International Health最新文献

Trachoma is targeted for elimination as a public health problem worldwide by 2030. In Nigeria, elimination activities are implemented at the local government area (LGA) level. They started in 2002 by conducting baseline population-based prevalence surveys (PBPSs), which continued in a systematic manner with engagement from the Global Trachoma Mapping Project in 2013, and subsequently Tropical Data. The results led to the development of Nigeria's first trachoma action plan and its subsequent revision with additional information. Following 449 baseline PBPSs, 122 LGAs had an active trachoma prevalence above the elimination threshold, requiring interventions, while 231 LGAs required community-based interventions for trichiasis management. By 2021, >34 million antibiotic treatments had been provided in 104 LGAs, with 89 LGAs eliminating active trachoma. Nationally, water and sanitation coverages increased by 3% and 18%, respectively, in 7 y. Systematic trichiasis case finding and management were carried out in 231 LGAs, resulting in the management of 102 527 people. Fifty-four LGAs decreased trichiasis prevalence unknown to the health system to <0.2% in persons ≥15 y of age. Where this elimination prevalence threshold was reached, trichiasis services were transitioned to routine eye/healthcare systems. Such progress relied on strong leadership and coordination from the national trachoma program and tremendous support provided by partners. Attaining elimination of trachoma as a public health problem in Nigeria by 2030 is feasible if funding support is sustained.

Background: Little is known about human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination among immigrant children in Canada. We conducted a study in Alberta, Canada to assess HPV vaccine coverage among school-aged immigrant children compared with non-immigrant children.

Methods: This cohort study analysed population-based linked administrative health data to measure HPV vaccine coverage for 346 749 school-aged children, including 31 656 immigrants. Coverage was examined at 12 y of age from 2008 to 2018 for females, and from 2014 to 2018 for males and both sexes combined; vaccine series completion was considered receipt of three doses, with initiation (one or more dose) as a supplementary analysis. Multivariable logistic regression examined the association of vaccine coverage with migration status, adjusting for sociodemographic variables.

Results: Between 2014 and 2018, HPV vaccination coverage among immigrant children at age 12 y was significantly higher (52.58%) compared with non-immigrant children (47.41%). After controlling for place of residence, income quintile, biological sex and year, immigrant children had 1.10 greater odds (95% confidence interval 1.07 to 1.14) of receiving three doses of HPV vaccine compared with non-immigrant children. Immigrants from Asia and Africa had the highest coverage (60.25-68.78%), while immigrants from North America, Oceania and South America had the lowest coverage (39.97-48.36%).

Conclusions: It is encouraging that immigrant children had higher HPV vaccine coverage compared with non-immigrants. Among immigrants, routine immunization promotion strategies should be tailored based on the country of origin.

Background: While the association between education and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is well established, it remains unclear whether this association varies by gender. The aim of this study was to examine two critical research questions: whether the association of education and NCDs is conditioned by gender and, if so, what are the factors contributing to this?

Methods: Data from the Longitudinal Aging Study in India Wave 1 (2017-2018) was used for the empirical analysis. The study employs bivariate, binary logistic regression and Oaxaca decomposition analyses.

Results: The results reveal that the net likelihood of having at least one chronic NCD increases with an increase in education level for men (<5 y of schooling: odds ratio [OR] 1.18 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.09 to 1.28]; ≥10 y of schooling: OR 1.43 [95% CI 1.33 to 1.53]). However, for women, the result showed a contrasting pattern. The decomposition analysis revealed that the distinctive roles of marital status and working status in the diagnosis of morbidity for men and women are the key factors behind the gendered heterogeneous relationship of education and NCDs in India.

Conclusions: The study found that it is important to acknowledge the potential impact of self-reporting bias in morbidity data while examining the relationship between education and NCDs.

Background: The burden of obesity-related, non-communicable diseases in South Africa is persistent, with poor and black South African women particularly vulnerable. The purpose of the present study was to determine relationships between obesity, physical activity, sleep patterns and beverage consumption among black South African women in a rural village in the Limpopo province.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 rural-dwelling African women. Data were collected on beverage consumption, sociodemographic information, sleep patterns and anthropometry using self-reported questionnaires.

Results: The mean body mass index (BMI) was 28.5±7.3 kg/m2, with 40% being classified as obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) and the mean sleep score was 4.68±2.51. Participants with very bad habitual sleeping patterns consumed significantly more sugar-sweetened beverages and alcohol than those with very good sleeping patterns. We also observed that when total coffee with sugar, fruit juice, total sugar-sweetened beverages and weight decreased the number of hours participants slept increased.

Conclusions: The study identified significant associations between body weight, sleep duration and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among rural black South African women. This underscores a need to address unhealthy lifestyle behaviours to lower incidences of non-communicable diseases in rural-dwelling women.

Background: Evidence on risk factors for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in low-resource settings is limited. In Mozambican children <2 y of age with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI), we explored risk factors for RSV, described its seasonal variation and assessed associations between RSV and a life-threatening condition.

Methods: We retrospectively included participants presenting in 2017-2018 in two hospitals in Maputo. RSV was detected and subtyped using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on nasopharyngeal swabs. We used logistic regression and χ2 tests to assess associations and Spearman's correlation coefficient to assess the correlation between weather measurement and RSV positivity.

Results: RSV was detected in 23.1% (n=109) of 472 included children and in 50.0% (20/40) of those <3 months old. Being <3 months (vs >1 y) was associated with RSV (adjusted odds ratio 4.3 [95% confidence interval 2.1-8.5]). RSV status was not associated with experiencing a life-threatening condition. RSV A and B co-circulated during the study period, but one type predominated in each year. In 2017, the RSV positivity rate was correlated with monthly average temperature (r=0.793, p=0.002) and precipitation (r=0.596, p=0.041).

Conclusions: In Mozambican children with SARI, RSV was prevalent, especially in neonates. However, RSV was not associated with a life-threatening condition.

The utilization of traditional medicine (TM) is prevalent among the general population in Africa; however, its use among individuals with diabetes in the region remains underdocumented. This review aimed to synthesize the available literature to identify the prevalence and predictors of TM use among persons with diabetes in Africa. A systematic search was conducted across multiple databases, including MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and AMED, covering studies published from 2000 to April 2023. Of 1560 records identified, 24 articles met the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of TM use varied significantly, ranging from 12.4% to 77.1%, with a median prevalence of 50%. TM was commonly used concurrently with conventional medicine (CM) (35.4-88.4%), with a majority (63.8-91.3%) not disclosing TM use to healthcare providers. Female gender, long diabetes duration, use of oral antiglycaemic medication and family history of diabetes emerged as the most common factors that predicted the use of TM. This review highlights the widespread use of TM among individuals with diabetes in Africa, often in conjunction with CM. The high prevalence of undisclosed TM use emphasizes the urgent need for healthcare providers to actively inquire about TM use during clinical consultations to address potential herb-drug interactions and adverse effects.

Diabetes stigma is a pervasive social phenomenon with significant impacts on individuals living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Despite the negative health impact of diabetes stigma, little is known about the experience of this phenomenon in Africa. This review aimed to synthesize existing quantitative and qualitative studies that examine the experiences and outcomes of T2DM stigma in Africa. A mixed studies review methodology was utilized to conduct this research. Relevant articles were identified by searching the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PubMed, MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases. The mixed method appraisal tool was used to assess the quality of included studies. Of 2626 records identified, 10 articles met the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of diabetes stigma was as high as 70%. The results of the review indicate that individuals with T2DM in Africa are labelled as 'having HIV', 'nearing their death' and 'wasting resources'. These experiences were associated with low quality of life, disease concealment and avoidance of self-management behaviours. The findings highlight the urgent need for further stigma-centric studies to fully understand how T2DM stigma is experienced in Africa. The evidence from such studies would inform the development and evaluation of effective interventions to address this social consequence of T2DM.

Background: There are no recent data on the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (CVDRFs) in Lesotho. This study aims to assess the prevalence of CVDRFs and their determinants.

Methods: We conducted a household-based, cross-sectional survey among adults ≥18 y of age in 120 randomly sampled clusters in two districts.

Results: Among 6061 participants, 52.2% were female and their median age was 39 y (interquartile range 27-58). The overall prevalence of overweight, diabetes, elevated blood pressure (BP) and tobacco use was 39.9%, 5.3%, 21.6% and 24.9%, respectively. Among participants, 34.6% had none, 45.2% had one and 20.2% had two or more CVDRFs. Women were more likely to have two or more CVDRFs (20.7% vs 12.3%). Overall, 7.5% of participants had elevated total cholesterol, 52.7% had low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and 1.6% had elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Among younger participants (18-29 y), 16.1% reported tobacco use, 28.6% were overweight, 1.5% had diabetes and 3.5% had elevated BP. Household wealth positively correlated with the prevalence of elevated BP, overweight and diabetes, whereas tobacco use was higher among people in the lowest three wealth quintiles.

Conclusions: CVDRFs are highly prevalent in Lesotho across age and sex groups, underlining the importance of strengthening prevention and care programs in Lesotho and similar settings in southern Africa.

Background: The aim of the current study was to examine the prevalence and predictors of unmet need for contraception among women in sexual unions in Benin.

Methods: Data for the study was extracted from the recent 2017-2018 Benin Demographic and Health Survey. A weighted sample of 9513 women of reproductive age was included in the study. We used multivariable multilevel binary logistic regression analysis to examine the factors associated with unmet need for contraception.

Results: The prevalence of unmet need for contraception was 38.0% (36.7, 39.2). The odds of unmet need for contraception was higher among women with ≥4 births compared with those with no births, and among those who reported that someone else or others usually made decisions regarding their healthcare compared with those who make their own healthcare decisions. Wealth index was associated with a higher likelihood of unmet need for contraception. Also, the region of residence was associated with unmet need for contraception, with the highest odds being among women from the Mono region (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=2.18, 95% CI 1.33 to 3.58).

Conclusions: Our study shows that the unmet need for contraception among women in Benin is relatively high. Our findings call on relevant stakeholders, including government and non-governmental organisations, to enhance women's empowerment as part of interventions that seek to prioritise contraceptive services for women.