01logLpeak−0.32−0.16+0.16logMBH−27.73−0.34+0.34 with a scatter of σR = 0.48 dex, and radiatively inefficient: logL5GHz=0.45−0.01+0.01logLpeak+0.91−0.10+0.12logMBH+12.58−0.38+0.38 with a scatter of σR = 0.63 dex. Our results are similar to those of previous studies on the fundamental plane for radiatively efficient and radiatively inefficient black hole activity. However, our results exhibit a smaller scatter, so when using the same part of blackbody radiation (i.e., the peak luminosity of the blackbody radiation), the fundamental plane becomes a little bit tighter.
{"title":"A Study of the Accretion–Jet Coupling of Black Hole Objects at Different Scales","authors":"Zhou Yang, Qing-Chen Long, Wei-Jia Yang, Ai-Jun Dong","doi":"10.3390/universe10080335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10080335","url":null,"abstract":"The fundamental plane of black hole activity is a very important tool to study accretion and jets. However, we found that the SEDs of AGNs and XRBs are different in the 2–10 keV energy band, and it seems inappropriate to use 2–10 keV X-ray luminosities to study the fundamental plane. In this work, we use the luminosity near the peak of the blackbody radiation of the active galactic nuclei and black hole binaries to replace the 2–10 keV luminosity. We re-explore the fundamental plane of black hole activity by using the 2500 A˚ luminosity as the peak luminosity of the blackbody radiation of AGNs and 1 keV luminosity as the peak luminosity of the blackbody radiation of XRBs. We compile samples of black hole binaries and active galactic nuclei with luminosity near the peak luminosity of blackbody radiation and study the fundamental plane between radio luminosity (LR), the peak luminosity of blackbody radiation (Lpeak), and black hole mass (MBH). We find that the radio–peak luminosity correlations are L5GHz/LEdd∝(L2500A˚/LEdd)1.55 and L5GHz/LEdd∝(L1keV/LEdd)1.53 for AGN and XRB, respectively, in the radiatively efficient sample, and L5GHz/LEdd∝(L2500A˚/LEdd)0.48 and L5GHz/LEdd∝(L1keV/LEdd)0.53 in the radiatively inefficient sample, respectively. Based on the similarities in radio–peak correlations, we further propose a fundamental plane in radio luminosity, the peak luminosity of blackbody radiation, and black hole mass, which is radiatively efficient: logL5GHz=1.57−0.01+0.01logLpeak−0.32−0.16+0.16logMBH−27.73−0.34+0.34 with a scatter of σR = 0.48 dex, and radiatively inefficient: logL5GHz=0.45−0.01+0.01logLpeak+0.91−0.10+0.12logMBH+12.58−0.38+0.38 with a scatter of σR = 0.63 dex. Our results are similar to those of previous studies on the fundamental plane for radiatively efficient and radiatively inefficient black hole activity. However, our results exhibit a smaller scatter, so when using the same part of blackbody radiation (i.e., the peak luminosity of the blackbody radiation), the fundamental plane becomes a little bit tighter.","PeriodicalId":48646,"journal":{"name":"Universe","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142210916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-21DOI: 10.3390/universe10080334
Istvan Ballai, Fisal Asiri, Viktor Fedun, Gary Verth, Emese Forgács-Dajka, Abdulrahman B. Albidah
The present study deals with the investigation of the oscillatory morphology of guided slow body MHD modes in inhomogeneous magnetic waveguides that appear in the solar photospheric plasmas in the forms of pores or sunspots. The eigenvalues and eigenfunctions related to these waves in an isothermal plasma are obtained numerically by solving a Sturm-Liouville problem with Dirichlet boundary conditions set at the boundary of the waveguide. Our results show that the inhomogeneities in density (pressure) and magnetic field have a strong influence on the morphology of waves, and higher-order more are sensitive to the presence of inhomogeneity. Our results suggest that he identification of modes just by a simple visual inspection can lead to a misinterpretation of the nature of modes.
{"title":"Slow Body MHD Waves in Inhomogeneous Photospheric Waveguides","authors":"Istvan Ballai, Fisal Asiri, Viktor Fedun, Gary Verth, Emese Forgács-Dajka, Abdulrahman B. Albidah","doi":"10.3390/universe10080334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10080334","url":null,"abstract":"The present study deals with the investigation of the oscillatory morphology of guided slow body MHD modes in inhomogeneous magnetic waveguides that appear in the solar photospheric plasmas in the forms of pores or sunspots. The eigenvalues and eigenfunctions related to these waves in an isothermal plasma are obtained numerically by solving a Sturm-Liouville problem with Dirichlet boundary conditions set at the boundary of the waveguide. Our results show that the inhomogeneities in density (pressure) and magnetic field have a strong influence on the morphology of waves, and higher-order more are sensitive to the presence of inhomogeneity. Our results suggest that he identification of modes just by a simple visual inspection can lead to a misinterpretation of the nature of modes.","PeriodicalId":48646,"journal":{"name":"Universe","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142227848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-19DOI: 10.3390/universe10080333
Da-Ming Chen, Lin Wang
The spin-torsion theory is a gauge theory approach to gravity that expands upon Einstein’s general relativity (GR) by incorporating the spin of microparticles. In this study, we further develop the spin-torsion theory to examine spherically symmetric and static gravitational systems that involve free-falling macroscopic particles. We posit that the quantum spin of macroscopic matter becomes noteworthy at cosmic scales. We further assume that the Dirac spinor and Dirac equation adequately capture all essential physical characteristics of the particles and their associated processes. A crucial aspect of our approach involves substituting the constant mass in the Dirac equation with a scale function, allowing us to establish a connection between quantum effects and the scale of gravitational systems. This mechanism ensures that the quantum effect of macroscopic matter is scale-dependent and diminishes locally, a phenomenon not observed in microparticles. For any given matter density distribution, our theory predicts an additional quantum term, the quantum potential energy (QPE), within the mass expression. The QPE induces time dilation and distance contraction, and thus mimics a gravitational well. When applied to cosmology, our theory yields a static cosmological model. The QPE serves as a counterpart to the cosmological constant introduced by Einstein to balance gravity in his static cosmological model. The QPE also offers a plausible explanation for the origin of Hubble redshift (traditionally attributed to the universe’s expansion). The predicted luminosity distance–redshift relation aligns remarkably well with SNe Ia data from the cosmological sample of SNe Ia. In the context of galaxies, the QPE functions as the equivalent of dark matter. The predicted circular velocities align well with rotation curve data from the SPARC (Spitzer Photometry and Accurate Rotation Curves database) sample. Importantly, our conclusions in this paper are reached through a conventional approach, with the sole assumption of the quantum effects of macroscopic matter at large scales, without the need for additional modifications or assumptions.
{"title":"Quantum Effects on Cosmic Scales as an Alternative to Dark Matter and Dark Energy","authors":"Da-Ming Chen, Lin Wang","doi":"10.3390/universe10080333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10080333","url":null,"abstract":"The spin-torsion theory is a gauge theory approach to gravity that expands upon Einstein’s general relativity (GR) by incorporating the spin of microparticles. In this study, we further develop the spin-torsion theory to examine spherically symmetric and static gravitational systems that involve free-falling macroscopic particles. We posit that the quantum spin of macroscopic matter becomes noteworthy at cosmic scales. We further assume that the Dirac spinor and Dirac equation adequately capture all essential physical characteristics of the particles and their associated processes. A crucial aspect of our approach involves substituting the constant mass in the Dirac equation with a scale function, allowing us to establish a connection between quantum effects and the scale of gravitational systems. This mechanism ensures that the quantum effect of macroscopic matter is scale-dependent and diminishes locally, a phenomenon not observed in microparticles. For any given matter density distribution, our theory predicts an additional quantum term, the quantum potential energy (QPE), within the mass expression. The QPE induces time dilation and distance contraction, and thus mimics a gravitational well. When applied to cosmology, our theory yields a static cosmological model. The QPE serves as a counterpart to the cosmological constant introduced by Einstein to balance gravity in his static cosmological model. The QPE also offers a plausible explanation for the origin of Hubble redshift (traditionally attributed to the universe’s expansion). The predicted luminosity distance–redshift relation aligns remarkably well with SNe Ia data from the cosmological sample of SNe Ia. In the context of galaxies, the QPE functions as the equivalent of dark matter. The predicted circular velocities align well with rotation curve data from the SPARC (Spitzer Photometry and Accurate Rotation Curves database) sample. Importantly, our conclusions in this paper are reached through a conventional approach, with the sole assumption of the quantum effects of macroscopic matter at large scales, without the need for additional modifications or assumptions.","PeriodicalId":48646,"journal":{"name":"Universe","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142210915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-19DOI: 10.3390/universe10080332
Sudipa Upadhaya
Quark–Gluon plasma driven by the strong force is subject to the conservativeness of the baryon number, net electric charge, strangeness, etc. However, the fluctuations around their mean values at specific temperatures and chemical potentials can provide viable signals for the production of Quark–Gluon plasma. These fluctuations can be captured theoretically as moments of different orders in the expansion of pressure or the thermodynamic potential of the system under concern. Here, we look for possible explanations in the methodologies used for capturing them by using the framework of the Polyakov–Nambu–Jona-Lasinio (PNJL) model under the 2 + 1 flavor consideration with mean-field approximation. The various quantities thus explored can act to signify meaningfully near the phase transitions. Justifications are also made for some of the quantities capable of serving necessarily under experimental scenarios. Additionally, variations in certain quantities are also made for the different collision energies explored in the high-energy experiments. Rectification of the quantitative accuracy, especially in the low-temperature hadronic sector, is of prime concern, and it is also addressed. It was found that most of the observables stay in close proximity with the existing lattice QCD results at the continuum limit, with some artifacts still remaining, especially in the strange sector, which needs further attention.
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Pub Date : 2024-08-16DOI: 10.3390/universe10080329
Galina L. Klimchitskaya, Vladimir M. Mostepanenko, Sergey V. Sushkov
In this Editorial to the Special Issue “The Friedmann Cosmology: A Century Later”, we consider an outstanding character of Friedmann’s prediction of Universe expansion, which laid the foundation of modern cosmology. The list of the main discoveries made in cosmology during the last one hundred years is followed by a formulation of the standard cosmological model. The articles contributing to the Special Issue are considered in relation to this model, and to several alternative theoretical approaches. Special attention is paid to unresolved problems, such as the nature of dark matter and dark energy, Hubble tension and the pre-inflationary stage of the Universe evolution. The conclusion is made that astrophysics and cosmology are on the threshold of new fundamental discoveries.
{"title":"Centenary of Alexander Friedmann’s Prediction of Universe Expansion and the Prospects of Modern Cosmology","authors":"Galina L. Klimchitskaya, Vladimir M. Mostepanenko, Sergey V. Sushkov","doi":"10.3390/universe10080329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10080329","url":null,"abstract":"In this Editorial to the Special Issue “The Friedmann Cosmology: A Century Later”, we consider an outstanding character of Friedmann’s prediction of Universe expansion, which laid the foundation of modern cosmology. The list of the main discoveries made in cosmology during the last one hundred years is followed by a formulation of the standard cosmological model. The articles contributing to the Special Issue are considered in relation to this model, and to several alternative theoretical approaches. Special attention is paid to unresolved problems, such as the nature of dark matter and dark energy, Hubble tension and the pre-inflationary stage of the Universe evolution. The conclusion is made that astrophysics and cosmology are on the threshold of new fundamental discoveries.","PeriodicalId":48646,"journal":{"name":"Universe","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142211000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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