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Dynamic modeling, simulation, and parameter study of electric quadrotor system of Quad-Plane UAV in wind disturbance environment 风扰环境下四平面无人机电动四旋翼系统的动力学建模、仿真及参数研究
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/17568293211022211
Fan Li, Wenqian Song, Binhe Song, Hang Zhang
Quad-Plane UAV(quadrotor fixed-wing hybrid vertical take-off and landing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) is vulnerable to wind disturbance in quadrotor mode, and the performance of the electric quadrotor system directly affects its wind disturbance rejection performance. To study and optimize the wind disturbance rejection performance of the electric quadrotor system of Quad-Plane precisely and efficiently, a dynamic electric quadrotor simulation system integrating high-precision submodels of electric quadrotor system components is required. However, there are few papers on this kind of simulation system. This paper proposed a simulation system with both high computational efficiency and precision, and it can be used in optimization and flight simulation of Quad-Plane. The simulation system includes submodels of rotor, brushless direct current (BLDC) motor, electronic speed controller (ESC), and Li-ion Polymer battery. The surrogate-based rotor model is established to calculate the aerodynamic performance of the rotor in oblique flow. The BLDC motor performance calculation model considering inductance is presented and the power loss of the ESC is considered. The discharge characteristics of the battery are modeled considering the rate capacity effect. All submodels are validated and the simulation results show good agreements with test data. A flight test of Quad-Plane in quadrotor mode is conducted to validate the integrated dynamic simulation system. The results show that the simulation system has the advantages of high computational efficiency and precision. Based on the simulation system, the influence of the electric quadrotor system parameters on the performance of the electric quadrotor system, and furthermore on the wind disturbance rejection performance of the Quad-Plane are found, the conclusions are helpful to the selection and optimization of the electric quadrotor system components.
四旋翼固定翼混合垂直起降无人机在四旋翼模式下易受风扰,电动四旋翼系统的性能直接影响其抗风扰性能。为了准确有效地研究和优化四平面电动四旋翼系统的抗风扰性能,需要一个集成电动四旋翼组件高精度子模型的动态电动四旋翼仿真系统。然而,关于这种模拟系统的论文很少。本文提出了一种计算效率和精度都很高的仿真系统,该系统可用于四边形飞机的优化和飞行仿真。仿真系统包括转子、无刷直流电机、电子调速器和锂离子聚合物电池等子模块。建立了基于代理的旋翼模型,对旋翼在斜流中的气动性能进行了计算。提出了考虑电感的无刷直流电机性能计算模型,并考虑了ESC的功率损耗。考虑速率容量效应,对电池的放电特性进行了建模。对所有子模型进行了验证,仿真结果与试验数据吻合良好。为了验证该综合动力仿真系统的有效性,进行了四旋翼模式下的四平面飞行试验。结果表明,该仿真系统具有计算效率高、精度高等优点。在仿真系统的基础上,研究了电动四旋翼系统参数对电动四旋翼机系统性能的影响,进而对四平面的风扰抑制性能的影响。
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引用次数: 4
Investigation on aerodynamic characteristics of bionic membrane nano rotor 仿生膜纳米转子气动特性研究
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/17568293211043304
Shanyong Zhao, Zhen Liu, K. Lu, Dacheng Su, Shangjing Wu
In this paper, the bionic membrane structure is introduced to improve the aerodynamic performance of nano rotor at the low Reynolds number. The aerodynamic characteristics of nano rotor made of hyperelastic material as membrane blades are studied. Firstly, based on the hyperelastic constitutive model, a finite element model of the rotor is established and compared with the results of the modal test to verify the accuracy of the model. Then the computational fluid dynamics model of membrane nano rotor is established which combined with the finite element model. The aerodynamic characteristics of the membrane rotor under hovering conditions are studied using fluid–structure interaction method. It is found that the calculation results matched well with the experiment results. The design of the structural parameters such as the membrane proportion, shape, and position of the membrane rotor is optimized. The influence of each parameter on the aerodynamic performance of the rotor is obtained. Under certain structural conditions, the performance can be effectively improved, which provides a new idea for the design of the nano rotor.
本文采用仿生膜结构来改善纳米转子在低雷诺数下的气动性能。研究了超弹性材料纳米转子作为薄膜叶片的气动特性。首先,在超弹性本构模型的基础上,建立了转子的有限元模型,并与模态试验结果进行了比较,验证了模型的准确性。然后结合有限元模型建立了薄膜纳米转子的计算流体动力学模型。采用流固耦合方法研究了悬停条件下膜转子的气动特性。计算结果与实验结果吻合良好。对膜转子的膜比例、形状和位置等结构参数进行了优化设计。得出了各参数对转子气动性能的影响。在一定的结构条件下,可以有效地提高纳米转子的性能,为纳米转子的设计提供了新的思路。
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of 3D-printed span change structures applied to small unmanned aerial vehicles 3D打印跨度变化结构在小型无人机上的应用评估
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/1756829321992139
T. Henry, J. Hrynuk, F. Phillips
An assessment of 3D-printed span-change structures is presented for determining suitability of the technology to small unmanned aerial vehicles. Materials and manufacturing technologies were used with an emphasis on near term applicability with design trades between the aerodynamic performance and structural response. Aerodynamic performance was assessed on three wind tunnel models varying span (432, 600, and 762 mm), wind speed (Reynolds numbers 18,000, 36,000, and 71,000), additive manufacturing print build plane and camber, quantifying structural response as the resulting shape during aerodynamic loading. Each model displayed increasing compliance as span increased with wing-tip displacement on the order of 50, 100, and 200 mm with various degrees of sweep and twist. Models generated excess lift at Re = 71,000 indicating potential flight demonstration of the technology with a lift to drag improvement of up to 97% at maximum wing extension.
对3D打印跨度变化结构进行了评估,以确定该技术对小型无人机的适用性。材料和制造技术的使用强调了近期的适用性,并在空气动力学性能和结构响应之间进行了设计权衡。在三个不同跨度的风洞模型(432、600和762 mm)、风速(雷诺数18000、36000和71000)、增材制造印刷构建平面和弯度,将结构响应量化为空气动力学载荷期间的最终形状。随着翼展的增加,每个模型都显示出越来越大的顺应性,翼尖位移约为50、100和200 mm,具有不同程度的扫掠和扭曲。模型在Re处产生多余升力 = 71000表明该技术的潜在飞行演示,在最大机翼伸展时,升力与阻力的改善率高达97%。
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引用次数: 5
Hear-and-avoid for unmanned air vehicles using convolutional neural networks 使用卷积神经网络的无人飞行器听和避
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/1756829321992137
Dirk Wijnker, Tom van Dijk, M. Snellen, G. de Croon, C. De Wagter
To investigate how an unmanned air vehicle can detect manned aircraft with a single microphone, an audio data set is created in which unmanned air vehicle ego-sound and recorded aircraft sound are mixed together. A convolutional neural network is used to perform air traffic detection. Due to restrictions on flying unmanned air vehicles close to aircraft, the data set has to be artificially produced, so the unmanned air vehicle sound is captured separately from the aircraft sound. They are then mixed with unmanned air vehicle recordings, during which labels are given indicating whether the mixed recording contains aircraft audio or not. The model is a convolutional neural network that uses the features Mel frequency cepstral coefficient, spectrogram or Mel spectrogram as input. For each feature, the effect of unmanned air vehicle/aircraft amplitude ratio, the type of labeling, the window length and the addition of third party aircraft sound database recordings are explored. The results show that the best performance is achieved using the Mel spectrogram feature. The performance increases when the unmanned air vehicle/aircraft amplitude ratio is decreased, when the time window is increased or when the data set is extended with aircraft audio recordings from a third party sound database. Although the currently presented approach has a number of false positives and false negatives that is still too high for real-world application, this study indicates multiple paths forward that can lead to an interesting performance. Finally, the data set is provided as open access.
为了研究无人驾驶飞行器如何用单个麦克风检测载人飞机,创建了一个音频数据集,将无人驾驶飞行器的自我声音和记录的飞机声音混合在一起。卷积神经网络用于执行空中交通检测。由于无人驾驶飞行器在飞机附近飞行的限制,数据集必须人工生成,因此无人驾驶飞行器的声音与飞机的声音是分开捕获的。然后将它们与无人驾驶飞行器的录音混合,在此过程中,会给出标签,指示混合录音是否包含飞机音频。该模型是一个卷积神经网络,使用特征梅尔频率倒谱系数、频谱图或梅尔频谱图作为输入。对于每个特征,探讨了无人飞行器/飞机振幅比、标签类型、窗口长度和添加第三方飞机声音数据库记录的影响。结果表明,使用梅尔谱图特征可以获得最佳性能。当无人驾驶飞行器/飞机的振幅比降低时,当时间窗口增加时,或者当数据集用来自第三方声音数据库的飞机音频记录扩展时,性能会提高。尽管目前提出的方法有许多假阳性和假阴性,对于现实世界的应用来说仍然太高,但这项研究表明,有多条前进的道路可以带来有趣的性能。最后,数据集作为开放访问提供。
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引用次数: 2
Direct Numerical Simulations on the three-dimensional wake transition of flows over NACA0012 airfoil at Re = 1000 Re = 1000时NACA0012翼型三维尾迹转捩的直接数值模拟
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/17568293211055656
T. Kouser, Y. Xiong, Dan Yang, Sai Peng
For micro air vehicles (MAV), the precise prediction of aerodynamic force plays an important role. The aerodynamic force of a comparative low Reynold number (Re) vehicle tends to be affected by the different flow modes. In this paper, the aerodynamic performance of a three-dimensional NACA0012 airfoil is studied numerically. A range of angles of attack (α) 0°−25° and Reynolds number 1000 is considered. Mean and fluctuating coefficients of aerodynamic forces around NACA0012 airfoil are analyzed for different wake modes. The difference of aerodynamic forces between two and three-dimensional simulations are compared. The results show that the wake remains steady two-dimensional for lower angles of attack. At α = 9°, Von Karman vortex pattern is noticed. Flow transition to three-dimensional as the angle of attack increases from α = 13°. 3D wake is found to be stable with parallel shedding mode for 14°-17°. However, these modes become finer with the gradual increase in angle of incidence. While, wake loses its three-dimensional stability to chaotic with gradual increment in angle of attack afterwards.
对于微型飞行器(MAV)来说,精确的气动力预测具有重要的意义。相对低雷诺数飞行器的气动力往往受到不同流动模式的影响。本文对三维NACA0012翼型的气动性能进行了数值研究。考虑攻角(α)为0°~ 25°,雷诺数为1000。分析了不同尾流模式下NACA0012翼型的平均气动系数和波动气动系数。比较了二维仿真和三维仿真的气动力差异。结果表明,在较低迎角时,尾迹保持二维稳定。在α = 9°处,观察到Von Karman涡型。从α = 13°开始,随着迎角的增大,流动向三维过渡。三维尾迹在14°~ 17°范围内具有稳定的平行脱落模式。随着入射角的逐渐增大,这些模态逐渐变细。随着迎角的逐渐增大,尾迹逐渐失去三维稳定性,进入混沌状态。
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引用次数: 6
Never landing drone: Autonomous soaring of a unmanned aerial vehicle in front of a moving obstacle 永不着陆的无人机:无人机在移动障碍物前自动飞行
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/17568293211060500
Chris PL de Jong, B. Remes, Sunyou Hwang, C. De Wagter
Increasing endurance is a major challenge for battery-powered aerial vehicles. A method is presented which makes use of an updraft around obstacles to decrease the power consumption of a fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle. A soaring flight controller has been developed that can autonomously soar while the unmanned aerial vehicle keeps its relative position to that of a moving object. Multiple simulations have been performed to analyse the limitations of the soaring controller under different conditions. The effect of a change in wind velocity and updraft has been analysed. The simulations showed that an increase in updraft decreases the energy consumption of the flight controller. An increase in wind velocity results in a higher updraft requirement, while a decrease in the wind velocity requires less updraft. The simulations achieved sustained flight at 0% throttle. The controller has been validated experimentally using the updraft generated by a moving ship. The practical, autonomous tests reduced the average throttle down to 4.5% in front of a ship. The method presented in this study achieved successful hovering flight using an energy control module for longitudinal positioning.
提高续航能力是电池驱动飞行器面临的一大挑战。提出了一种利用障碍物周围的上升气流来降低固定翼无人机功耗的方法。已经开发了一种飞行控制器,当无人机保持其与移动物体的相对位置时,该控制器可以自主飞行。已经进行了多次仿真来分析在不同条件下翱翔控制器的局限性。分析了风速和上升气流变化的影响。模拟表明,上升气流的增加会降低飞行控制器的能耗。风速的增加会导致更高的上升气流需求,而风速的降低则需要更少的上升气流。模拟实现了在0%油门下的持续飞行。该控制器已通过使用移动船舶产生的上升气流进行实验验证。实际的自主测试将船前的平均油门降低到4.5%。本研究中提出的方法使用能量控制模块进行纵向定位,成功实现了悬停飞行。
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引用次数: 3
Toward the design of dynamically similar artificial insect wings 动态相似人工昆虫翅膀的设计
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/1756829321992138
Heidi E. Reid, Huimin Zhou, Miles Maxcer, Robert K. D. Peterson, Jia Deng, Mark A. Jankauski
Flapping wing deformation influences the aerodynamics of insect flight. This deformation is dictated by the dynamical properties of the insect wing, particularly its vibration spectra and mode shapes. However, researchers have not yet developed artificial insect wings with vibration spectra and mode shapes that are identical to their biological counterparts. The goal of the present work is to develop artificial insect wings that are both isospectral and isomodal with respect to real insect wings. To do so, we characterized hawkmoth Manduca sexta wings using experimental modal analyses. From these results, we created artificial wings using additive manufacturing and heat molding. Between artificial and real wings, the first two natural frequencies differ by 7% and 16% respectively, with differences of 16% and 131% in gains evaluated at those natural frequencies. Vibration modes are similar as well. This work provides a foundation for more advanced wing design moving forward.
扑翼变形影响昆虫飞行的空气动力学特性。这种变形是由昆虫翅膀的动力特性决定的,特别是它的振动谱和模态振型。然而,研究人员还没有开发出具有与生物翅膀相同的振动谱和模态振型的人工昆虫翅膀。本研究的目标是开发与真实昆虫翅膀具有等谱和同模的人工昆虫翅膀。为此,我们使用实验模态分析对Manduca sexta的翅膀进行了表征。根据这些结果,我们使用增材制造和热成型制造了人造翅膀。在人工机翼和真实机翼之间,前两个固有频率分别相差7%和16%,在这些固有频率下评估的增益差异为16%和131%。振动模式也是相似的。这项工作为今后更先进的机翼设计奠定了基础。
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引用次数: 6
User involvement before the development of an indoor RPAS for the creative industries 在为创意产业发展室内RPAS之前,用户的参与
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/1756829321992140
Blanca de-Miguel-Molina, María de-Miguel-Molina, Virginia Santamarina-Campos, M. Segarra‐Oña
This paper presents user needs and preferences gathered prior to the development of an indoor remotely piloted air system. A literature review was carried out to analyse previous studies about the involvement of users in the design of indoor unmanned aerial vehicles. Subsequently, the results of these user needs obtained from three focus groups held in European countries (Belgium, Spain and United Kingdom) are presented here. Through a content analysis of the information obtained in the focus groups, 40 codes and 4 variables were defined and used to examine the differences between types of users and their previous experience with drones. The literature review gave support to the results obtained through users’ involvement in the features to be included in a new unmanned aerial vehicle. Non-parametric tests and qualitative comparative analysis were used to analyse the information gathered in the focus groups. The results revealed few differences between artists working in creative industries and drone operators working for the creative industries. These differences affected features such as detecting and avoiding obstacles, which requires the inclusion of sensors. In addition, previous experience with drones was found to be a sufficient condition to explain greater concerns over safety, ethical and security issues in indoor environments.
本文介绍了在开发室内遥控空气系统之前收集的用户需求和偏好。通过文献综述,分析了以往关于用户参与室内无人机设计的研究。随后,本文介绍了在欧洲国家(比利时、西班牙和联合王国)举行的三个焦点小组对这些用户需求的结果。通过对焦点小组获得的信息进行内容分析,定义了40个代码和4个变量,并使用它们来检查用户类型和他们之前使用无人机的经验之间的差异。文献综述支持通过用户参与将包含在新型无人机中的特征所获得的结果。使用非参数检验和定性比较分析来分析焦点小组收集的信息。结果显示,在创意产业工作的艺术家和为创意产业工作的无人机操作员之间几乎没有区别。这些差异影响了探测和避开障碍物等功能,这需要传感器的参与。此外,以前使用无人机的经验被发现是一个充分的条件,可以解释对室内环境中安全、道德和安保问题的更大担忧。
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引用次数: 0
Design of bio-inspired binocular UAV detection system based on improved STC algorithm of scale transformation and occlusion detection 基于尺度变换和遮挡检测STC改进算法的仿生双目无人机检测系统设计
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/17568293211004846
Huajun Song, Yanqi Wu, Guangbing Zhou
With the rapid development of drones, many problems have arisen, such as invasion of privacy and endangering security. Inspired by biology, in order to achieve effective detection and robust tracking of small targets such as unmanned aerial vehicles, a binocular vision detection system is designed. The system is composed of long focus and wide-angle dual cameras, servo pan tilt, and dual processors for detecting and identifying targets. In view of the shortcomings of spatio-temporal context target tracking algorithm that cannot adapt to scale transformation and easy to track failure in complex scenes, the scale filter and loss criterion are introduced to make an improvement. Qualitative and quantitative experiments show that the designed system can adapt to the scale changes and partial occlusion conditions in the detection, and meets the real-time requirements. The hardware system and algorithm both have reference value for the application of anti-unmanned aerial vehicle systems.
随着无人机的快速发展,出现了许多问题,如侵犯隐私和危及安全。受生物学的启发,为了实现对无人机等小目标的有效检测和稳健跟踪,设计了一种双目视觉检测系统。该系统由长焦和广角双摄像头、伺服云台和用于检测和识别目标的双处理器组成。针对时空上下文目标跟踪算法不能适应尺度变换、在复杂场景中容易跟踪故障的缺点,引入尺度滤波器和损失准则进行改进。定性和定量实验表明,所设计的系统能够适应检测中的尺度变化和部分遮挡条件,满足实时性要求。该硬件系统和算法对反无人机系统的应用具有参考价值。
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引用次数: 3
Collision mechanism of unmanned aerial vehicles onto glass panels 无人机与玻璃板的碰撞机理
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/17568293211060504
Youngjun Choi, Sang Eon Lee, Jae-wook Jung, Jung‐Wuk Hong
The international standards for safety glass design have been limited to the use of a soft body impactor representing a human body to estimate the accidental collision resistance. However, UAVs have recently emerged as a new collision source due to their increasingly widespread use. An evaluation protocol for UAV collision is required to secure the safety of the glass used for structural cladding. In this paper, the collision mechanism of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) onto glass panels is investigated by conducting experiments. We evaluate the impact forces of UAV collision on the glass panels and verify the numerical simulations by comparing the resultant forces from the experiments. Using the verified numerical simulation, 72 different collision conditions (changing the impact angles and velocities, respectively) are modeled, including extreme collision conditions that could be infeasible in the real experiments under manual control. Through this study, complicated collision mechanisms are clarified and elucidated. Additionally, specific collision conditions that induce maximum and minimum threats are identified, which should assist the design of future structural cladding glass systems and the UAV operation discipline in urban areas.
安全玻璃设计的国际标准仅限于使用代表人体的软体撞击器来估计意外碰撞阻力。然而,由于无人机的使用越来越广泛,无人机最近成为了一种新的碰撞源。需要无人机碰撞评估协议,以确保用于结构覆层的玻璃的安全。本文通过实验研究了无人机与玻璃板的碰撞机理。我们评估了无人机碰撞玻璃板的冲击力,并通过比较实验的合力来验证数值模拟。使用经过验证的数值模拟,对72种不同的碰撞条件(分别改变碰撞角度和速度)进行了建模,包括在手动控制下的真实实验中可能不可行的极端碰撞条件。通过这项研究,阐明了复杂的碰撞机制。此外,还确定了导致最大和最小威胁的特定碰撞条件,这将有助于设计未来的结构幕墙玻璃系统和城市地区的无人机操作规程。
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引用次数: 4
期刊
International Journal of Micro Air Vehicles
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