Concentration gradient generation plays a pivotal role in advancing applications across drug screening, chemical synthesis, and biomolecular studies, yet conventional methods remain constrained by labor-intensive workflows, limited throughput, and inflexible gradient control. This study presents a novel multilayer microfluidic chip leveraging shear flow-driven partitioning–recombination mechanisms to enable the flexible and high-throughput generation of concentration gradient droplets. The chip integrates interactive upper and lower polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layers, where sequential fluid distribution and recombination are achieved through circular and radial channels while shear forces from the oil phase induce droplet formation. Numerical simulations validated the dynamic pressure-driven concentration gradient formation, demonstrating linear gradient profiles across multiple outlets under varied flow conditions. The experimental results revealed that the shear flow mode significantly enhances mixing uniformity and droplet generation efficiency compared to continuous flow operations, attributed to intensified interfacial interactions within contraction–expansion serpentine channels. By modulating hydrodynamic parameters such as aqueous- and oil-phase flow rates, this system achieved tunable gradient slopes and droplet sizes, underscoring the intrinsic relationship between flow dynamics and gradient formation. The proposed device eliminates reliance on complex channel networks, offering a compact and scalable platform for parallelized gradient generation. This work provides a robust framework for optimizing microfluidic-based concentration gradient systems, with broad implications for high-throughput screening, combinatorial chemistry, and precision biomolecular assays.
{"title":"Flexible Concentration Gradient Droplet Generation via Partitioning–Recombination in a Shear Flow-Driven Multilayer Microfluidic Chip","authors":"Linkai Yu, Qingyang Feng, Yifan Chen, Yongji Wu, Haizhen Sun, Hao Yang, Lining Sun","doi":"10.3390/sym17060826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17060826","url":null,"abstract":"Concentration gradient generation plays a pivotal role in advancing applications across drug screening, chemical synthesis, and biomolecular studies, yet conventional methods remain constrained by labor-intensive workflows, limited throughput, and inflexible gradient control. This study presents a novel multilayer microfluidic chip leveraging shear flow-driven partitioning–recombination mechanisms to enable the flexible and high-throughput generation of concentration gradient droplets. The chip integrates interactive upper and lower polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layers, where sequential fluid distribution and recombination are achieved through circular and radial channels while shear forces from the oil phase induce droplet formation. Numerical simulations validated the dynamic pressure-driven concentration gradient formation, demonstrating linear gradient profiles across multiple outlets under varied flow conditions. The experimental results revealed that the shear flow mode significantly enhances mixing uniformity and droplet generation efficiency compared to continuous flow operations, attributed to intensified interfacial interactions within contraction–expansion serpentine channels. By modulating hydrodynamic parameters such as aqueous- and oil-phase flow rates, this system achieved tunable gradient slopes and droplet sizes, underscoring the intrinsic relationship between flow dynamics and gradient formation. The proposed device eliminates reliance on complex channel networks, offering a compact and scalable platform for parallelized gradient generation. This work provides a robust framework for optimizing microfluidic-based concentration gradient systems, with broad implications for high-throughput screening, combinatorial chemistry, and precision biomolecular assays.","PeriodicalId":48874,"journal":{"name":"Symmetry-Basel","volume":"17 6","pages":"826-826"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/6/826/pdf?version=1748251613","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147334044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lithium (Li) metal’s exceptional low electrode potential and high specific capacity for next-gen energy storage devices make it a top contender. However, the unregulated and unpredictable proliferation of Li dendrites and the instability of interfaces during repeated Li plating and stripping cycles pose significant challenges to the widespread commercialization of Li metal anodes. We introduce the creation of a hydrogen bond network solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film that integrates zwitterionic groups, designed to facilitate the stability and longevity of lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Here, we design a PVA/P(SBMA-MBA) hydrogen bond network film (PSM) as an artificial SEI, integrating zwitterions and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to synergistically regulate Li⁺ flux. The distinctive zwitterionic effect in the network amplifies the SEI film’s ionic conductivity to 1.14 × 10−4 S cm−1 and attains an impressive Li+ ion transfer number of 0.84. In situ Raman spectroscopy reveals dynamic hydrogen bond reconfiguration under strain, endowing the SEI with self-adaptive mechanical robustness. These properties facilitate a homogeneous Li flux and exceptionally suppress dendritic growth. The advanced Li metal anode may endure over 1200 h at 1 mA cm−2 current density and 1 mAh cm−2 area capacity in a Li|Li symmetric battery. And in full cells paired with LiFePO4 cathodes, 93.8% capacity retention is reached after 300 cycles at 1C. Consequently, this work provides a universal strategy for designing dynamic interphases through molecular dipole engineering, paving the way for safe and durable lithium metal batteries.
锂（Li）金属的超低电极电位和高比容量使其成为下一代储能设备的主要竞争者。然而，在重复镀锂和剥离锂循环过程中，锂枝晶的不受控制和不可预测的增殖以及界面的不稳定性对锂金属阳极的广泛商业化构成了重大挑战。我们介绍了一种集成两性离子基团的氢键网络固体电解质界面（SEI）膜的创建，旨在促进锂金属电池（lmb）的稳定性和寿命。在这里，我们设计了PVA/P（SBMA-MBA）氢键网络膜（PSM）作为人工SEI，整合两性离子和聚乙烯醇（PVA），协同调节Li⁺的通量。网络中独特的两性离子效应将SEI薄膜的离子电导率提高到1.14 × 10−4 S cm−1，并获得了令人印象深刻的0.84 Li+离子转移数。原位拉曼光谱显示应变下动态氢键重构，赋予SEI自适应的机械鲁棒性。这些特性促进了均匀的Li通量，并特别抑制了枝晶的生长。在锂|锂对称电池中，先进的锂金属阳极可以在1ma cm - 2电流密度和1mah cm - 2面积容量下持续1200小时以上。在与LiFePO4阴极配对的完整电池中，在1C下循环300次后，容量保持率达到93.8%。因此，这项工作为通过分子偶极子工程设计动态界面提供了一种通用策略，为安全耐用的锂金属电池铺平了道路。
{"title":"Artificial Interfacial Layers with Zwitterionic Ion Structure Improves Lithium Symmetric Battery Life and Inhibits Dendrite Growth","authors":"Haihua Wang, Wei Yuan, Chaoxian Chen, Rui Cao, Huizhu Niu, Ling Song, Jie Wang, Xinyu Shang","doi":"10.3390/sym17050652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17050652","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium (Li) metal’s exceptional low electrode potential and high specific capacity for next-gen energy storage devices make it a top contender. However, the unregulated and unpredictable proliferation of Li dendrites and the instability of interfaces during repeated Li plating and stripping cycles pose significant challenges to the widespread commercialization of Li metal anodes. We introduce the creation of a hydrogen bond network solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) film that integrates zwitterionic groups, designed to facilitate the stability and longevity of lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Here, we design a PVA/P(SBMA-MBA) hydrogen bond network film (PSM) as an artificial SEI, integrating zwitterions and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to synergistically regulate Li⁺ flux. The distinctive zwitterionic effect in the network amplifies the SEI film’s ionic conductivity to 1.14 × 10−4 S cm−1 and attains an impressive Li+ ion transfer number of 0.84. In situ Raman spectroscopy reveals dynamic hydrogen bond reconfiguration under strain, endowing the SEI with self-adaptive mechanical robustness. These properties facilitate a homogeneous Li flux and exceptionally suppress dendritic growth. The advanced Li metal anode may endure over 1200 h at 1 mA cm−2 current density and 1 mAh cm−2 area capacity in a Li|Li symmetric battery. And in full cells paired with LiFePO4 cathodes, 93.8% capacity retention is reached after 300 cycles at 1C. Consequently, this work provides a universal strategy for designing dynamic interphases through molecular dipole engineering, paving the way for safe and durable lithium metal batteries.","PeriodicalId":48874,"journal":{"name":"Symmetry-Basel","volume":"17 5","pages":"652-652"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/5/652/pdf?version=1745592745","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147333933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01Epub Date: 2024-09-10DOI: 10.3390/sym16091186
Dongwook Kim, Abraham Puig, Faranak Rabiei, Erial J Hawkins, Talia F Hernandez, Chang K Sung
The Zika virus has been shown to infect glioblastoma stem cells via the membrane receptor , which is activated by the stem-specific transcription factor SOX2. Since the expression level of SOX2 is an important predictive marker for successful virotherapy, it is important to understand the fundamental mechanisms of the role of SOX2 in the dynamics of cancer stem cells and Zika viruses. In this paper, we develop a mathematical ODE model to investigate the effects of SOX2 expression levels on Zika virotherapy against glioblastoma stem cells. Our study aimed to identify the conditions under which SOX2 expression level, viral infection, and replication can reduce or eradicate the glioblastoma stem cells. Analytic work on the existence and stability conditions of equilibrium points with respect to the basic reproduction number are provided. Numerical results were in good agreement with analytic solutions. Our results show that critical threshold levels of both SOX2 and viral replication, which change the stability of equilibrium points through population dynamics such as transcritical and Hopf bifurcations, were observed. These critical thresholds provide the optimal conditions for SOX2 expression levels and viral bursting sizes to enhance therapeutic efficacy of Zika virotherapy against glioblastoma stem cells. This study provides critical insights into optimizing Zika virus-based treatment for glioblastoma by highlighting the essential role of SOX2 in viral infection and replication.
寨卡病毒已被证明通过膜受体α v β 5感染胶质母细胞瘤干细胞，该受体被干细胞特异性转录因子SOX2激活。由于SOX2的表达水平是病毒治疗成功的重要预测指标，因此了解SOX2在癌症干细胞和寨卡病毒动力学中作用的基本机制非常重要。在本文中，我们建立了一个数学ODE模型来研究SOX2表达水平对寨卡病毒治疗胶质母细胞瘤干细胞的影响。我们的研究旨在确定SOX2表达水平、病毒感染和复制能够减少或根除胶质母细胞瘤干细胞的条件。给出了平衡点关于基本再现数的存在性和稳定性条件的解析工作。数值结果与解析解吻合较好。我们的研究结果表明，SOX2和病毒复制的临界阈值水平，通过跨临界和Hopf分岔等群体动力学改变平衡点的稳定性，被观察到。这些临界阈值为SOX2表达水平和病毒爆发大小提供了最佳条件，以提高寨卡病毒治疗胶质母细胞瘤干细胞的疗效。该研究通过强调SOX2在病毒感染和复制中的重要作用，为优化基于寨卡病毒的胶质母细胞瘤治疗提供了重要见解。
{"title":"Optimization of SOX2 Expression for Enhanced Glioblastoma Stem Cell Virotherapy.","authors":"Dongwook Kim, Abraham Puig, Faranak Rabiei, Erial J Hawkins, Talia F Hernandez, Chang K Sung","doi":"10.3390/sym16091186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16091186","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Zika virus has been shown to infect glioblastoma stem cells via the membrane receptor <math> <mrow><msub><mi>α</mi> <mi>v</mi></msub> <msub><mi>β</mi> <mn>5</mn></msub> </mrow> </math> , which is activated by the stem-specific transcription factor SOX2. Since the expression level of SOX2 is an important predictive marker for successful virotherapy, it is important to understand the fundamental mechanisms of the role of SOX2 in the dynamics of cancer stem cells and Zika viruses. In this paper, we develop a mathematical ODE model to investigate the effects of SOX2 expression levels on Zika virotherapy against glioblastoma stem cells. Our study aimed to identify the conditions under which SOX2 expression level, viral infection, and replication can reduce or eradicate the glioblastoma stem cells. Analytic work on the existence and stability conditions of equilibrium points with respect to the basic reproduction number are provided. Numerical results were in good agreement with analytic solutions. Our results show that critical threshold levels of both SOX2 and viral replication, which change the stability of equilibrium points through population dynamics such as transcritical and Hopf bifurcations, were observed. These critical thresholds provide the optimal conditions for SOX2 expression levels and viral bursting sizes to enhance therapeutic efficacy of Zika virotherapy against glioblastoma stem cells. This study provides critical insights into optimizing Zika virus-based treatment for glioblastoma by highlighting the essential role of SOX2 in viral infection and replication.</p>","PeriodicalId":48874,"journal":{"name":"Symmetry-Basel","volume":"16 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12061075/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144039885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This review delves into the utilization of a sextic oscillator within the β degree of freedom of the Bohr Hamiltonian to elucidate critical-point solutions in nuclei, with a specific emphasis on the critical point associated with the β shape variable, governing transitions from spherical to deformed nuclei. To commence, an overview is presented for critical-point solutions E(5), X(5), X(3), Z(5), and Z(4). These symmetries, encapsulated in simple models, all model the β degree of freedom using an infinite square-well (ISW) potential. They are particularly useful for dissecting phase transitions from spherical to deformed nuclear shapes. The distinguishing factor among these models lies in their treatment of the γ degree of freedom. These models are rooted in a geometrical context, employing the Bohr Hamiltonian. The review then continues with the analysis of the same critical solutions but with the adoption of a sextic potential in place of the ISW potential within the β degree of freedom. The sextic oscillator, being quasi-exactly solvable (QES), allows for the derivation of exact solutions for the lower part of the energy spectrum. The outcomes of this analysis are examined in detail. Additionally, various versions of the sextic potential, while not exactly solvable, can still be tackled numerically, offering a means to establish benchmarks for criticality in the transitional path from spherical to deformed shapes. This review extends its scope to encompass related papers published in the field in the past 20 years, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of critical-point symmetries in nuclear physics. To facilitate this understanding, a map depicting the different regions of the nuclide chart where these models have been applied is provided, serving as a concise summary of their applications and implications in the realm of nuclear structure.
{"title":"Nuclear Shape-Phase Transitions and the Sextic Oscillator","authors":"Géza Lévai, José M. Arias","doi":"10.3390/sym15112059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15112059","url":null,"abstract":"This review delves into the utilization of a sextic oscillator within the β degree of freedom of the Bohr Hamiltonian to elucidate critical-point solutions in nuclei, with a specific emphasis on the critical point associated with the β shape variable, governing transitions from spherical to deformed nuclei. To commence, an overview is presented for critical-point solutions E(5), X(5), X(3), Z(5), and Z(4). These symmetries, encapsulated in simple models, all model the β degree of freedom using an infinite square-well (ISW) potential. They are particularly useful for dissecting phase transitions from spherical to deformed nuclear shapes. The distinguishing factor among these models lies in their treatment of the γ degree of freedom. These models are rooted in a geometrical context, employing the Bohr Hamiltonian. The review then continues with the analysis of the same critical solutions but with the adoption of a sextic potential in place of the ISW potential within the β degree of freedom. The sextic oscillator, being quasi-exactly solvable (QES), allows for the derivation of exact solutions for the lower part of the energy spectrum. The outcomes of this analysis are examined in detail. Additionally, various versions of the sextic potential, while not exactly solvable, can still be tackled numerically, offering a means to establish benchmarks for criticality in the transitional path from spherical to deformed shapes. This review extends its scope to encompass related papers published in the field in the past 20 years, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of critical-point symmetries in nuclear physics. To facilitate this understanding, a map depicting the different regions of the nuclide chart where these models have been applied is provided, serving as a concise summary of their applications and implications in the realm of nuclear structure.","PeriodicalId":48874,"journal":{"name":"Symmetry-Basel","volume":"33 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134991422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Roberto Bonezzi, Christoph Chiaffrino, Felipe Díaz-Jaramillo, Olaf Hohm
This essay’s title is justified by discussing a class of Yang–Mills-type theories of which standard Yang–Mills theories are special cases but which is broad enough to include gravity as a double field theory. We use the framework of homotopy algebras, where conventional Yang–Mills theory is the tensor product K⊗g of a ‘kinematic’ algebra K with a color Lie algebra g. The larger class of Yang–Mills-type theories are given by the tensor product of K with more general Lie-type algebras, of which K itself is an example, up to anomalies that can be canceled for the tensor product with a second copy K¯. Gravity is then given by K⊗K¯.
{"title":"Gravity = Yang–Mills","authors":"Roberto Bonezzi, Christoph Chiaffrino, Felipe Díaz-Jaramillo, Olaf Hohm","doi":"10.3390/sym15112062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15112062","url":null,"abstract":"This essay’s title is justified by discussing a class of Yang–Mills-type theories of which standard Yang–Mills theories are special cases but which is broad enough to include gravity as a double field theory. We use the framework of homotopy algebras, where conventional Yang–Mills theory is the tensor product K⊗g of a ‘kinematic’ algebra K with a color Lie algebra g. The larger class of Yang–Mills-type theories are given by the tensor product of K with more general Lie-type algebras, of which K itself is an example, up to anomalies that can be canceled for the tensor product with a second copy K¯. Gravity is then given by K⊗K¯.","PeriodicalId":48874,"journal":{"name":"Symmetry-Basel","volume":"22 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134991706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shannon entropy plays an important role in the field of information theory, and various graph entropies, including the chromatic entropy, have been proposed by researchers based on Shannon entropy with different graph variables. The applications of the graph entropies are found in numerous areas such as physical chemistry, medicine, and biology. The present research aims to study the chromatic entropy based on the vertex strong coloring of a linear p-uniform supertree. The maximal and minimal values of the p-uniform supertree are determined. Moreover, in order to investigate the generalization of dendrimers, a new class of p-uniform supertrees called hyper-dendrimers is proposed. In particular, the extremal values of chromatic entropy found in the research for supertrees are applied to explore the behavior of the hyper-dendrimers.
{"title":"The Chromatic Entropy of Linear Supertrees and Its Application","authors":"Feng Fu, Bo Deng, Liming Dai","doi":"10.3390/sym15112061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15112061","url":null,"abstract":"Shannon entropy plays an important role in the field of information theory, and various graph entropies, including the chromatic entropy, have been proposed by researchers based on Shannon entropy with different graph variables. The applications of the graph entropies are found in numerous areas such as physical chemistry, medicine, and biology. The present research aims to study the chromatic entropy based on the vertex strong coloring of a linear p-uniform supertree. The maximal and minimal values of the p-uniform supertree are determined. Moreover, in order to investigate the generalization of dendrimers, a new class of p-uniform supertrees called hyper-dendrimers is proposed. In particular, the extremal values of chromatic entropy found in the research for supertrees are applied to explore the behavior of the hyper-dendrimers.","PeriodicalId":48874,"journal":{"name":"Symmetry-Basel","volume":"16 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134900967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article describes the development of a compact microstrip bandpass filter (BPF) for multiple wireless communication utilizations. The proposed bandpass filter consists of metamaterial unit cells that are symmetrical in shape. The design process involves the placement of four symmetrical split-ring resonators (SRRs) on the top plane of the BPF. It exhibits improved filter characteristics through the implementation of these SRRs. The filter was modeled and fabricated and its performance was evaluated using a Vector Network Analyzer. The designed bandpass filter shows a 5 GHz bandwidth covering the frequency band spanning from 1 to 5.2 GHz, with a quality factor value of 1.85 across 1.9 GHz, 3.3 across 3.3 GHz and 5.1 across 5.1 GHz. The metamaterial analysis was carried out using ANSYS ELECTRONIC DESKTOP. The proposed filter measures 20 × 18 × 1.6 mm3, which is significantly smaller than current filters. The designed bandpass filter occupies 50% of the space of a conventional filter. The designed bandpass filter exhibits a distributed surface current of 84 A/m, and 94 A/m across the wide- and narrow-band operating frequency. The simulated and measured results indicate that the suggested metamaterial filter is well-suited for multiband wireless applications like GPS (1.57 GHz), WLAN (2.4, 3.6, and 5.2 GHz), Wi-MAX (2.3, 2.5, and 3.5 GHz), and ISM (2.5 GHz).
{"title":"Development of Compact Bandpass Filter Using Symmetrical Metamaterial Structures for GPS, ISM, Wi-MAX, and WLAN Applications","authors":"Kottapadikal Vinodan Vineetha, Boddapati Taraka Phani Madhav, Munuswamy Siva Kumar, Sudipta Das, Tanvir Islam, Moath Alathbah","doi":"10.3390/sym15112058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15112058","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes the development of a compact microstrip bandpass filter (BPF) for multiple wireless communication utilizations. The proposed bandpass filter consists of metamaterial unit cells that are symmetrical in shape. The design process involves the placement of four symmetrical split-ring resonators (SRRs) on the top plane of the BPF. It exhibits improved filter characteristics through the implementation of these SRRs. The filter was modeled and fabricated and its performance was evaluated using a Vector Network Analyzer. The designed bandpass filter shows a 5 GHz bandwidth covering the frequency band spanning from 1 to 5.2 GHz, with a quality factor value of 1.85 across 1.9 GHz, 3.3 across 3.3 GHz and 5.1 across 5.1 GHz. The metamaterial analysis was carried out using ANSYS ELECTRONIC DESKTOP. The proposed filter measures 20 × 18 × 1.6 mm3, which is significantly smaller than current filters. The designed bandpass filter occupies 50% of the space of a conventional filter. The designed bandpass filter exhibits a distributed surface current of 84 A/m, and 94 A/m across the wide- and narrow-band operating frequency. The simulated and measured results indicate that the suggested metamaterial filter is well-suited for multiband wireless applications like GPS (1.57 GHz), WLAN (2.4, 3.6, and 5.2 GHz), Wi-MAX (2.3, 2.5, and 3.5 GHz), and ISM (2.5 GHz).","PeriodicalId":48874,"journal":{"name":"Symmetry-Basel","volume":"25 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134901489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Ajaz, Abd Haj Ismail, Muhammad Waqas, Abdul Mosawir Quraishi, Jalal Hasan Baker, Antalov Jagnandan, Mohammad Ayaz Ahmad, Shawn Jagnandan, Haifa I. Alrebdi, Elmuez A. Dawi, Murad Badshah
Strange hadron transverse momentum spectra are analyzed in symmetric pp and PbPb and asymmetric pPb collision systems for their dependence on rapidity and event charged-particle multiplicity. The thermodynamically consistent Tsallis models with and without flow velocity are used to reproduce the experimental data, extracting the freeze-out parameters to gain insights into the underlying physics of the collision processes by looking into the parameters change with different multiplicities, particle types, and collision geometries. We found that with an increase in the event multiplicity, the average transverse flow velocity, effective, and kinetic freezeout temperatures increase, with heavier strange particle species exhibiting a more significant increase. The value of the non-extensivity parameter decreases with an increase in the multiplicity of the particles. For heavier particles, larger Teff and T0 and smaller q have been observed, confirming the quick thermalization and equilibrium for massive particles. Furthermore, the differences in parameter values for particle species are more significant in pp and pPb collisions than in PbPb collisions. In addition, in symmetric pp and PbPb collisions, parameter values (q,T0,βT) show more significant shifts for heavier particles compared to the lighter ones. In contrast, in asymmetric pPb collisions, both heavier and lighter particles display uniform linear progression.
{"title":"Multiplicity Dependence of the Freeze-Out Parameters in Symmetric and Asymmetric Nuclear Collisions at Large Hadron Collider Energies","authors":"Muhammad Ajaz, Abd Haj Ismail, Muhammad Waqas, Abdul Mosawir Quraishi, Jalal Hasan Baker, Antalov Jagnandan, Mohammad Ayaz Ahmad, Shawn Jagnandan, Haifa I. Alrebdi, Elmuez A. Dawi, Murad Badshah","doi":"10.3390/sym15112063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15112063","url":null,"abstract":"Strange hadron transverse momentum spectra are analyzed in symmetric pp and PbPb and asymmetric pPb collision systems for their dependence on rapidity and event charged-particle multiplicity. The thermodynamically consistent Tsallis models with and without flow velocity are used to reproduce the experimental data, extracting the freeze-out parameters to gain insights into the underlying physics of the collision processes by looking into the parameters change with different multiplicities, particle types, and collision geometries. We found that with an increase in the event multiplicity, the average transverse flow velocity, effective, and kinetic freezeout temperatures increase, with heavier strange particle species exhibiting a more significant increase. The value of the non-extensivity parameter decreases with an increase in the multiplicity of the particles. For heavier particles, larger Teff and T0 and smaller q have been observed, confirming the quick thermalization and equilibrium for massive particles. Furthermore, the differences in parameter values for particle species are more significant in pp and pPb collisions than in PbPb collisions. In addition, in symmetric pp and PbPb collisions, parameter values (q,T0,βT) show more significant shifts for heavier particles compared to the lighter ones. In contrast, in asymmetric pPb collisions, both heavier and lighter particles display uniform linear progression.","PeriodicalId":48874,"journal":{"name":"Symmetry-Basel","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134991695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we study the entanglement structure of a system of N quantum oscillators with distinctive coupling strengths, all linearly coupled to a common massless scalar quantum field. This study is helpful in characterizing the notion of an entanglement domain and its symmetry features, which is useful for understanding the interplay between different levels of structure in many-body quantum systems. The effect of the quantum field on the system is derived via the influence functional and the correlation functions are obtained from the solutions of the evolutionary operator of the reduced density matrix. They are then used to construct the covariance matrix, which forms the basis for our analysis of the structure of quantum entanglement in this open system. To make the physical features explicit, we consider a system of three quantum coupled oscillators placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle with disparate pairwise couplings. We analyze the entanglement between one oscillator and the other two with equal (symmetric) and unequal (asymmetric) coupling strengths. As a physical illustration, we apply the results for these two different configurations to address some basic issues in macroscopic quantum phenomena from the quantum entanglement perspective.
{"title":"Entanglement and Symmetry Structure of N(= 3) Quantum Oscillators with Disparate Coupling Strengths in a Common Quantum Field Bath","authors":"Jen-Tsung Hsiang, Bei-Lok Hu","doi":"10.3390/sym15112064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15112064","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we study the entanglement structure of a system of N quantum oscillators with distinctive coupling strengths, all linearly coupled to a common massless scalar quantum field. This study is helpful in characterizing the notion of an entanglement domain and its symmetry features, which is useful for understanding the interplay between different levels of structure in many-body quantum systems. The effect of the quantum field on the system is derived via the influence functional and the correlation functions are obtained from the solutions of the evolutionary operator of the reduced density matrix. They are then used to construct the covariance matrix, which forms the basis for our analysis of the structure of quantum entanglement in this open system. To make the physical features explicit, we consider a system of three quantum coupled oscillators placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle with disparate pairwise couplings. We analyze the entanglement between one oscillator and the other two with equal (symmetric) and unequal (asymmetric) coupling strengths. As a physical illustration, we apply the results for these two different configurations to address some basic issues in macroscopic quantum phenomena from the quantum entanglement perspective.","PeriodicalId":48874,"journal":{"name":"Symmetry-Basel","volume":"9 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134991163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the mean-field approximation, the well-known effect of the critical quantum collapse in a 3D gas of particles pulled to the center by potential U(r)=−U0/2r2 is suppressed by repulsive inter-particle interactions, which create the otherwise non-existing s-wave ground state. Here, we address excited bound states carrying angular momentum, with the orbital and magnetic quantum numbers l and m. They exist above a threshold value of the potential’s strength, U0>l(l+1). The sectoral, tesseral, and zonal modes, which correspond to m=l, 0
{"title":"Angular-Momentum Modes in a Bosonic Condensate Trapped in the Inverse-Square Potential","authors":"Hidetsugu Sakaguchi, Boris A. Malomed","doi":"10.3390/sym15112060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15112060","url":null,"abstract":"In the mean-field approximation, the well-known effect of the critical quantum collapse in a 3D gas of particles pulled to the center by potential U(r)=−U0/2r2 is suppressed by repulsive inter-particle interactions, which create the otherwise non-existing s-wave ground state. Here, we address excited bound states carrying angular momentum, with the orbital and magnetic quantum numbers l and m. They exist above a threshold value of the potential’s strength, U0>l(l+1). The sectoral, tesseral, and zonal modes, which correspond to m=l, 0<m<l, and m=0, respectively, are found in an approximate analytical form for relatively small values of U0−l(l+1). Explicit results are produced for the p- and d-wave states, with l=1 and 2, respectively. In the general form, the bound states are obtained numerically, confirming the accuracy of the analytical approximation.","PeriodicalId":48874,"journal":{"name":"Symmetry-Basel","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134901335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：