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Vortex flow aerodynamics behind a symmetric airfoil at low angles of attack and Reynolds numbers 对称翼型在低攻角和雷诺数下的涡流空气动力学
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/17568293211055653
D. Kurtulus
The low Reynolds number aerodynamics is important to investigate for micro air vehicle applications. The current paper covers numerical simulations to present the downstream development of the wake patterns and detailed analysis of the vortices generated at the downstream of NACA 0012 airfoil around the critical angle of attack where the instantaneous vortex patterns are oscillatory and differ from the mean vortex pattern for low Reynolds numbers ranging from 1000 to 4000. The instantaneous and mean aerodynamic forces, pressure and skin friction coefficients, and vorticity values are compared in addition to the path of the vortex centers, their longitudinal and lateral spacings, Kármán spacing ratios, and distortion ratios at the wake of the airfoil in regard to the different Reynolds numbers investigated. The streamwise and crosswise velocities of the vortex cores and relative velocities at different transverse locations are also discussed and presented in detail. The correlations between different non-dimensional numbers (St, Re, Ro) are obtained at these low Reynolds numbers investigated.
低雷诺数空气动力学对于微型飞行器的研究具有重要意义。目前的论文涵盖了数值模拟,以呈现尾迹模式的下游发展,并详细分析了NACA 0012翼型下游在临界迎角周围产生的涡,其中瞬时涡型是振荡的,不同于低雷诺数范围从1000到4000的平均涡型。瞬时和平均气动力、压力和表面摩擦系数、涡量值以及涡中心路径、纵向和横向间距、Kármán间距比和不同雷诺数下翼型尾迹的畸变比进行了比较。并详细讨论了涡旋核的流向速度和横向速度以及不同横向位置的相对速度。不同的无量纲数(St, Re, Ro)之间的相关性在这些低雷诺数研究得到。
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引用次数: 4
Project of high altitude balloon launched micro glider: Aircraft design, control and flight test 高空气球发射微型滑翔机项目:飞行器设计、控制和飞行试验
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/1756829320979955
Zhengyu Qu, Cuichun Li, Yong Hao, Feng Yan, Yanchu Yang
This paper presents the design details and flight tests validation of printed circuit board fabricated micro gliders. The purpose of the micro glider is to be launched from a super pressure balloon at high altitude, glide to the target position to collect data and upload data to the staying balloon. The mission demand requires the micro glider to finish precise landing with small size and low fabrication cost. To complete this concept, we designed a PCB fabricated aircraft with limited sensors including GPS and IMU. The first part of the article describes the aerodynamic design methods. The second part introduced the control and guidance system design by controlling the roll angle and flight path angle to complete the precise landing. In the simulation results presented in the third part, launch with no wind condition shows desirable precise landing ability. As a contrast, wind direction and magnitude have significant effects on the guidance ability and accuracy. In the last part, two real flight tests conducted in Inner Mongolia of China are described to compare the flight performance with the current aerodynamics and control system design. Returned data indicated the micro gliders could successfully fly at high altitude. The control algorithm can compute the command roll angle only with GPS and IMU, but some design details still need to be improved to achieve precise landing ability.
本文介绍了印刷电路板制造的微型滑翔机的设计细节和飞行试验验证。微型滑翔机的目的是从高空的超高压气球上发射,滑翔到目标位置收集数据并将数据上传到停留气球上。任务需求要求微型滑翔机以较小的尺寸和较低的制造成本完成精确着陆。为了完成这一概念,我们设计了一种PCB制造的飞机,其传感器有限,包括GPS和IMU。文章的第一部分介绍了空气动力学设计方法。第二部分介绍了通过控制滚转角和飞行轨迹角来完成精确着陆的控制和制导系统设计。在第三部分给出的模拟结果中,无风条件下的发射显示出理想的精确着陆能力。相反,风向和大小对制导能力和精度有显著影响。最后介绍了在中国内蒙古进行的两次实际飞行试验,将飞行性能与目前的空气动力学和控制系统设计进行了比较。返回的数据表明,微型滑翔机可以成功地在高空飞行。控制算法只能通过GPS和IMU来计算指令滚转角,但为了实现精确着陆能力,一些设计细节仍需改进。
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引用次数: 3
Numerical simulation of flapping airfoil with alula 带alula的扑翼型数值模拟
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/1756829320977989
Han Bao, Wenqing Yang, D. Ma, Wenping Song, Bifeng Song
Bionic micro aerial vehicles have become popular because of their high thrust efficiency and deceptive appearances. Leading edge or trailing edge devices (such as slots or flaps) are often used to improve the flight performance. Birds in nature also have leading-edge devices, known as the alula that can improve their flight performance at large angles of attack. In the present study, the aerodynamic performance of a flapping airfoil with alula is numerically simulated to illustrate the effects of different alula geometric parameters. Different alula relative angles of attack β (the angle between the chord line of the alula and that of the main airfoil) and vertical distances h between the alula and the main airfoil are simulated at pre-stall and post-stall conditions. Results show that at pre-stall condition, the lift increases with the relative angle of attack and the vertical distance, but the aerodynamic performance is degraded in the presence of alula compared with no alula, whereas at post-stall condition, the alula greatly enhances the lift. However, there seems to be an optimal relative angle of attack for the maximum lift enhancement at a fixed vertical distance considering the unsteady effect, which may indicate birds can adjust the alula twisting at different spanwise positions to achieve the best flight performance. Different alula geometric parameters may affect the aerodynamic force by modifying the pressure distribution along the airfoil. The results are instructive for design of flapping-wing bionic unmanned air vehicles.
仿生微型飞行器因其高推力效率和具有欺骗性的外观而受到广泛欢迎。前缘或后缘装置(如槽或襟翼)通常用于提高飞行性能。自然界中的鸟类也有被称为alula的尖端装置,可以提高它们在大攻角下的飞行性能。本文采用数值模拟的方法,研究了不同翼型几何参数对翼型气动性能的影响。在失速前和失速后的条件下,模拟了不同的alula相对攻角β (alula弦线与主翼型弦线之间的角)和alula与主翼型之间的垂直距离h。结果表明:在失速前,升力随相对攻角和垂直距离的增大而增大,但与不存在alula相比,存在alula会降低飞机的气动性能,而在失速后,alula能显著提高飞机的升力。然而,考虑到非定常效应,在固定垂直距离下,似乎存在一个最优的相对攻角来获得最大的升力增强,这可能说明鸟类可以在不同展向位置调整翼梢扭转以获得最佳的飞行性能。不同的翼型几何参数可以通过改变沿翼型的压力分布来影响气动力。研究结果对扑翼仿生无人机的设计具有指导意义。
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引用次数: 9
A sectorial fuzzy consensus algorithm for the formation flight of multiple quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles 多架四旋翼无人机编队飞行的扇形模糊共识算法
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2020-11-01 DOI: 10.1177/1756829320973579
E. J. Ollervides-Vazquez, E. G. Rojo-Rodriguez, O. Garcia-Salazar, L. Amezquita-Brooks, P. Castillo, V. Santibáñez
This paper presents an algorithm based on fuzzy theory for the formation flight of the multi-quadrotors. For this purpose, the mathematical model of N-quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles is presented using the Newton-Euler formulation. The strategy of the formation flight is based on a structure composed by a sectorial fuzzy controller and the linear systems whose state variables are the position and velocity of the ith quadrotor. The stability analysis is described as a generalized form for N-quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles and it is based on the Lyapunov theory. This analysis demonstrates that the closed-loop system is globally asymptotically stable so that the quadrotors unmanned aerial vehicles reach the consensus. Numerical simulation demonstrates the robustness of the proposed scheme for the formation flight even in the presence of disturbances. Finally, experimental results show the feasibility of the proposed algorithm for the formation flight of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles.
提出了一种基于模糊理论的多旋翼飞机编队飞行算法。为此,采用牛顿-欧拉公式建立了n型四旋翼无人机的数学模型。编队飞行策略是基于扇形模糊控制器和状态变量为第i架四旋翼飞行器位置和速度的线性系统组成的结构。基于李亚普诺夫理论,将n型四旋翼无人机的稳定性分析描述为一种广义形式。分析表明,该闭环系统是全局渐近稳定的,使得四旋翼无人机达到了共识。数值仿真结果表明,该方法对编队飞行具有鲁棒性。最后,通过实验验证了该算法在多架无人机编队飞行中的可行性。
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引用次数: 3
Active disturbance rejection attitude control for the dove flapping wing micro air vehicle in intermittent flapping and gliding flight 鸽子扑翼微型飞行器间歇扑翼滑翔飞行的自抗扰姿态控制
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2020-08-01 DOI: 10.1177/1756829320943085
Shaoran Liang, Bifeng Song, J. Xuan, Yubin Li
This paper proposes an attitude control scheme for the Dove flapping wing micro air vehicle in intermittent flapping and gliding flight. The Dove flapping wing micro air vehicle adopts intermittent flapping and gliding flight to make the wing movements more natural; this strategy also has the potential to reduce energy consumption. To implement this specific flight mode, this paper proposes a closed-loop active disturbance rejection control strategy to stabilize the attitude during the processes of flapping flight, transition and gliding flight. The active disturbance rejection control controller is composed of three parts: a tracking differentiator, a linear extended state observer and a nonlinear state error feedback controller. The tracking differentiator estimates the given target signal and the differential signal in real time. The extended state observer estimates the system states and system nonlinearity. Moreover, the bandwidth parameterization method is applied to determine the observer gains. The stability of the closed-loop system is verified using Lyapunov’s theorem. Several outdoor flight experiments have been conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method, and the results show that the proposed method can guarantee the stability of intermittent flapping and gliding flight.
本文提出了一种鸽子扑翼微型飞行器在间歇扑翼和滑翔飞行中的姿态控制方案。鸽子扑翼微型飞行器采用间歇性扑翼和滑翔飞行,使机翼运动更加自然;这种策略也有可能降低能源消耗。为了实现这种特定的飞行模式,本文提出了一种闭环自抗扰控制策略,以在扑翼飞行、过渡和滑翔飞行过程中稳定姿态。自抗扰控制器由三部分组成:跟踪微分器、线性扩展状态观测器和非线性状态误差反馈控制器。跟踪微分器实时地估计给定的目标信号和微分信号。扩展状态观测器估计系统状态和系统非线性。此外,应用带宽参数化方法来确定观测器的增益。利用李雅普诺夫定理验证了闭环系统的稳定性。通过多次室外飞行实验验证了该控制方法的有效性,结果表明,该方法能够保证间歇扑动和滑翔飞行的稳定性。
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引用次数: 6
Unmanned aerial vehicle control costs mirror bird behaviour when soaring close to buildings 无人驾驶飞行器的控制成本反映了鸟类在接近建筑物时的行为
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2020-08-01 DOI: 10.1177/1756829320941005
Ana Guerra-Langan, S. Araujo-Estrada, S. Windsor
Small unmanned aerial vehicles (SUAVs) are suitable for many low-altitude operations in urban environments due to their manoeuvrability; however, their flight performance is limited by their on-board energy storage and their ability to cope with high levels of turbulence. Birds exploit the atmospheric boundary layer in urban environments, reducing their energetic flight costs by using orographic lift generated by buildings. This behaviour could be mimicked by fixed-wing SUAVs to overcome their energy limitations if flight control can be maintained in the increased turbulence present in these conditions. Here, the control effort required and energetic benefits for a SUAV flying parallel to buildings whilst using orographic lift was investigated. A flight dynamics and control model was developed for a powered SUAV and used to simulate flight control performance in different turbulent wind conditions. It was found that the control effort required decreased with increasing altitude and that the mean throttle required increased with greater radial distance to the buildings. However, the simulations showed that flying close to the buildings in strong wind speeds increased the risk of collision. Overall, the results suggested that a strategy of flying directly over the front corner of the buildings appears to minimise the control effort required for a given level of orographic lift, a strategy that mirrors the behaviour of gulls in high wind speeds.
小型无人机由于其机动性,适合在城市环境中进行许多低空作业;然而,它们的飞行性能受到机载能量存储和应对高水平湍流的能力的限制。鸟类利用城市环境中的大气边界层,通过利用建筑物产生的地形升力来降低其高能飞行成本。如果能够在这些条件下增加的湍流中保持飞行控制,则固定翼SUAV可以模拟这种行为,以克服其能量限制。在这里,研究了在使用地形升力的同时,SUAV与建筑物平行飞行所需的控制力和能量效益。建立了动力SUAV的飞行动力学和控制模型,用于模拟不同湍流风条件下的飞行控制性能。研究发现,所需的控制力随着海拔高度的增加而减少,所需平均节气门随着与建筑物的径向距离的增加而增加。然而,模拟显示,在强风中靠近建筑物飞行会增加碰撞的风险。总体而言,研究结果表明,直接飞越建筑物前角的策略似乎可以最大限度地减少给定地形升力水平所需的控制力,这种策略反映了海鸥在高风速下的行为。
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引用次数: 3
Editorial 编辑
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/1756829320927593
P. Campoy, P. de la Puente, Adrian Carrio
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引用次数: 0
Optimal attitude tracking control for an unmanned aerial quadrotor under lumped disturbances 无人机四旋翼飞行器在集中扰动下的最优姿态跟踪控制
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2020-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/1756829320923563
L. Ding, Yangmin Li
The robust control problem in attitude tracking of an unmanned aerial vehicle quadrotor is a challenging task due to strong parametric uncertainties, large nonlinearities and high couplings in flight dynamics. In this paper, a continuous nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode controller based on linear extended state observer is proposed for attitude tracking control of a quadrotor under lumped disturbances. The proposed control method requires no prior knowledge of the attitude dynamics. It can ensure rapid convergence rate and high tracking precision due to terminal sliding mode surface and fast reaching law. The controller uses the linear extended state observer to reject the influence of both parametric uncertainties and external disturbances. Meanwhile, the nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode control strategy is designed to ensure the state variables to slide to desired points in finite time. To enhance the control performance, a self-adaptive fruit fly optimization algorithm is applied to parameters tuning of the proposed controller. The effectiveness of the proposed control approach is illustrated through numerical simulations and experimental verification.
无人机四旋翼飞行器姿态跟踪的鲁棒控制问题是一项具有挑战性的任务,因为飞行动力学中存在较强的参数不确定性、较大的非线性和高度耦合。本文提出了一种基于线性扩展状态观测器的连续非奇异快速终端滑模控制器,用于集中扰动下四旋翼的姿态跟踪控制。所提出的控制方法不需要姿态动力学的先验知识。由于终端滑模面和快速到达规律,可以保证快速收敛和高跟踪精度。控制器使用线性扩展状态观测器来抑制参数不确定性和外部扰动的影响。同时,设计了非奇异快速终端滑模控制策略,以确保状态变量在有限时间内滑动到所需的点。为了提高控制器的控制性能,将自适应果蝇优化算法应用于控制器的参数整定。通过数值模拟和实验验证了该控制方法的有效性。
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引用次数: 5
Detection of nearby UAVs using a multi-microphone array on board a UAV 使用无人机上的多麦克风阵列探测附近的无人机
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2020-05-01 DOI: 10.1177/1756829320925748
A. Cabrera-Ponce, J. Martínez-Carranza, C. Rascón
In this work, we address the problem of UAV detection flying nearby another UAV. Usually, computer vision could be used to face this problem by placing cameras onboard the patrolling UAV. However, visual processing is prone to false positives, sensible to light conditions and potentially slow if the image resolution is high. Thus, we propose to carry out the detection by using an array of microphones mounted with a special array onboard the patrolling UAV. To achieve our goal, we convert audio signals into spectrograms and used them in combination with a CNN architecture that has been trained to learn when a UAV is flying nearby, and when it is not. Clearly, the first challenge is the presence of ego-noise derived from the patrolling UAV itself through its propellers and motor’s noise. Our proposed CNN is based on Google’s Inception v.3 network. The Inception model is trained with a dataset created by us, which includes examples of when an intruder UAV flies nearby and when it does not. We conducted experiments for off-line and on-line detection. For the latter, we manage to generate spectrograms from the audio stream and process it with the Nvidia Jetson TX2 mounted onboard the patrolling UAV.
在这项工作中,我们解决了无人机在另一架无人机附近飞行的问题。通常,计算机视觉可以通过在巡逻无人机上放置摄像头来解决这个问题。然而,视觉处理容易出现误报,对光线条件敏感,如果图像分辨率高,可能会变慢。因此,我们建议使用安装在巡逻无人机上的特殊阵列的麦克风阵列来进行探测。为了实现我们的目标,我们将音频信号转换为频谱图,并将其与CNN架构结合使用,CNN架构经过训练,可以学习何时有无人机在附近飞行,何时没有。显然,第一个挑战是巡逻无人机本身通过螺旋桨和电机噪声产生的自我噪声的存在。我们提出的CNN是基于b谷歌的Inception v.3网络。盗梦空间模型是用我们创建的数据集训练的,其中包括入侵者无人机何时在附近飞行以及何时不在附近飞行的例子。我们进行了离线和在线检测实验。对于后者,我们设法从音频流中生成频谱图,并使用安装在巡逻无人机上的Nvidia Jetson TX2进行处理。
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引用次数: 6
Forward flight tests of a quadcopter unmanned aerial vehicle with various spherical body diameters 四轴飞行器不同球体直径的前飞试验
IF 1.4 4区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE Pub Date : 2020-05-01 DOI: 10.1177/1756829320923565
B. Theys, J. De Schutter
This paper presents experimental results on the relation between forward airspeed, pitch angle, and power consumption of a quadcopter unmanned aerial vehicle. The quadcopter consists of an interchangeable spherical body, four cylindrical arms, and small propellers mounted at 1 m diagonal distance to minimize interference between body and propellers. This simple geometry facilitates results reproduction and comparison with simulation. Two different takeoff masses and four diameters of spherical bodies are tested for their steady-state speed and power for pitch angles up to − 45 ° . The steady-state horizontal flight is recorded with on-board sensors at the end of flying long straight lines at a constant pitch angle in wind-still conditions. The best effective lift-to-drag ratio increases for smaller bodies and occurs at higher speeds for increasing mass. Results show that the equivalent frontal surface stays constant for pitch angles further than − 5 ° up to the maximum recorded − 45 ° and increases linearly with the frontal surface of the body.
本文介绍了四旋翼无人机前进空速、俯仰角和功耗之间关系的实验结果。四旋翼机由一个可互换的球形机身、四个圆柱形臂和安装在1 m对角线距离,以最大限度地减少机身和螺旋桨之间的干扰。这种简单的几何结构有助于结果的再现和与模拟的比较。对两种不同的起飞质量和四种直径的球体进行了测试,以确定其在俯仰角高达−45°时的稳态速度和功率。稳态水平飞行是用机载传感器在静止风况下以恒定俯仰角飞行的长直线末端记录的。对于较小的机身,最佳有效升力与阻力比会增加,并且随着质量的增加,在较高的速度下会出现。结果表明,当俯仰角超过−5°至记录的最大−45°时,等效前表面保持不变,并随机身前表面线性增加。
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引用次数: 12
期刊
International Journal of Micro Air Vehicles
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