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Digging adaptations evolved independently in two lineages of Psammophiid snake: evidence from cranial morphology Psammophid蛇两个谱系的挖掘适应能力独立进化:来自头骨形态学的证据
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-07-20 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2022.2062459
Nick Sekits, Walter Tunnell-Wilson, Kate Jackson
ABSTRACT The Beaked Snakes (Rhamphiophis) are semi-fossorial snakes with reinforced snouts adapted for digging. The Skaapstekers (Psammophylax) are generalist terrestrial snakes. Both belong to the family, Psammophiidae. The Striped Beaked Snake (Kladirostratus acutus) was originally assigned to the genus Rhamphiophis, because of its beak-like snout. However, molecular evidence indicates that K. acutus is more closely related to Psammophylax. Thus, the “beak” of K. acutus must have evolved independently of that seen in Rhamphiophis. We studied the cranial morphology of K. acutus and representatives of Psammophylax and Rhamphiophis to identify possible traits that may reflect independent derivation of a beak-shaped snout relative to Rhamphiophis. We found that K. acutus retains four main cranial features in common with the Psammophylax: (1) an open fenestra between the premaxilla, nasals and septomaxilla, (2) a lack of fusion between the septomaxilla and the vertical lamina of the nasal, (3) the conchal processes of the septomaxilla extend beyond the dorsal margin of the septomaxilla and (4) a lack of contact between the prefrontals and the dorsal laminae of the nasals. Simultaneously, K. acutus displays traits associated with adaptation to semi-fossorial life in snakes such as a shortening of the maxilla, modification of the premaxilla, elongation of the nasal region, and a narrowing of the braincase.
喙蛇(Rhamphiophis)是一种半化石蛇,其强化的鼻子适合于挖掘。Skaapstekers (psammoophylax)是一种多面手的陆生蛇。它们都属于沙蛉科。条纹喙蛇(Kladirostratus acutus)最初被归入rhamphiphhis属,因为它有喙状的鼻子。然而,分子生物学证据表明,尖叶杉与沙杉的亲缘关系更为密切。因此,阿库图斯的“喙”一定是独立于rhamphiphos的喙进化而来的。我们研究了尖头库鼠以及沙棘科和rhamphiphos的代表物种的颅骨形态,以确定可能反映相对于rhamphiphos独立衍生的喙状口部的特征。我们发现,尖牙K.保留了与沙棘相同的四个主要颅骨特征:(1)在上颌骨前、鼻翼和鼻中隔腋窝之间有一个开放的窗;(2)鼻中隔腋窝和鼻垂直板之间缺乏融合;(3)鼻中隔腋窝的鼻甲突延伸到鼻中隔腋窝的背缘之外;(4)前额叶和鼻背板之间缺乏接触。与此同时,尖吻蛇显示出与适应蛇类半穴居生活相关的特征,如缩短上颌骨、修改前上颌骨、延长鼻区和缩小脑壳。
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引用次数: 0
New records and a notable observation of potentially predator-avoiding amplectic behaviour in Boophis erythrodactylus from Madagascar 马达加斯加红指Boophis erythdactylus潜在捕食者回避示例行为的新记录和显著观察
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-04-14 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2022.2055653
R. Abraham, C. Hutter
ABSTRACT The Red-fingered Bright-eyed Frog Boophis erythrodactylus is an endemic, range-restricted arboreal frog found only in the eastern rainforests of Madagascar. We report new localities for this species, along with locality records for its sister species B. tasymena, including localities where they occur in sympatry, which has never been reported before. We also document evidence for the existence of a colour variant of B. tasymena that is identical to B. erythrodactylus in appearance. We also observed never before documented breeding behaviour in the poorly known B. erythrodactylus, where the male and female in amplexus used a submerged site in a river potentially for oviposition. We also explore why this may be a predator-avoidance strategy considering the presence of aquatic invertebrate predators active near the surface and absence of fully aquatic vertebrate predators, such as fish in headwater stream habitats. Predator-avoidance strategies are a vital component of organismal survival, particularly for amphibians with complex life cycles. Natural history observations are key to revealing such strategies and behaviour, and they form the basis of evolutionary biology and is also fundamental for conservation management.
红指亮眼蛙红指亮眼蛙是一种特有的、活动范围有限的树栖蛙,仅在马达加斯加东部雨林中发现。我们报告了该物种的新地点,以及其姊妹种B. tasymena的地点记录,包括它们在同属中发生的地点,这是以前从未报道过的。我们还记录了一种与红趾双歧杆菌外观相同的色变双歧杆菌存在的证据。我们还观察到以前从未有文献记载的鲜为人知的红趾b虫的繁殖行为,在那里,雄性和雌性的amplexus在一条河的一个潜在的水下地点产卵。我们还探讨了为什么这可能是一种捕食者-回避策略,考虑到在水面附近活动的水生无脊椎动物捕食者的存在,以及在源头流栖息地中缺乏完全水生脊椎动物捕食者(如鱼类)。捕食者-躲避策略是生物体生存的重要组成部分,特别是对于具有复杂生命周期的两栖动物。自然历史观察是揭示这些策略和行为的关键,它们构成了进化生物学的基础,也是保护管理的基础。
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引用次数: 0
On the identity of west Saharan geckos of the Tarentola ephippiata complex (Squamata: Phyllodactylidae), with comments on an extreme case of syntopy with their close relative T. annularis 西撒哈拉鳞尾壁虎复合体(鳞目:毛趾壁虎科)的同一性,及其近亲环尾壁虎的极端同属性
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-04-07 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2022.2055652
Thore Koppetsch, W. Böhme
ABSTRACT Tarentola geckos have a widespread geographic distribution and occur both in the Palearctic and Afrotropical realms, as well as the Neotropical region. Particularly, across North Africa phenotypically similar and cryptic species can be found, like the west Saharan members of the T. ephippiata complex. However, the taxonomic relationships and phylogeographic patterns of these geckos are not fully understood. Here we show that some specimens of Tarentola geckos from Mauritania and southern Morocco previously identified as T. hoggarensis can actually be assigned to T. panousei, a taxon treated as a synonym until now. Because the corresponding type specimen has apparently been lost, we designate a neotype for T. panousei referring to a suitable specimen from the type locality. Based on a morphological examination of the neotype and comparative material we provide a detailed redescription of T. panousei and evaluation of its diagnostic characters. Moreover, we report on a syntopic occurrence of T. annularis and T. panousei on an isolated acacia tree in the Western Sahara and the (micro) habitat use of both species.
摘要Tarentola壁虎具有广泛的地理分布,分布在泛北极和非洲地区,以及新热带地区。特别是,在整个北非地区,可以发现表型相似和神秘的物种,比如埃菲皮亚塔复合体的西撒哈拉成员。然而,这些壁虎的分类关系和系统地理模式尚不完全清楚。在这里,我们表明,一些来自毛里塔尼亚和摩洛哥南部的Tarentola壁虎标本,以前被鉴定为T.hoggarensis,实际上可以归属于T.panousei,这是一个迄今为止被视为同义词的分类单元。由于相应的模式标本显然已经丢失,我们为潘氏锥虫指定了一个新模式,指的是模式所在地的合适标本。在对新类型和比较材料进行形态学检查的基础上,我们对帕努塞锥虫进行了详细的重新描述,并对其诊断特征进行了评估。此外,我们报道了环纹T.annularis和潘氏T.panousei在西撒哈拉一棵孤立的金合欢树上的同期发生,以及这两个物种的(微观)栖息地利用。
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引用次数: 0
Thirty years of amphibian surveys in the Ukagurus Mountains of Tanzania reveal new species, yet others are in decline 坦桑尼亚Ukagurus山脉30年来的两栖动物调查揭示了新物种,但其他物种正在减少
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-03-17 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2022.2043945
H. Christoph Liedtke, John V Lyakurwa, Lucinda P. Lawson, M. Menegon, Marina Garrido-Priego, J. Mariaux, Wilirk Ngalason, A. Channing, Nisha R. Owen, Gabriela B Bittencourt-Silva, M. Wilkinson, J. G. Larson, S. Loader
ABSTRACT Records of biodiversity over time are important resources for assessing conservation priorities. However, such baseline data are missing for regions of key biodiversity importance. The Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania are known for their species richness and endemism, but not all mountain blocks have received the same attention. The Ukaguru Mountains, for example, have only infrequently been surveyed by herpetologists, with the first known herpetological survey in 1990. Here we compile and quantify all amphibian survey efforts in the Ukaguru Mountains in the past 30 years, publish an updated species list and comment on the health of amphibian populations and their habitat. We report on fourteen described species of amphibians, with potentially three additional species awaiting formal description. Of these seventeen lineages, seven are endemic to the Ukaguru Mountains. Although total species numbers remain low, compared with other Eastern Arc Mountains, surveys frequently recorded new species for the Ukaguru Mountains and for science. Worryingly, however, endemics, such as the monotypic bufonid Churamiti maridadi, have not been recorded in the past fifteen years. Our analyses show the region is becoming warmer and drier and is experiencing an alarming rate of deforestation. We find that over the past 30 years, dense forest cover inside the boundaries of the forest reserves has reduced by 8.4%.
摘要生物多样性随时间变化的记录是评估保护优先事项的重要资源。然而,对于具有关键生物多样性重要性的区域,缺少此类基线数据。坦桑尼亚的东弧山脉以其物种丰富和特有性而闻名,但并非所有的山脉都受到了同样的关注。例如,Ukaguru山脉很少被爬行动物学家调查,第一次已知的爬行动物调查是在1990年。在这里,我们汇编并量化了过去30年来乌卡古鲁山脉的所有两栖动物调查工作,发布了最新的物种清单,并对两栖动物种群及其栖息地的健康状况发表了评论。我们报告了14种已描述的两栖动物,可能还有3种正在等待正式描述。在这十七个谱系中,有七个是乌卡古鲁山脉的特有种。尽管与其他东弧山脉相比,物种总数仍然很低,但调查经常记录乌卡古鲁山脉和科学界的新物种。然而,令人担忧的是,在过去的十五年里,地方病学,如单型蟾蜍Churamiti maridadi,没有记录在案。我们的分析表明,该地区正变得越来越温暖和干燥,森林砍伐率惊人。我们发现,在过去的30年里,森林保护区边界内的茂密森林覆盖率下降了8.4%。
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引用次数: 2
Tropidosaura essexi Hewitt, 1927 (Reptilia: Lacertidae) is live bearing: the only viviparous African lacertid 休伊特三角龙,1927年(爬行动物纲:乳虫科)是非洲唯一的胎生乳虫
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-06 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2021.2019839
Gary K. Nicolau, Emily A Jackson, A. Jordaan, G. Alexander
ABSTRACT Viviparity has evolved independently multiple times within squamate reptiles. In the Lacertidae, two genera and several species from the Northern Hemisphere are known to be viviparous. However, although viviparity is present in many African reptiles, all African lacertids were considered exclusively oviparous. The lacertid genus Tropidosaura is restricted to mountainous grassland habitats across central and southern South Africa. Prompted by the dissection of a gravid T. essexi specimen containing well-developed embryos, we dissected additional gravid females from two museum collections to assess parity mode in the four Tropidosaura species. Gravid females of three species contained developing eggs, but all gravid Tropidosaura essexi specimens examined exhibited simple placental development or contained well-developed embryos with the presence of a simple placenta and an absence of any eggshell. The large yolks and simple placentae suggest that viviparity in T. essexi is lecithotrophic. T. essexi thus represents the only known viviparous species of lacertid in Africa and therefore, the first known viviparous lacertid in the Southern Hemisphere, revealing yet another independent case of the evolution of viviparity within the squamates. T. essexi occurs at higher maximum elevations than any of its oviparous congeners, and the recorded litter size in T. essexi was slightly higher than the clutch sizes of other members of the genus. Previously reported oviparity in T. essexi may either be the result of specimen misidentification or potential bimodal reproductive in this species, but this latter explanation is unlikely, given that none of the T. essexi examined in this study showed evidence of oviparity.
摘要胎生性在鳞片爬行动物中已经独立进化了多次。已知北半球的两个属和几个物种是胎生的。然而,尽管许多非洲爬行动物都有胎生现象,但所有非洲草类动物都被认为是卵生的。热带苔草属仅限于南非中部和南部的山地草原栖息地。在解剖一个含有发育良好胚胎的怀孕埃塞西T.essesi标本的推动下,我们从两个博物馆藏品中解剖了更多的怀孕雌性,以评估四个热带物种的交配模式。三个物种的妊娠雌性都有发育中的卵子,但所检查的所有妊娠西回归草标本都表现出简单的胎盘发育,或含有发育良好的胚胎,存在简单的胎盘,没有蛋壳。大的蛋黄和简单的胎盘表明,埃塞西的胎生是非营养性的。因此,T.essesi代表了非洲唯一已知的胎生草动物,因此也是南半球第一个已知的胎动草动物,揭示了另一个独立的鳞片胎生进化案例。埃塞西T.essesi的最高海拔比其任何产卵同类都高,而且埃塞西T.Essesi记录的产仔数略高于该属其他成员的窝数。先前报道的埃塞西T.essesi的产卵可能是标本鉴定错误或该物种潜在的双峰繁殖的结果,但后一种解释不太可能,因为本研究中检查的埃塞西T.都没有显示出产卵的证据。
{"title":"Tropidosaura essexi Hewitt, 1927 (Reptilia: Lacertidae) is live bearing: the only viviparous African lacertid","authors":"Gary K. Nicolau, Emily A Jackson, A. Jordaan, G. Alexander","doi":"10.1080/21564574.2021.2019839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21564574.2021.2019839","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Viviparity has evolved independently multiple times within squamate reptiles. In the Lacertidae, two genera and several species from the Northern Hemisphere are known to be viviparous. However, although viviparity is present in many African reptiles, all African lacertids were considered exclusively oviparous. The lacertid genus Tropidosaura is restricted to mountainous grassland habitats across central and southern South Africa. Prompted by the dissection of a gravid T. essexi specimen containing well-developed embryos, we dissected additional gravid females from two museum collections to assess parity mode in the four Tropidosaura species. Gravid females of three species contained developing eggs, but all gravid Tropidosaura essexi specimens examined exhibited simple placental development or contained well-developed embryos with the presence of a simple placenta and an absence of any eggshell. The large yolks and simple placentae suggest that viviparity in T. essexi is lecithotrophic. T. essexi thus represents the only known viviparous species of lacertid in Africa and therefore, the first known viviparous lacertid in the Southern Hemisphere, revealing yet another independent case of the evolution of viviparity within the squamates. T. essexi occurs at higher maximum elevations than any of its oviparous congeners, and the recorded litter size in T. essexi was slightly higher than the clutch sizes of other members of the genus. Previously reported oviparity in T. essexi may either be the result of specimen misidentification or potential bimodal reproductive in this species, but this latter explanation is unlikely, given that none of the T. essexi examined in this study showed evidence of oviparity.","PeriodicalId":49247,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Herpetology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43000537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mistaken identity: challenges with specimen identification for morphologically conservative skinks (Trachylepis) leads to taxonomic error 错误的身份:挑战与标本鉴定的形态保守石龙子(石龙目)导致分类错误
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-31 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2021.2019838
Kirstin Stephens, G. Alexander, Buyisile G. Makhubo, N. Telford, K. Tolley
ABSTRACT It is commonly recognised that natural history datasets contain locality errors that can compromise the utility of those datasets. However, another source of error in these datasets is taxonomic misidentifications, and this type of error is potentially common, particularly with regards to morphologically conservative species. For example, in the African skinks, the Trachylepis striata and T. varia species complexes each contain morphologically similar species that are commonly confused, despite being genetically distinct. Some species also are partly sympatric, and misidentifications are likely to be especially problematic in those areas. Using DNA barcoding, we assessed misidentification rates between species and applied the updated identifications to known distribution maps to examine whether those maps are accurate representations. Existing banked samples and newly collected samples were DNA barcoded using the mitochondrial 16S gene and supplemented with GenBank data. Identifications were made by matching sequences using haplotype networks that included material from near type localities. The barcode-based identifications were compared with the original identifications recorded for those samples. Taxonomic error was common, particularly in areas of presumed sympatry (error for T. striata species complex: 28%; T. varia species complex: 31%) and this resulted in inaccurately represented species distributions and areas of sympatry. Areas of sympatry were, however, confirmed for T. spilogaster/T. punctatissima, T. striata/T. punctatissima and T. damarana/T. laevigata/T. varia. Our findings corroborate other studies that demonstrate taxonomic error in existing datasets is a significant, but typically unrecognised problem, particularly for morphologically conservative species. This has implications for the utility of historical collections, citizen science records and public databases used in the formulation of species distribution maps, but also for other downstream analyses that rely on these datasets.
人们普遍认为,自然历史数据集包含局部性错误,这可能会损害这些数据集的效用。然而,这些数据集中的另一个错误来源是分类上的错误识别,这种类型的错误可能是常见的,特别是关于形态保守的物种。例如,在非洲石龙子中,尽管遗传上不同,但在形态上相似的石龙子和变种石龙子物种复合体中,每种石龙子都包含了通常被混淆的物种。有些物种也是部分同域的,在这些地区,错误识别可能尤其成问题。利用DNA条形码技术,我们评估了物种之间的误认率,并将更新的鉴定应用于已知的分布图,以检验这些图是否准确表征。使用线粒体16S基因对已有的样本和新收集的样本进行DNA条形码编码,并补充GenBank数据。通过使用单倍型网络匹配序列进行鉴定,其中包括来自近类型位置的材料。将基于条形码的鉴定与这些样品的原始鉴定进行比较。分类学上的错误是常见的,特别是在假定的同属区(纹状体物种复合体的错误:28%;变种弓形虫物种复合体(31%),这导致物种分布和同属区不准确。然而,共感区被证实为溢出型T。斑纹病,斑纹病斑点病和T. damarana/T。laevigata / T。杂物。我们的发现证实了其他研究表明,现有数据集的分类错误是一个重要的,但通常未被认识到的问题,特别是对于形态保守的物种。这不仅影响了历史收集、公民科学记录和公共数据库在制定物种分布图中所使用的效用,也影响了依赖这些数据集的其他下游分析。
{"title":"Mistaken identity: challenges with specimen identification for morphologically conservative skinks (Trachylepis) leads to taxonomic error","authors":"Kirstin Stephens, G. Alexander, Buyisile G. Makhubo, N. Telford, K. Tolley","doi":"10.1080/21564574.2021.2019838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21564574.2021.2019838","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT It is commonly recognised that natural history datasets contain locality errors that can compromise the utility of those datasets. However, another source of error in these datasets is taxonomic misidentifications, and this type of error is potentially common, particularly with regards to morphologically conservative species. For example, in the African skinks, the Trachylepis striata and T. varia species complexes each contain morphologically similar species that are commonly confused, despite being genetically distinct. Some species also are partly sympatric, and misidentifications are likely to be especially problematic in those areas. Using DNA barcoding, we assessed misidentification rates between species and applied the updated identifications to known distribution maps to examine whether those maps are accurate representations. Existing banked samples and newly collected samples were DNA barcoded using the mitochondrial 16S gene and supplemented with GenBank data. Identifications were made by matching sequences using haplotype networks that included material from near type localities. The barcode-based identifications were compared with the original identifications recorded for those samples. Taxonomic error was common, particularly in areas of presumed sympatry (error for T. striata species complex: 28%; T. varia species complex: 31%) and this resulted in inaccurately represented species distributions and areas of sympatry. Areas of sympatry were, however, confirmed for T. spilogaster/T. punctatissima, T. striata/T. punctatissima and T. damarana/T. laevigata/T. varia. Our findings corroborate other studies that demonstrate taxonomic error in existing datasets is a significant, but typically unrecognised problem, particularly for morphologically conservative species. This has implications for the utility of historical collections, citizen science records and public databases used in the formulation of species distribution maps, but also for other downstream analyses that rely on these datasets.","PeriodicalId":49247,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Herpetology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46861472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Convergence and vicariance: speciation of chameleons in the Cape Fold Mountains, South Africa, and the description of three new species of Bradypodion Fitzinger, 1843 趋同与替代:南非福尔德角山脉变色龙的物种形成和Bradypodion Fitzinger三个新种的描述,1843
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2021.1998236
K. Tolley, C. Tilbury, M. Burger
ABSTRACT The mechanisms that underpin ecological speciation, morphological convergence and the evolution of ecological morphotypes (ecomorphs) in squamates have allowed for a better appreciation of the speciation process in chameleons. In particular, attention has been drawn to several populations of chameleons (Sauria, Chamaeleonidae, Bradypodion) from the Cape Fold Mountains, South Africa. Previous work suggested that these populations are genetically divergent, but with strong similarities in phenotype. Using an integrative taxonomic approach that accounts for genetic diversity, habitat and morphology, three of these populations are described as species. One population is from an isolated forest patch and is genetically different at the species level, but morphologically similar to Bradypodion damaranum (Boulenger, 1887) from forested areas in the Knysna region. Although not sister species, the two are in the same clade and probably diverged through vicariance of the forest. Two other populations are from fynbos habitat in adjacent mountain ranges (Tsitsikamma/Langkloof/Kouga mountains and Baviaanskloof Mountains) and are also morphologically similar, but genetically divergent at the species level. These two species are not sister taxa and are not in the same clade yet have a virtually identical phenotype presumably as the result of convergent evolution for the fynbos habitat. Within the context of morphological taxonomy, these populations have been difficult to evaluate. However, when viewed in the context of ecological speciation, convergence and morphological conservatism, the species boundaries are apparent, allowing for them to be described as new taxa.
摘要:支持鳞片生态形态形成、形态趋同和生态形态(生态形态)进化的机制,使人们能够更好地了解变色龙的物种形成过程。特别是,来自南非福尔德角山脉的几个变色龙种群(Sauria、Chamaeleonidae、Bradypodion)引起了人们的注意。先前的研究表明,这些群体在基因上存在差异,但在表型上有很强的相似性。使用综合分类学方法,考虑到遗传多样性、栖息地和形态,其中三个种群被描述为物种。一个种群来自一个孤立的林地,在物种层面上有遗传差异,但在形态上与Knysna地区森林地区的Bradypodion damaranum(Boulenger,1887)相似。虽然不是姐妹物种,但这两个物种属于同一支,可能是由于森林的替代而分化的。另外两个种群来自邻近山脉的芬博斯栖息地(Tsitsikamma/Langkloof/Kouga山脉和Baviaanskloof山脉),在形态上也相似,但在物种层面上存在遗传差异。这两个物种不是姐妹分类群,也不在同一支中,但具有几乎相同的表型,这可能是芬博斯栖息地趋同进化的结果。在形态分类学的背景下,这些种群一直难以评估。然而,从生态物种形成、趋同和形态保守性的角度来看,物种边界是明显的,可以将它们描述为新的分类群。
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引用次数: 5
Shedding light on a threatened midwife toad: fine-scale niche modelling of the Moroccan endemic Alytes maurus (Pasteur and Bons 1962) 揭示受威胁的助产士蟾蜍:摩洛哥特有的Alytes maurus的精细生态位模型(Pasteur and Bons 1962)
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2021.2014989
D. Donaire-Barroso, A. Hernandez, D. Escoriza
ABSTRACT Alytes maurus is one of the lesser-known amphibians of northwestern Africa. This small toad appears in several fragmented subpopulations in the mountainous systems of northern Morocco and it is threatened by deforestation and the pollution of streams. In this study, we evaluate, for the first time, the environmental factors (habitat and climate) that may influence its presence, by comparing the characteristics of the study sites with baseline conditions. The results indicate that the vegetation cover is positively related to the presence of this amphibian, which is possibly mediated by the environmental buffering effect of the plant cover. To ensure the adequate protection of riparian forests and streams is possibly the most efficient strategy for the conservation of this endangered amphibian.
毛猴是非洲西北部一种鲜为人知的两栖动物。这种小蟾蜍出现在摩洛哥北部山区的几个分散的亚群中,它受到森林砍伐和溪流污染的威胁。在这项研究中,我们通过将研究地点的特征与基线条件进行比较,首次评估了可能影响其存在的环境因素(栖息地和气候)。结果表明,植被覆盖与两栖动物的存在呈正相关,这可能是由植物覆盖的环境缓冲作用介导的。确保对河岸森林和溪流的充分保护可能是保护这种濒危两栖动物的最有效策略。
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引用次数: 1
Fatal chytridiomycosis in the Moroccan midwife toad Alytes maurus and potential distribution of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis across Morocco 摩洛哥助产士蟾蜍Alytes maurus的致命壶菌病和在摩洛哥分布的潜在壶菌
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2021.1998235
Barbora Thumsová, D. Donaire-Barroso, E. E. El Mouden, J. Bosch
ABSTRACT Multiple threats, including emerging infectious diseases, are contributing to the extinction of amphibians worldwide. One of the most devastating diseases is the fatal amphibian skin disease chytridiomycosis caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). The presence of Bd in North Africa was described in 2011 and this included the distribution range of the endemic Moroccan midwife toad (Alytes maurus). Here we report new Bd positive occurrences across several distant regions of Morocco, augment the known number of infected species, and describe the first evidence of lethal chytridiomycosis in A. maurus. Although population declines in this species were not recorded, the family Alytidae has been identified as the most susceptible taxonomic group to chytridiomycosis of the Palearctic. An environmental niche model, taking into account new records of Bd in the country, confirms the Mediterranean coast and the Rif and Middle Atlas Mountains as very favourable areas for Bd. Our results suggest that the real impact of chytridiomycosis in North Africa is poorly understood, and that this continent cannot be identified as a region less impacted by chytridiomycosis, as was previously proposed.
摘要包括新出现的传染病在内的多种威胁正在导致全球两栖动物的灭绝。最具破坏性的疾病之一是由真菌Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis(Bd)引起的致命两栖动物皮肤病壶菌病。2011年描述了Bd在北非的存在,其中包括当地的摩洛哥助产士蟾蜍(Alytes maurus)的分布范围。在这里,我们报告了摩洛哥几个遥远地区出现的新的Bd阳性病例,增加了已知的感染物种数量,并描述了毛滴虫致命壶菌病的第一个证据。尽管没有记录到该物种的种群减少,但Alytidae科已被确定为极北极地区最易感染壶菌病的分类群。一个环境生态位模型,考虑到该国的新记录,证实地中海沿岸、里夫山脉和中阿特拉斯山脉是非常有利的Bd地区。我们的研究结果表明,人们对壶菌病在北非的真正影响知之甚少,该大陆不能被确定为受壶菌病影响较小的地区,正如先前提出的那样。
{"title":"Fatal chytridiomycosis in the Moroccan midwife toad Alytes maurus and potential distribution of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis across Morocco","authors":"Barbora Thumsová, D. Donaire-Barroso, E. E. El Mouden, J. Bosch","doi":"10.1080/21564574.2021.1998235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21564574.2021.1998235","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Multiple threats, including emerging infectious diseases, are contributing to the extinction of amphibians worldwide. One of the most devastating diseases is the fatal amphibian skin disease chytridiomycosis caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). The presence of Bd in North Africa was described in 2011 and this included the distribution range of the endemic Moroccan midwife toad (Alytes maurus). Here we report new Bd positive occurrences across several distant regions of Morocco, augment the known number of infected species, and describe the first evidence of lethal chytridiomycosis in A. maurus. Although population declines in this species were not recorded, the family Alytidae has been identified as the most susceptible taxonomic group to chytridiomycosis of the Palearctic. An environmental niche model, taking into account new records of Bd in the country, confirms the Mediterranean coast and the Rif and Middle Atlas Mountains as very favourable areas for Bd. Our results suggest that the real impact of chytridiomycosis in North Africa is poorly understood, and that this continent cannot be identified as a region less impacted by chytridiomycosis, as was previously proposed.","PeriodicalId":49247,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Herpetology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47720772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Long-term field study of the behaviour of Xenopus laevis (Pipidae) in a small dam 小坝中爪蟾(蠓科)习性的长期野外研究
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2022-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2021.1998234
A. Elepfandt, A. Gutsche, W. Fischer, W. Leujak, P. Bishop
ABSTRACT A study of the behaviour of Xenopus laevis in a small dam in South Africa was continued annually from 1992 until 1999. All individuals were tagged. The annual number of frogs varied between 22 and 109 by migration. The sex ratio remained balanced. Most subadults stayed for just one season, whereas half of the adults remained longer. Some individuals reappeared after one or more years of absence. Within a season, male activity was concentrated in series of nights between quiet periods. Higher population density did not result in more territorial, stationary, or roaming males, or more fighting, but mainly in a higher number of inactive males. Fighting was intense, however, at extreme low water in 1995. Territorial males might maintain their territory in subsequent years. The size of individuals did not differ between behavioural types and males of any behaviour could mate successfully. The rare matings aggregated in adjacent nights at peak calling. Female approach to males was not seen, but playback in silent nights caused some females to linger near the loudspeaker. Females that experienced no amplexus during our observations were found significantly more in the shallow areas of the dam where sound did not enter. For mating, females accepted only males larger than 65 mm SVL and repelled all smaller ones. Mating was not size assortative. In both sexes, maturation took years of gradual development before successful mating.
从1992年到1999年,每年都会对南非一座小型水坝中非洲爪蟾的行为进行研究。所有人都被贴上了标签。每年迁徙的青蛙数量在22到109只之间。性别比例保持平衡。大多数亚成体只停留了一个季节,而一半的成体停留的时间更长。有些人在离开一年或几年后再次出现。在一个季节内,男性的活动集中在安静时期之间的一系列夜晚。更高的人口密度并没有导致更多的领地性、静止性或漫游性雄性,也不会导致更多的战斗,但主要是导致更多的不活跃雄性。然而,1995年在极低水位时,战斗十分激烈。领地雄性可能会在接下来的几年里保持自己的领地。不同行为类型的个体大小没有差异,任何行为的雄性都可以成功交配。罕见的交配在临近的夜晚聚集在一起,达到高峰。没有看到雌性接近雄性,但在寂静的夜晚播放会导致一些雌性徘徊在扬声器附近。在我们的观察中,在没有声音进入的大坝浅水区,发现了更多没有样本的雌性。交配时,雌性只接受65岁以上的雄性 毫米SVL并击退所有较小的SVL。交配的大小不相称。在两性中,成熟都需要数年的逐渐发展才能成功交配。
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引用次数: 1
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African Journal of Herpetology
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