Hanaka Ishii, M. Yamaji, Haruki Natsukawa, T. Ichinose
Abstract The Daurian Redstart Phoenicurus auroreus has expanded its breeding distribution in recent years and now breeds in Japan, previously only part of its wintering range. We analyzed the breeding habitat selection of the population at the nest and territory scale in the Kirigamine Highlands, Nagano, Central Japan. At the nesting scale, the birds chose buildings frequently occupied by humans, while at the territory scale, they avoided sites in larger built-up areas. Our findings demonstrate that the breeding habitat selection of Daurian Redstart is influenced by environmental factors at both nest and territory scales.
{"title":"Breeding Habitat Selection of the Daurian Redstart Phoenicurus auroreus at the Nest and Territory Scale","authors":"Hanaka Ishii, M. Yamaji, Haruki Natsukawa, T. Ichinose","doi":"10.2326/osj.21.227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2326/osj.21.227","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Daurian Redstart Phoenicurus auroreus has expanded its breeding distribution in recent years and now breeds in Japan, previously only part of its wintering range. We analyzed the breeding habitat selection of the population at the nest and territory scale in the Kirigamine Highlands, Nagano, Central Japan. At the nesting scale, the birds chose buildings frequently occupied by humans, while at the territory scale, they avoided sites in larger built-up areas. Our findings demonstrate that the breeding habitat selection of Daurian Redstart is influenced by environmental factors at both nest and territory scales.","PeriodicalId":49009,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"227 - 234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47419257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract An increasing number of reintroduction programs have been set up in recent years in an attempt to reintroduce once extinct species to their indigenous ranges and create self-sustaining populations. However, the released individuals often experience low mating success and fecundity. Appropriate rearing in captivity is considered essential for the successful post-release reproduction of captive-reared individuals. Low post-release mating success and fecundity are also issues in reintroduced Crested Ibis Nipponia nippon populations on Sado Island. These phenomena may be caused by the effects of hand-rearing in captivity, yet temporary hand-rearing is necessary when captive breeding, because rescuing embryos from mortality is essential due to the abnormal behavior of parent birds in captivity. Therefore, the establishment of rearing methods that temporarily protect embryos or chicks while limiting the negative effects of hand-rearing on breeding after release is needed. To overcome these challenges, we tested how captive rearing methods impact post-release courtship behavior, mating success, and fecundity of the ibis. By combining detailed rearing history in captivity with long-term post-release monitoring, we demonstrate that the initiation of parental rearing before the chicks' eyes open is the critical factor leading to increased pseudocopulation frequency and mating success in captive-born male ibis. Based on these results, not hand-rearing the chicks beyond the day after hatching would reduce the impact of hand-rearing on reproduction after release. Rearing methods that take into account the nestling period should be implemented to enhance the efficiency and reduce the cost of avian reintroduction projects.
{"title":"Effects of Rearing Methods on the Reproduction of Reintroduced Crested Ibis Nipponia nippon on Sado Island, Japan","authors":"Y. Okahisa, Y. Kaneko, H. Nagata, K. Ozaki","doi":"10.2326/osj.21.145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2326/osj.21.145","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An increasing number of reintroduction programs have been set up in recent years in an attempt to reintroduce once extinct species to their indigenous ranges and create self-sustaining populations. However, the released individuals often experience low mating success and fecundity. Appropriate rearing in captivity is considered essential for the successful post-release reproduction of captive-reared individuals. Low post-release mating success and fecundity are also issues in reintroduced Crested Ibis Nipponia nippon populations on Sado Island. These phenomena may be caused by the effects of hand-rearing in captivity, yet temporary hand-rearing is necessary when captive breeding, because rescuing embryos from mortality is essential due to the abnormal behavior of parent birds in captivity. Therefore, the establishment of rearing methods that temporarily protect embryos or chicks while limiting the negative effects of hand-rearing on breeding after release is needed. To overcome these challenges, we tested how captive rearing methods impact post-release courtship behavior, mating success, and fecundity of the ibis. By combining detailed rearing history in captivity with long-term post-release monitoring, we demonstrate that the initiation of parental rearing before the chicks' eyes open is the critical factor leading to increased pseudocopulation frequency and mating success in captive-born male ibis. Based on these results, not hand-rearing the chicks beyond the day after hatching would reduce the impact of hand-rearing on reproduction after release. Rearing methods that take into account the nestling period should be implemented to enhance the efficiency and reduce the cost of avian reintroduction projects.","PeriodicalId":49009,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"145 - 154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41956036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Many bird species with heterogeneous distribution are at risk of extinction. It is essential to identify and elucidate environmental factors explaining such distribution patterns to develop effective conservation strategies for those species. Yellow Bunting Emberiza sulphurata is an endangered migrant bird species exhibiting heterogeneous breeding distribution in Japan. Here we clarify the spatial distribution and the altitudinal range of the Yellow Bunting breeding range, and detect environmental factors (e.g., climate and topography) influencing their distribution pattern using an extensive dataset from the national breeding birds survey of Japan. The presence of Yellow Bunting during the breeding season (1997–2002) and six environmental factors (temperature, snow depth, elevation, tertiary layer, landslide area and forest edge density) were analyzed using maximum entropy models (MaxEnt). We found that Yellow Buntings were present in a higher proportion of survey grids in northern Honshu (the main island of Japan) than elsewhere in the country, and they mainly occurred in areas below 700 m above sea level. Moreover, the elevation of the occupied grids decreased with latitude. Temperature and snow depth were of greater importance (0.380 and 0.350, respectively) than other factors in explaining the breeding distribution of the Yellow Bunting. Our study highlighted the location of the core areas of the Yellow Bunting's breeding distribution, and demonstrated that lower temperature and deeper snow cover are the critical determinants of those areas. There may be abundant prey and fewer avian competitors, such as resident bird species, in colder regions, and more frequent snow avalanches and water from melting snow may establish the marshy and bushy habitat preferred by Yellow Buntings. These findings are essential for developing effective conservation strategies for the endangered Yellow Bunting. As past mass-trapping may have also influenced the heterogeneous distribution of the Yellow Bunting, this is an important avenue for future research from a different perspective.
{"title":"Temperature and Snow Depth Explain the Breeding Distribution Pattern of Yellow Bunting Emberiza sulphurata","authors":"S. Deguchi, Yousuke Ueda, M. Hisano","doi":"10.2326/osj.21.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2326/osj.21.133","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Many bird species with heterogeneous distribution are at risk of extinction. It is essential to identify and elucidate environmental factors explaining such distribution patterns to develop effective conservation strategies for those species. Yellow Bunting Emberiza sulphurata is an endangered migrant bird species exhibiting heterogeneous breeding distribution in Japan. Here we clarify the spatial distribution and the altitudinal range of the Yellow Bunting breeding range, and detect environmental factors (e.g., climate and topography) influencing their distribution pattern using an extensive dataset from the national breeding birds survey of Japan. The presence of Yellow Bunting during the breeding season (1997–2002) and six environmental factors (temperature, snow depth, elevation, tertiary layer, landslide area and forest edge density) were analyzed using maximum entropy models (MaxEnt). We found that Yellow Buntings were present in a higher proportion of survey grids in northern Honshu (the main island of Japan) than elsewhere in the country, and they mainly occurred in areas below 700 m above sea level. Moreover, the elevation of the occupied grids decreased with latitude. Temperature and snow depth were of greater importance (0.380 and 0.350, respectively) than other factors in explaining the breeding distribution of the Yellow Bunting. Our study highlighted the location of the core areas of the Yellow Bunting's breeding distribution, and demonstrated that lower temperature and deeper snow cover are the critical determinants of those areas. There may be abundant prey and fewer avian competitors, such as resident bird species, in colder regions, and more frequent snow avalanches and water from melting snow may establish the marshy and bushy habitat preferred by Yellow Buntings. These findings are essential for developing effective conservation strategies for the endangered Yellow Bunting. As past mass-trapping may have also influenced the heterogeneous distribution of the Yellow Bunting, this is an important avenue for future research from a different perspective.","PeriodicalId":49009,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"133 - 143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42031905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In heterogeneous landscapes, birds may mistime their breeding attempts relative to local food abundance. How birds cope with this challenge has been little studied. In this study, we compared the provisioning behavior and nestling condition of the Green-backed Tit Parus monticolus nesting in a landscape mosaic comprised of native mixed-oak forests and exotic Japanese Cedar Cryptomeria japonica plantations. Parent birds in the larvae-poor plantations time their breeding as they do in the larvae-rich forests and have clutches of similar size. We found that parent birds were flexible in adjusting their criteria for prey choice on the basis of larval abundance. In early spring, in cedar plantations where larval abundance was low, male parents maintained constant nearby feeding trips to the early broods, just as they did in the mixed-oak forests, but reduced their dietary specialization on larvae, while female birds increased their provisioning frequency. Combining both parents' efforts, the early brood nestlings raised in the cedar plantations received food deliveries more frequently and with a higher proportion of non-larval prey than their counterparts did in the mixed-oak forests. In contrast, during late brood rearing, when larvae were abundant, both parents in the plantations foraged heavily on larvae at the expense of other prey, just as they did in the mixed-oak forests. We found that parent birds reared heavier nestlings as the contribution of large larvae to the diet increased. Moreover, the nestlings during early broods in the plantations had lower body weights than their counterparts in the mixed-oak forests. We suggest that the provisioning flexibility of Green-backed Tits helps them gather food for raising nestlings when their breeding attempts are less synchronized with the larval food supply in their habitat. As a result, they can breed successfully in the exotic cedar plantations.
{"title":"Provisioning Flexibility and Nestling Growth of Green-Backed Tit Parus monticolus in a Mosaic of Mixed-Oak Forest and Cedar Plantation in Taiwan","authors":"Ming-Tang Shiao, Mu-Chun Yao, M. Chuang","doi":"10.2326/osj.21.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2326/osj.21.165","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In heterogeneous landscapes, birds may mistime their breeding attempts relative to local food abundance. How birds cope with this challenge has been little studied. In this study, we compared the provisioning behavior and nestling condition of the Green-backed Tit Parus monticolus nesting in a landscape mosaic comprised of native mixed-oak forests and exotic Japanese Cedar Cryptomeria japonica plantations. Parent birds in the larvae-poor plantations time their breeding as they do in the larvae-rich forests and have clutches of similar size. We found that parent birds were flexible in adjusting their criteria for prey choice on the basis of larval abundance. In early spring, in cedar plantations where larval abundance was low, male parents maintained constant nearby feeding trips to the early broods, just as they did in the mixed-oak forests, but reduced their dietary specialization on larvae, while female birds increased their provisioning frequency. Combining both parents' efforts, the early brood nestlings raised in the cedar plantations received food deliveries more frequently and with a higher proportion of non-larval prey than their counterparts did in the mixed-oak forests. In contrast, during late brood rearing, when larvae were abundant, both parents in the plantations foraged heavily on larvae at the expense of other prey, just as they did in the mixed-oak forests. We found that parent birds reared heavier nestlings as the contribution of large larvae to the diet increased. Moreover, the nestlings during early broods in the plantations had lower body weights than their counterparts in the mixed-oak forests. We suggest that the provisioning flexibility of Green-backed Tits helps them gather food for raising nestlings when their breeding attempts are less synchronized with the larval food supply in their habitat. As a result, they can breed successfully in the exotic cedar plantations.","PeriodicalId":49009,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"165 - 176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44861919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Fundamental demographic data of insular populations of Otus owls are not available for most species. This study investigated the population size and the sex ratio of the Ryukyu Scops Owls Otus elegans on Hateruma Island. Capture-recapture data was obtained by intensive marking and route census surveys from July to September in 2021. Analysing the data using a site-occupancy model combined with a data-augmentation technique, the population size was estimated as 155.470 individuals (97.575 males and 57.895 females), with a significant male-biased sex ratio (0.631).
{"title":"Estimation of Population Size and Sex Ratio of Ryukyu Scops Owl Otus elegans on Hateruma Island","authors":"A. Sawada","doi":"10.2326/osj.21.245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2326/osj.21.245","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Fundamental demographic data of insular populations of Otus owls are not available for most species. This study investigated the population size and the sex ratio of the Ryukyu Scops Owls Otus elegans on Hateruma Island. Capture-recapture data was obtained by intensive marking and route census surveys from July to September in 2021. Analysing the data using a site-occupancy model combined with a data-augmentation technique, the population size was estimated as 155.470 individuals (97.575 males and 57.895 females), with a significant male-biased sex ratio (0.631).","PeriodicalId":49009,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"245 - 251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47975713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Huu Ton Le, Doanh Nguyen-Ngoc, Hoang Tung Tran, A. Giang, Edourd Amouroux, A. Muñoz, F. Takasu
Abstract Egg pattern plays a critical role in avian brood parasitism where a brood parasite exploits a host's parental care by laying eggs in host nests relying on the host to rear the parasitic egg(s). It has been demonstrated that many hosts have evolved an ability to recognize and reject parasitic eggs, based on differences in egg patterns, as a defense against brood parasitism, while some parasites have evolved egg mimicry to counter the host defense. Egg pattern is a complex phenotype and its quantitative evaluation has been a focus of much research. In this paper, we propose a novel method for quantifying an egg pattern and assessing the degree of egg pattern mimicry—a measure of the similarity of a parasite egg to host eggs. Our approach is based on image analysis focused on local binary pattern (LBP) and its variant completed local binary pattern (CLBP) that captures the local structure of a pattern in an image. We compare the results obtained by LBP and CLBP with human-eye evaluation, a classical method widely used in previous studies. Both LBP and CLBP can successfully assess the similarity in egg pattern that is positively correlated with human-eye scores with a high accuracy rate. LBP tends to perform better than CLBP at small scales while CLBP performs better for a wide range of larger scales. Our method can be an effective alternative means of assessing the degree of egg pattern mimicry objectively, providing a useful tool for biologists studying avian brood parasitism. Many bird species have specific eggshell patterns (e.g. spots, blotches, lines) and it has been suggested that these patterns are an important functional trait, such as for camouflage against predators. We propose our method as a useful and objective tool for assessing egg patterns.
{"title":"Egg Pattern Mimicry in Avian Brood Parasitism Assessed Using Local Image Descriptors and Human-Eyes","authors":"Huu Ton Le, Doanh Nguyen-Ngoc, Hoang Tung Tran, A. Giang, Edourd Amouroux, A. Muñoz, F. Takasu","doi":"10.2326/osj.21.189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2326/osj.21.189","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Egg pattern plays a critical role in avian brood parasitism where a brood parasite exploits a host's parental care by laying eggs in host nests relying on the host to rear the parasitic egg(s). It has been demonstrated that many hosts have evolved an ability to recognize and reject parasitic eggs, based on differences in egg patterns, as a defense against brood parasitism, while some parasites have evolved egg mimicry to counter the host defense. Egg pattern is a complex phenotype and its quantitative evaluation has been a focus of much research. In this paper, we propose a novel method for quantifying an egg pattern and assessing the degree of egg pattern mimicry—a measure of the similarity of a parasite egg to host eggs. Our approach is based on image analysis focused on local binary pattern (LBP) and its variant completed local binary pattern (CLBP) that captures the local structure of a pattern in an image. We compare the results obtained by LBP and CLBP with human-eye evaluation, a classical method widely used in previous studies. Both LBP and CLBP can successfully assess the similarity in egg pattern that is positively correlated with human-eye scores with a high accuracy rate. LBP tends to perform better than CLBP at small scales while CLBP performs better for a wide range of larger scales. Our method can be an effective alternative means of assessing the degree of egg pattern mimicry objectively, providing a useful tool for biologists studying avian brood parasitism. Many bird species have specific eggshell patterns (e.g. spots, blotches, lines) and it has been suggested that these patterns are an important functional trait, such as for camouflage against predators. We propose our method as a useful and objective tool for assessing egg patterns.","PeriodicalId":49009,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"189 - 198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48248378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Parental role division is common among monogamous birds. Among raptors, males typically expend more effort to feed their chicks than do females, yet few studies have focused on how each pair establishes this role division. Therefore, in this study we examined the mechanism of role division in the Ryukyu Scops Owls Otus elegans on Minami-daito Island. Pairs of this species typically remain together and use the same nest over several years, so there is a possibility that their role division improves with experience over time. To clarify this, we studied the feeding frequency and territorial usage of individuals. Males fed their chicks more frequently than females, and experienced individuals using the same nests fed their chicks more than inexperienced individuals. On comparing experienced and inexperienced pairs, we found that experienced individuals hunted closer to the nest than inexperienced individuals. Furthermore, the home ranges of the males and females of experienced pairs, overlapped less than those of inexperienced pairs. Experience of using a nest site in consecutive years may allow such individual behavioural differences to develop and be involved in role division in parental care.
{"title":"The Effect of Experience on Parental Role Division in Ryukyu Scops Owl Otus elegans","authors":"Ryota Murakami, A. Sawada, Haruka Ono, M. Takagi","doi":"10.2326/osj.21.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2326/osj.21.35","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Parental role division is common among monogamous birds. Among raptors, males typically expend more effort to feed their chicks than do females, yet few studies have focused on how each pair establishes this role division. Therefore, in this study we examined the mechanism of role division in the Ryukyu Scops Owls Otus elegans on Minami-daito Island. Pairs of this species typically remain together and use the same nest over several years, so there is a possibility that their role division improves with experience over time. To clarify this, we studied the feeding frequency and territorial usage of individuals. Males fed their chicks more frequently than females, and experienced individuals using the same nests fed their chicks more than inexperienced individuals. On comparing experienced and inexperienced pairs, we found that experienced individuals hunted closer to the nest than inexperienced individuals. Furthermore, the home ranges of the males and females of experienced pairs, overlapped less than those of inexperienced pairs. Experience of using a nest site in consecutive years may allow such individual behavioural differences to develop and be involved in role division in parental care.","PeriodicalId":49009,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"35 - 44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68750187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Naoki Katayama, H. Uchida, Y. Kusumoto, Tomohiko Iida
Abstract Perennial farmlands such as fruit orchards and vineyards often substitute for natural habitats and provide nesting and foraging habitats for birds. Bird use of perennial farmlands has been investigated mainly in Europe and North America, but far less in Asia, which hosts one-third of identified biodiversity hotspots. We aimed to fill this knowledge gap by performing a systematic review of bird studies in fruit orchards and vineyards in Japan. We screened literature written in English or Japanese including both published and non-peer-reviewed (grey material, e.g., books, abstracts of annual meetings, blogs, and unpublished surveys). The review identified 31 bird species, including four Red List species, that nest in orchards and vineyards in Japan. Several studies have provided insights into the habitat quality of fruit orchards, which appears to vary among bird species. Other studies have reported: (1) the effects of orchard management on bird diversity (e.g., positive effects of organic farming and grass cover on bird richness and abundance); and (2) the ecosystem services by birds (e.g., reduction of pest rodents by predatory Ural Owls Strix uralensis). Our review demonstrates the potential importance of fruit orchards and vineyards to bird species that have adapted to human-modified landscapes, although more quantitative studies are needed to investigate the actual breeding performance of birds. We also illustrate the importance of non-English-language literature, including grey literature, to mitigate ecological knowledge gaps in countries where English is not the first language.
{"title":"Bird Use of Fruit Orchards and Vineyards in Japan: Mitigating a Knowledge Gap with a Systematic Review of Published and Grey Literature","authors":"Naoki Katayama, H. Uchida, Y. Kusumoto, Tomohiko Iida","doi":"10.2326/osj.21.93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2326/osj.21.93","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Perennial farmlands such as fruit orchards and vineyards often substitute for natural habitats and provide nesting and foraging habitats for birds. Bird use of perennial farmlands has been investigated mainly in Europe and North America, but far less in Asia, which hosts one-third of identified biodiversity hotspots. We aimed to fill this knowledge gap by performing a systematic review of bird studies in fruit orchards and vineyards in Japan. We screened literature written in English or Japanese including both published and non-peer-reviewed (grey material, e.g., books, abstracts of annual meetings, blogs, and unpublished surveys). The review identified 31 bird species, including four Red List species, that nest in orchards and vineyards in Japan. Several studies have provided insights into the habitat quality of fruit orchards, which appears to vary among bird species. Other studies have reported: (1) the effects of orchard management on bird diversity (e.g., positive effects of organic farming and grass cover on bird richness and abundance); and (2) the ecosystem services by birds (e.g., reduction of pest rodents by predatory Ural Owls Strix uralensis). Our review demonstrates the potential importance of fruit orchards and vineyards to bird species that have adapted to human-modified landscapes, although more quantitative studies are needed to investigate the actual breeding performance of birds. We also illustrate the importance of non-English-language literature, including grey literature, to mitigate ecological knowledge gaps in countries where English is not the first language.","PeriodicalId":49009,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"93 - 114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41496604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Pallas's Reed Bunting Emberiza pallasi was confirmed to be breeding in grassland at the Volchinka River mouth, Northern Sakhalin, Russia, in July 2019. The density of the species was 0.17 territories/ha. The observed individuals were identified as either E. p. polaris or E. p. pallasi based on their morphological characteristics and geographical location. Two nests and two fledglings were discovered. This is the first evidence of this species breeding on Sakhalin Island. Since northern Sakhalin is several hundred to a thousand kilometres away from the previous known breeding range, our study suggests a possible range expansion of this species.
{"title":"Pallas's Reed Bunting Emberiza pallasi Found Breeding on Sakhalin Island, Russia","authors":"M. Hasebe, M. Senzaki","doi":"10.2326/osj.21.115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2326/osj.21.115","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Pallas's Reed Bunting Emberiza pallasi was confirmed to be breeding in grassland at the Volchinka River mouth, Northern Sakhalin, Russia, in July 2019. The density of the species was 0.17 territories/ha. The observed individuals were identified as either E. p. polaris or E. p. pallasi based on their morphological characteristics and geographical location. Two nests and two fledglings were discovered. This is the first evidence of this species breeding on Sakhalin Island. Since northern Sakhalin is several hundred to a thousand kilometres away from the previous known breeding range, our study suggests a possible range expansion of this species.","PeriodicalId":49009,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"115 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47176289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Alcidae (auks) is a family of wing-propelled diving Charadriiformes, which includes 24 extant species distributed in the Holarctic region. Here, we describe a fossil humerus of Pliocene Alcidae (approximately 4.5–3.5 Ma) from the Fukagawa Group in Hokkaido, Japan. Although this specimen is incomplete and the diagnostic characters of the specific genus are lacking, it shares similar characteristics with Uria, such as the size, dorsoventrally compressed humeral shaft, low and smooth crista deltopectoralis, and a nearly rectangular supracoracoideus scar. While several Alcidae fossils have been reported from the Miocene–Pleistocene deposits (23.0–0.0117 Ma) of the Eastern Pacific (i.e., Mexico and California, USA), little is known about fossils from the Western Pacific (i.e., Asia), most of which have been found from Pleistocene deposits (approximately 0.7–0.12 Ma). This study, reporting the first Pliocene Alcidae from the Western Pacific, implies that the Alcidae were already distributed in the Holarctic region during the early Pliocene.
{"title":"A Fossil Humerus of Pliocene Alcidae (Aves: Charadriiformes) from the Fukagawa Group in Hokkaido, Japan","authors":"Keiichi Aotsuka, H. Endo","doi":"10.2326/osj.21.79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2326/osj.21.79","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Alcidae (auks) is a family of wing-propelled diving Charadriiformes, which includes 24 extant species distributed in the Holarctic region. Here, we describe a fossil humerus of Pliocene Alcidae (approximately 4.5–3.5 Ma) from the Fukagawa Group in Hokkaido, Japan. Although this specimen is incomplete and the diagnostic characters of the specific genus are lacking, it shares similar characteristics with Uria, such as the size, dorsoventrally compressed humeral shaft, low and smooth crista deltopectoralis, and a nearly rectangular supracoracoideus scar. While several Alcidae fossils have been reported from the Miocene–Pleistocene deposits (23.0–0.0117 Ma) of the Eastern Pacific (i.e., Mexico and California, USA), little is known about fossils from the Western Pacific (i.e., Asia), most of which have been found from Pleistocene deposits (approximately 0.7–0.12 Ma). This study, reporting the first Pliocene Alcidae from the Western Pacific, implies that the Alcidae were already distributed in the Holarctic region during the early Pliocene.","PeriodicalId":49009,"journal":{"name":"Ornithological Science","volume":"21 1","pages":"79 - 92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2022-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44699959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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