Mushtaq Muhammad Umer, Jiang Hong, Owais Muhammad, Fuad A. Awwad, Emad A. A. Ismail
Cooperative energy harvesting wireless sensor networks (EH-WSNs) using energy-harvesting-based physical layer security (PLS) appears to be a promising way to meet information security and energy efficiency goals at the same time. PLS uses energy harvesting (EH) features to protect data while transmitting. This eliminates the need for traditional upper-layer data encryption. However, this method introduces new challenges, particularly in scenarios where potential adversaries can intercept sensitive information through network relays. When it comes to multihop, multipath cooperative EH-WSNs, it becomes even more complicated to optimize transmit power for EH while reducing eavesdropping risk. In this study, three routing protocols, direct route designation (DRD), casual route designation (CRD), and superlative route designation (SRD) are presented. The protocols will improve multihop, multipath cooperative EH-WSNs’ security in the presence of eavesdroppers as well as noises at the transceiver. In this framework, both source nodes and relay nodes use power-beaming techniques to make their data transmission operations easier. This study goes beyond the protocol recommendations by presenting comprehensive closed-form formulas and asymptotic outage probability analysis for each protocol under various eavesdropping attack scenarios, i.e., coordination and noncoordination of eavesdroppers. According to simulation data, the suggested SRD protocol outperforms the CRD and DRD protocols by 19% and 25%, respectively, when eavesdroppers are not coordinating. The suggested SRD protocol outperforms the CRD and DRD protocols by 28% and 32%, respectively, in terms of eavesdropper coordination.
{"title":"Energy-Efficient and Resilient Secure Routing in Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks with Transceiver Noises: EcoSecNet Design and Analysis","authors":"Mushtaq Muhammad Umer, Jiang Hong, Owais Muhammad, Fuad A. Awwad, Emad A. A. Ismail","doi":"10.1155/2024/3570302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/3570302","url":null,"abstract":"Cooperative energy harvesting wireless sensor networks (EH-WSNs) using energy-harvesting-based physical layer security (PLS) appears to be a promising way to meet information security and energy efficiency goals at the same time. PLS uses energy harvesting (EH) features to protect data while transmitting. This eliminates the need for traditional upper-layer data encryption. However, this method introduces new challenges, particularly in scenarios where potential adversaries can intercept sensitive information through network relays. When it comes to multihop, multipath cooperative EH-WSNs, it becomes even more complicated to optimize transmit power for EH while reducing eavesdropping risk. In this study, three routing protocols, direct route designation (DRD), casual route designation (CRD), and superlative route designation (SRD) are presented. The protocols will improve multihop, multipath cooperative EH-WSNs’ security in the presence of eavesdroppers as well as noises at the transceiver. In this framework, both source nodes and relay nodes use power-beaming techniques to make their data transmission operations easier. This study goes beyond the protocol recommendations by presenting comprehensive closed-form formulas and asymptotic outage probability analysis for each protocol under various eavesdropping attack scenarios, i.e., coordination and noncoordination of eavesdroppers. According to simulation data, the suggested SRD protocol outperforms the CRD and DRD protocols by 19% and 25%, respectively, when eavesdroppers are not coordinating. The suggested SRD protocol outperforms the CRD and DRD protocols by 28% and 32%, respectively, in terms of eavesdropper coordination.","PeriodicalId":48792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141191372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A pedicle screw is a component for fixation in spine fusion surgery, often for patients with osteoporosis. Spine fusion condition highly depends on whether the pedicle screw is tightly fixed on spine, if not, spine fusion will not work properly. After the surgery, the first 3 months is the most crucial period, and bone healing situation cannot be shown through X-ray before the first radiologic images taken around the sixth week. Therefore, it is helpful to have a nonradiative method to monitor the locking force of the pedicle screw after surgery, especially during the early stage. Here a passive wireless force sensor is developed for monitoring the locking force of the pedicle screw, as we call it a smart washer. By integrating a capacitive ring-shape force sensor with an inductor, a passive LC sensor can be built by measuring the resonant frequency wirelessly. The smart washer is designed and calibrated to establish the relation between the locking force and resonant frequency, and then it is fixed with a screw in a porcine femur, with and without medium between the reader and inductor. When the locking force decreases from 8.3 to 0.9 N, the error is less than 0.5 N, and the maximum wireless sensing distance is 72 mm. However, the medium between the reader and the sensor inductor will affect the resonant frequency, but not the sensitivity. Therefore, the locking force variation can still be calculated by the resonant frequency shift accurately. Furthermore, by designing another five LC sensors with different operating resonant frequency ranges, it is possible to identify locking forces at different locations for more pedicle screws. To our knowledge, no LC force sensor was proposed to monitor the locking force of pedicle screws after surgery in the past.
椎弓根螺钉是脊柱融合手术中的固定部件，通常用于骨质疏松症患者。脊柱融合的状况在很大程度上取决于椎弓根螺钉是否紧密地固定在脊柱上，否则脊柱融合将无法正常进行。术后前 3 个月是最关键的时期，在第 6 周左右拍摄第一张 X 光片之前，骨愈合情况无法通过 X 光片显示出来。因此，采用非辐射方法监测术后椎弓根螺钉的锁定力很有帮助，尤其是在早期阶段。在此，我们开发了一种用于监测椎弓根螺钉锁定力的无源无线力传感器，我们称之为智能垫圈。通过将电容式环形力传感器与电感器集成在一起，可以通过无线测量谐振频率建立一个无源 LC 传感器。我们设计并校准了智能垫圈，以确定锁定力与共振频率之间的关系，然后用螺钉将其固定在猪股骨上，读取器与电感器之间有无介质。当锁定力从 8.3 N 减小到 0.9 N 时，误差小于 0.5 N，最大无线感应距离为 72 mm。然而，读取器和感应器之间的介质会影响谐振频率，但不会影响灵敏度。因此，仍然可以通过谐振频率偏移准确计算出锁定力的变化。此外，通过设计另外五个具有不同工作谐振频率范围的 LC 传感器，可以识别更多椎弓根螺钉在不同位置的锁定力。据我们所知，过去没有人提出用 LC 力传感器来监测椎弓根螺钉术后的锁定力。
{"title":"A Passive Wireless Smart Washer for Locking Force Monitoring on the Orthopedic Pedicle Screw","authors":"Che-Fu Liu, Tze-Hong Wong, Hsin-Chuan Wang, Asher Sun, Wensyang Hsu","doi":"10.1155/2024/6690983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6690983","url":null,"abstract":"A pedicle screw is a component for fixation in spine fusion surgery, often for patients with osteoporosis. Spine fusion condition highly depends on whether the pedicle screw is tightly fixed on spine, if not, spine fusion will not work properly. After the surgery, the first 3 months is the most crucial period, and bone healing situation cannot be shown through X-ray before the first radiologic images taken around the sixth week. Therefore, it is helpful to have a nonradiative method to monitor the locking force of the pedicle screw after surgery, especially during the early stage. Here a passive wireless force sensor is developed for monitoring the locking force of the pedicle screw, as we call it a smart washer. By integrating a capacitive ring-shape force sensor with an inductor, a passive LC sensor can be built by measuring the resonant frequency wirelessly. The smart washer is designed and calibrated to establish the relation between the locking force and resonant frequency, and then it is fixed with a screw in a porcine femur, with and without medium between the reader and inductor. When the locking force decreases from 8.3 to 0.9 N, the error is less than 0.5 N, and the maximum wireless sensing distance is 72 mm. However, the medium between the reader and the sensor inductor will affect the resonant frequency, but not the sensitivity. Therefore, the locking force variation can still be calculated by the resonant frequency shift accurately. Furthermore, by designing another five LC sensors with different operating resonant frequency ranges, it is possible to identify locking forces at different locations for more pedicle screws. To our knowledge, no LC force sensor was proposed to monitor the locking force of pedicle screws after surgery in the past.","PeriodicalId":48792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141063260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the last few decades, remote sensing has emerged as a dependable and cost-effective method for collecting precise data on forest biophysical parameters, aiding in sustainable forest management and global initiatives to combat climate change. This research aimed to develop a model for estimating the above-ground biomass (AGB) of Teak (Tectona grandis L. F.) by combining field measurements with Sentinel-2 earth observation data. The study took place in 36-year-old teak plantation areas within the Sagarnath Forest Development Project in Nepal’s Sarlahi district. Field measurements were conducted using a destructive systematic sampling method, employing 10 × 10 m2 sample plots, and the volume of logs was determined using Newton’s formula. A total of 30 sample plots were used for calibration, while 10 were utilized for validation purposes. The findings revealed that the average AGB per plot was 814 kg (equivalent to 81.4 t ha−1), with a minimum value of 716 kg (71.6 t ha−1) and a maximum value of 1,060 kg (106 t ha−1). The study utilized five independent variables, namely, the Red band, Green band, Blue band, near-infrared (NIR), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values from Sentinel-2 imagery data, to develop estimation models. Among the 12 models examined, model M10 proved to be the best fit for accurate AGB estimation (adjusted R2 = 0.9809, RMSE = 0.01269, AIC = −170, and p-value = < 8.39e−21). The equation of the best-fitted model was ln (AGB) = A + B × Red + C × Green + D × Blue2 + E × ln (NIR) + F × ln (NDVI), providing an accurate estimate of AGB. Model validation involved a t-test comparing the observed and calculated AGB values for ten sample plots, demonstrating no significant difference (p-value = 0.3662 > 0.05). This model has the potential to facilitate AGB biomass calculations and carbon stock estimates for teak plantations of similar age groups.
过去几十年来，遥感技术已成为收集森林生物物理参数精确数据的可靠且具有成本效益的方法，有助于可持续森林管理和应对气候变化的全球倡议。这项研究旨在通过将实地测量结果与哨兵-2 号地球观测数据相结合，建立一个估算柚木（Tectona grandis L. F.）地上生物量（AGB）的模型。研究在尼泊尔萨尔拉希县萨加纳特森林开发项目的 36 年柚木种植区进行。实地测量采用破坏性系统取样法，使用 10 × 10 平方米的样地，并使用牛顿公式确定原木的体积。共有 30 块样地用于校准，10 块样地用于验证。研究结果显示，每个样地的平均 AGB 为 814 千克（相当于 81.4 吨/公顷），最小值为 716 千克（71.6 吨/公顷），最大值为 1,060 千克（106 吨/公顷）。研究利用五个自变量，即哨兵-2 图像数据中的红波段、绿波段、蓝波段、近红外（NIR）和归一化差异植被指数（NDVI）值，建立了估算模型。在研究的 12 个模型中，模型 M10 被证明是最适合准确估算 AGB 的模型（调整 R2 = 0.9809，RMSE = 0.01269，AIC = -170 和 p 值 = <8.39e-21）。最佳拟合模型方程为 ln (AGB) = A + B × Red + C × Green + D × Blue2 + E × ln (NIR) + F × ln (NDVI)，提供了对 AGB 的准确估计。模型验证包括对十块样地的观测值和计算值进行 t 检验，结果显示两者无显著差异（p 值 = 0.3662 >0.05）。该模型可用于类似树龄组柚木种植园的 AGB 生物量计算和碳储量估算。
{"title":"Modeling Forest Above-Ground Biomass of Teak (Tectona grandis L. F.) Using Field Measurement and Sentinel-2 Imagery","authors":"Santosh Ghimire, Rajeev Joshi, Jeetendra Gautam, Binod Bhatta","doi":"10.1155/2024/9910094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/9910094","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last few decades, remote sensing has emerged as a dependable and cost-effective method for collecting precise data on forest biophysical parameters, aiding in sustainable forest management and global initiatives to combat climate change. This research aimed to develop a model for estimating the above-ground biomass (AGB) of Teak (<i>Tectona grandis</i> L. F.) by combining field measurements with Sentinel-2 earth observation data. The study took place in 36-year-old teak plantation areas within the Sagarnath Forest Development Project in Nepal’s Sarlahi district. Field measurements were conducted using a destructive systematic sampling method, employing 10 × 10 m<sup>2</sup> sample plots, and the volume of logs was determined using Newton’s formula. A total of 30 sample plots were used for calibration, while 10 were utilized for validation purposes. The findings revealed that the average AGB per plot was 814 kg (equivalent to 81.4 t ha<sup>−1</sup>), with a minimum value of 716 kg (71.6 t ha<sup>−1</sup>) and a maximum value of 1,060 kg (106 t ha<sup>−1</sup>). The study utilized five independent variables, namely, the Red band, Green band, Blue band, near-infrared (NIR), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values from Sentinel-2 imagery data, to develop estimation models. Among the 12 models examined, model M10 proved to be the best fit for accurate AGB estimation (adjusted <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.9809, RMSE = 0.01269, AIC = −170, and <i>p</i>-value = < 8.39e−21). The equation of the best-fitted model was ln (AGB) = A + B × Red + <i>C</i> × Green + D × Blue<sup>2</sup> + <i>E</i> × ln (NIR) + <i>F</i> × ln (NDVI), providing an accurate estimate of AGB. Model validation involved a <i>t</i>-test comparing the observed and calculated AGB values for ten sample plots, demonstrating no significant difference (<i>p</i>-value = 0.3662 > 0.05). This model has the potential to facilitate AGB biomass calculations and carbon stock estimates for teak plantations of similar age groups.","PeriodicalId":48792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140940246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reports the deposition of Zn on glass substrates using the physical vapor deposition (PVD) method, followed by an annealing process to grow ZnO for gas-sensing applications. Surface morphologies were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, which revealed nanowire shape. The diameter of the wire was about 35 nm. In addition, X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that the ZnO nanowire possessed a wurtzite structure with an orientation of (002). Three types of resistive gas sensors with a spiral-square and two-comb electrode geometries were designed, fabricated, and tested for their ethanol vapor-sensing properties. The experimental results show that the sensor with square-spiral electrode has the sensitivity of 43% for 2,000 ppm of ethanol vapor at 200°C, while the sensor with a comb electrode shows the sensitivity of 32% at the same conditions. Also, two sensors with different dimensions of comb-shaped electrodes showed the same sensitivity, as both the width and the distance between the fingers change simultaneously in the larger comb-shaped electrode. The response time for the comb electrode is shorter than the square-spiral type, and the recovery time is almost independent of the electrode geometry. Therefore, the optimal structure should be selected based on the application.
{"title":"Effect of Electrode Shape on the Performance of ZnO-Based Ethanol Sensor","authors":"Shokoufeh Sirjani, Ali Fattah, Hamid Haratizadeh","doi":"10.1155/2024/6696108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6696108","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reports the deposition of Zn on glass substrates using the physical vapor deposition (PVD) method, followed by an annealing process to grow ZnO for gas-sensing applications. Surface morphologies were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, which revealed nanowire shape. The diameter of the wire was about 35 nm. In addition, X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that the ZnO nanowire possessed a wurtzite structure with an orientation of (002). Three types of resistive gas sensors with a spiral-square and two-comb electrode geometries were designed, fabricated, and tested for their ethanol vapor-sensing properties. The experimental results show that the sensor with square-spiral electrode has the sensitivity of 43% for 2,000 ppm of ethanol vapor at 200°C, while the sensor with a comb electrode shows the sensitivity of 32% at the same conditions. Also, two sensors with different dimensions of comb-shaped electrodes showed the same sensitivity, as both the width and the distance between the fingers change simultaneously in the larger comb-shaped electrode. The response time for the comb electrode is shorter than the square-spiral type, and the recovery time is almost independent of the electrode geometry. Therefore, the optimal structure should be selected based on the application.","PeriodicalId":48792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140669693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, a wearable exoskeleton arm was designed and controlled with different control methods to help people with muscle disorders in their arms and support treatment. The developed robot arm was transferred to Simulink software with the Simmechanics application. Two electromyography (EMG) muscle sensors and the ADXL335 position and acceleration sensors attach to the human arm’s biceps and triceps muscle areas. As the human moved the arm, data were obtained from the EMG muscle sensors and the ADXL335 position and acceleration sensor. The received data were first trained with the fuzzy logic algorithm. The same data were then trained with machine learning algorithms in Simulink software. It has been determined that the best result is the quadratic support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. The fuzzy logic algorithm trained with the PID controller block and the received sensor data have been added to the degrees of freedom regions that will enable rotation in the block diagram of the previously exported system. Later, the fuzzy logic block was removed and the machine learning algorithm, the quadratic SVM algorithm, was added. The designed system was operated with two different control systems, and the control algorithm closest to the human arm movement was determined. In addition, each part of the system, whose design was prepared, was removed and assembled separately with a 3D printer. ESP32 microcontroller development board was used to control the system, and it was run in real-time with EMG muscle sensors and position sensors.
{"title":"Implementation and Comparison of Wearable Exoskeleton Arm Design with Fuzzy Logic and Machine Learning Control","authors":"Çağatay Ersin, Mustafa Yaz","doi":"10.1155/2024/6808322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6808322","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a wearable exoskeleton arm was designed and controlled with different control methods to help people with muscle disorders in their arms and support treatment. The developed robot arm was transferred to Simulink software with the Simmechanics application. Two electromyography (EMG) muscle sensors and the ADXL335 position and acceleration sensors attach to the human arm’s biceps and triceps muscle areas. As the human moved the arm, data were obtained from the EMG muscle sensors and the ADXL335 position and acceleration sensor. The received data were first trained with the fuzzy logic algorithm. The same data were then trained with machine learning algorithms in Simulink software. It has been determined that the best result is the quadratic support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. The fuzzy logic algorithm trained with the PID controller block and the received sensor data have been added to the degrees of freedom regions that will enable rotation in the block diagram of the previously exported system. Later, the fuzzy logic block was removed and the machine learning algorithm, the quadratic SVM algorithm, was added. The designed system was operated with two different control systems, and the control algorithm closest to the human arm movement was determined. In addition, each part of the system, whose design was prepared, was removed and assembled separately with a 3D printer. ESP32 microcontroller development board was used to control the system, and it was run in real-time with EMG muscle sensors and position sensors.","PeriodicalId":48792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140578658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the rapid development, extensive knowledge, and diverse application scenarios of target perception and positioning technology in sensor networks, a passive target perception and localization platform based on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has been designed. The platform is mainly applied for the teaching of electronic information, communication, and Internet of Things (IoT) engineering. The platform follows the teaching concept of “developing students’ ability to solve complex engineering problems” in the emerging engineering discipline and combines experimental simulation with real-world testing, as well as integrating scientific research and teaching. It encompasses technical elements such as perception and localization theory, sparse representation classification modeling, solving underdetermined equations, data analysis, and sparse coding, as well as nontechnical aspects such as team collaboration and cost budgeting. The platform boasts high fidelity and scalability, providing students with the opportunity to develop comprehensive practical and innovative skills in solving complex engineering problems.
{"title":"Platform Design of Passive Target Perception and Localization Based on Sensor Networks","authors":"Qin Cheng, Lin Zhang, Yang Yu, Lingjiao Pan","doi":"10.1155/2024/1315785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1315785","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid development, extensive knowledge, and diverse application scenarios of target perception and positioning technology in sensor networks, a passive target perception and localization platform based on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has been designed. The platform is mainly applied for the teaching of electronic information, communication, and Internet of Things (IoT) engineering. The platform follows the teaching concept of “developing students’ ability to solve complex engineering problems” in the emerging engineering discipline and combines experimental simulation with real-world testing, as well as integrating scientific research and teaching. It encompasses technical elements such as perception and localization theory, sparse representation classification modeling, solving underdetermined equations, data analysis, and sparse coding, as well as nontechnical aspects such as team collaboration and cost budgeting. The platform boasts high fidelity and scalability, providing students with the opportunity to develop comprehensive practical and innovative skills in solving complex engineering problems.","PeriodicalId":48792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140578737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Srdjan Sladojevic, Marko Arsenovic, Danilo Nikolic, Andras Anderla, Darko Stefanovic
The aim of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of combining mobile technologies and sensors to detect harmful particles in the air and address the problem of air pollution caused by traffic and exhaust emissions. The paper contains a systematic literature review of information technology research related to pollution detection in order to point out the main obstacles in the field and propose solutions. Furthermore, the paper presents the development of an Android smartphone-based real-time monitoring system that utilizes an external analog sensor board to acquire and evaluate physical measurements. The proposed system is calibrated for CO gas measurements, and it is compared with a commercial gas analyzer instrument. Results imply that the developed system is capable of detecting concentration levels in the air and that the accuracy is within the range of the industrial device’s accuracy.
{"title":"Advancements in Mobile-Based Air Pollution Detection: From Literature Review to Practical Implementation","authors":"Srdjan Sladojevic, Marko Arsenovic, Danilo Nikolic, Andras Anderla, Darko Stefanovic","doi":"10.1155/2024/4895068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/4895068","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of combining mobile technologies and sensors to detect harmful particles in the air and address the problem of air pollution caused by traffic and exhaust emissions. The paper contains a systematic literature review of information technology research related to pollution detection in order to point out the main obstacles in the field and propose solutions. Furthermore, the paper presents the development of an Android smartphone-based real-time monitoring system that utilizes an external analog sensor board to acquire and evaluate physical measurements. The proposed system is calibrated for CO gas measurements, and it is compared with a commercial gas analyzer instrument. Results imply that the developed system is capable of detecting concentration levels in the air and that the accuracy is within the range of the industrial device’s accuracy.","PeriodicalId":48792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140312914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background. The mainly lethal ability of ammunition fragments on creatures is achieved by hitting the effective organs or key parts of the biological body with high-speed projectiles. How to efficiently and accurately obtain the projectile speed and hitting position coordinates when the fragment hits the creature after the ammunition blast is the key to the scientific evaluation of ammunition power. Materials and Methods. For the measurement of fragment velocity and hitting coordinates, a series of flexible film circuit sensors can be generated by printing comb-like circuits on polyethylene terephthalate substrates using silver paste printing technology. These sensors are cheap, flexible, and easy to fold and can be printed into different shapes according to the characteristics of the test target to simulate the biological key organs or lethal parts. At the same time, the software and hardware design of the high-speed data signal reading and processing module can realize the data rapidly recording and processing and quickly give the ammunition fragment parameter test results. Results. The test accuracy of the fragment velocity of the laser light screen target and the flexible circuit sensor is compared through the live-fire test. It is proved that the test accuracy of the flexible sensor based on the polymer substrate can meet the accuracy requirements. The flexible sensor based on the organ simulation can quickly give the accurate hit position of the fragment. Conclusion. The newly polymer substrate printed circuit sensor system is a new type of sensor used to replace the laser screen target, and the copper comb printed circuit in the ammunition power test, which can improve the parameter test accuracy, reduce the test consumption, and improve the test quality.
{"title":"The Ammunition Projectile Test and Evaluation Used Polymer Flexible Film Sensors System Design and Application","authors":"Xiangdong Cui, Youliang Xu, Yanli Zhang, Xinglin Qi, Aiqiang Guo","doi":"10.1155/2024/3068590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/3068590","url":null,"abstract":"<i>Background</i>. The mainly lethal ability of ammunition fragments on creatures is achieved by hitting the effective organs or key parts of the biological body with high-speed projectiles. How to efficiently and accurately obtain the projectile speed and hitting position coordinates when the fragment hits the creature after the ammunition blast is the key to the scientific evaluation of ammunition power. <i>Materials and Methods</i>. For the measurement of fragment velocity and hitting coordinates, a series of flexible film circuit sensors can be generated by printing comb-like circuits on polyethylene terephthalate substrates using silver paste printing technology. These sensors are cheap, flexible, and easy to fold and can be printed into different shapes according to the characteristics of the test target to simulate the biological key organs or lethal parts. At the same time, the software and hardware design of the high-speed data signal reading and processing module can realize the data rapidly recording and processing and quickly give the ammunition fragment parameter test results. <i>Results</i>. The test accuracy of the fragment velocity of the laser light screen target and the flexible circuit sensor is compared through the live-fire test. It is proved that the test accuracy of the flexible sensor based on the polymer substrate can meet the accuracy requirements. The flexible sensor based on the organ simulation can quickly give the accurate hit position of the fragment. <i>Conclusion</i>. The newly polymer substrate printed circuit sensor system is a new type of sensor used to replace the laser screen target, and the copper comb printed circuit in the ammunition power test, which can improve the parameter test accuracy, reduce the test consumption, and improve the test quality.","PeriodicalId":48792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140201612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jun Lee, Taewan Kim, Seungho Bang, Sehong Oh, Hyun Kwon
Identifying objects in surveillance and reconnaissance systems with the human eye can be challenging, underscoring the growing importance of employing deep learning models for the recognition of enemy weapon systems. These systems, leveraging deep neural networks known for their strong performance in image recognition and classification, are currently under extensive research. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that surveillance and reconnaissance systems utilizing deep neural networks are susceptible to vulnerabilities posed by adversarial examples. While prior adversarial example research has mainly utilized publicly available internet data, there has been a significant absence of studies concerning adversarial attacks on data and models specific to real military scenarios. In this paper, we introduce an adversarial example designed for a binary classifier tasked with recognizing helicopters. Our approach generates an adversarial example that is misclassified by the model, despite appearing unproblematic to the human eye. To conduct our experiments, we gathered real attack and transport helicopters and employed TensorFlow as the machine learning library of choice. Our experimental findings demonstrate that the average attack success rate of the proposed method is 81.9%. Additionally, when epsilon is 0.4, the attack success rate is 90.1%. Before epsilon reaches 0.4, the attack success rate increases rapidly, and then we can see that epsilon increases little by little thereafter.
{"title":"Evasion Attacks on Deep Learning-Based Helicopter Recognition Systems","authors":"Jun Lee, Taewan Kim, Seungho Bang, Sehong Oh, Hyun Kwon","doi":"10.1155/2024/1124598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/1124598","url":null,"abstract":"Identifying objects in surveillance and reconnaissance systems with the human eye can be challenging, underscoring the growing importance of employing deep learning models for the recognition of enemy weapon systems. These systems, leveraging deep neural networks known for their strong performance in image recognition and classification, are currently under extensive research. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that surveillance and reconnaissance systems utilizing deep neural networks are susceptible to vulnerabilities posed by adversarial examples. While prior adversarial example research has mainly utilized publicly available internet data, there has been a significant absence of studies concerning adversarial attacks on data and models specific to real military scenarios. In this paper, we introduce an adversarial example designed for a binary classifier tasked with recognizing helicopters. Our approach generates an adversarial example that is misclassified by the model, despite appearing unproblematic to the human eye. To conduct our experiments, we gathered real attack and transport helicopters and employed TensorFlow as the machine learning library of choice. Our experimental findings demonstrate that the average attack success rate of the proposed method is 81.9%. Additionally, when epsilon is 0.4, the attack success rate is 90.1%. Before epsilon reaches 0.4, the attack success rate increases rapidly, and then we can see that epsilon increases little by little thereafter.","PeriodicalId":48792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140201611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Majed Alrobaian, Munerah Alfadhel, Sayed Zayed, Mohammad AlDosari, Hassan Arida
Realization of screen-printed disposable microchip based on organic membrane sensitive layer highly responsive to lead has been demonstrated for the first time. Fabrication, potentiometric characterization and analytical application of the novel microchip have been reported. A sensitive layer comprises TiO2 nanoparticles and multiwalled carbon nanotubes “MWCNTs” composite incorporated in PVC membrane has uploaded on the plastic screen-printed microelectrode substrate surface using novel protocol. The new chip provided a linear behavior for Pb2+ ions over the lead concentration range of 1 × 10−6–1 × 10−1 mole L−1 with super Nernstian sensitivity (49 mV), relatively long life span (>4 months), and a fast response time (10 s). The advantages showed by the microchip include simple fabrication, small size, mass production, cost effectiveness, and automation and integration feasibility. The realized new microchip has been successfully utilized in the quantification of some lead (II) samples with average recovery of 101.9% and the RDS was <3.
{"title":"Disposable Screen-Printed Microchip Based on Nanoparticles Sensitive Membrane for Potentiometric Determination of Lead","authors":"Majed Alrobaian, Munerah Alfadhel, Sayed Zayed, Mohammad AlDosari, Hassan Arida","doi":"10.1155/2024/7610614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/7610614","url":null,"abstract":"Realization of screen-printed disposable microchip based on organic membrane sensitive layer highly responsive to lead has been demonstrated for the first time. Fabrication, potentiometric characterization and analytical application of the novel microchip have been reported. A sensitive layer comprises TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles and multiwalled carbon nanotubes “MWCNTs” composite incorporated in PVC membrane has uploaded on the plastic screen-printed microelectrode substrate surface using novel protocol. The new chip provided a linear behavior for Pb<sup>2+</sup> ions over the lead concentration range of 1 × 10<sup>−6</sup>–1 × 10<sup>−1</sup> mole L<sup>−1</sup> with super Nernstian sensitivity (49 mV), relatively long life span (>4 months), and a fast response time (10 s). The advantages showed by the microchip include simple fabrication, small size, mass production, cost effectiveness, and automation and integration feasibility. The realized new microchip has been successfully utilized in the quantification of some lead (II) samples with average recovery of 101.9% and the RDS was <3.","PeriodicalId":48792,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sensors","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140117574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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