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A dwarf among giants: phylogenetic position of the elusive Angolan Adder (Bitis heraldica) and biogeographic affinities of Angolan Afromontane regions 巨人中的侏儒:难以捉摸的安哥拉蝰蛇(Bitis heraldica)的系统发育位置和安哥拉非洲山区的生物地理亲和力
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-07-08 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2020.1782484
L. Ceríaco, K. Tolley, M. P. Marques, M. Heinicke, A. Bauer
ABSTRACT The Angolan Adder, Bitis heraldica (Bocage, 1889), is endemic to the Angolan central plateau and is one of the most poorly known and rarely observed species of African snakes. The phylogenetic placement of B. heraldica within the four subgenera of the genus Bitis (Bitis, Macrocerastes, Calechidna, Keniabitis) has been problematic. The few recent taxonomic and phylogenetic revisions dealing with African viperids and the genus Bitis have not included this species, resulting in the default acceptance of B. heraldica as member of the subgenus Calechidna, based on similar morphology and size. During a survey in Huambo Province, central Angola, we collected the first specimen of this species in the past 65 years, allowing us to examine its phylogenetic relationships to other Bitis using multigene Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses of all species of Bitis, except B. harenna. Contrary to expectations that B. heraldica is a member of the subgenus Calechidna, our results unambiguously place B. heraldica among members of the subgenus Macrocerastes, which contains the largest-bodied species of the genus. The placement of B. heraldica within Macrocerastes raises interesting questions about body-size evolution in viperids and contributes to a better understanding of biogeographic patterns in south-western Africa, and particularly Angola.
安哥拉蝰蛇(Bitis heraldica, Bocage, 1889)是安哥拉中部高原特有的一种非洲蛇,是最不为人所知和很少观察到的一种。纹章B. heraldica在Bitis属四个亚属(Bitis, Macrocerastes, Calechidna, Keniabitis)中的系统发育定位一直存在问题。最近关于非洲毒蛇属和刺刺属的几次分类和系统发育修订没有将该种包括在内,导致基于相似的形态和大小,默认接受刺刺属作为刺刺亚属的成员。在安哥拉中部万博省的一次调查中,我们收集了该物种在过去65年来的第一个标本,使我们能够使用多基因贝叶斯和最大似然分析来检查它与其他Bitis物种的系统发育关系,除了B. harenna。我们的研究结果明确地表明,B. heraldica属于大角蝉亚属(Macrocerastes)的成员,而大角蝉是该属中体型最大的物种。在macrocerecastes中的纹章杆菌的位置提出了关于毒蛇体型进化的有趣问题,并有助于更好地理解非洲西南部,特别是安哥拉的生物地理模式。
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引用次数: 3
The reptiles of Tinhosa Grande islet (Gulf of Guinea): A taxonomic update and the role of Quaternary sea level fluctuations in their diversification 几内亚湾Tinhosa Grande岛的爬行动物:分类更新及第四纪海平面波动在其多样化中的作用
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2020.1832151
L. Ceríaco, Justin M. Bernstein, A. C. Sousa, M. P. Marques, A. Bauer, S. Norder
ABSTRACT The reptile fauna of Tinhosa Grande islet, Gulf of Guinea, comprises an endemic skink, Trachylepis adamastor, and an unidentified species of gecko of the genus Hemidactylus. Until recently, no molecular data were available for either species, impeding their phylogenetic placement. However, due to several synapomorphic characters, it was suggested that the Tinhosa Grande population would be related to the congeners of the neighbouring islands of Príncipe and São Tomé. In a recent survey of Tinhosa Grande islet we collected fresh material of both species, allowing us to examine their phylogenetic relationships to the other members of their respective genera occurring on the neighbouring islands using multigene Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses. In contrast with the morphological results and previous taxonomic allocations, our molecular results suggest that both T. adamastor and the unidentified Hemidactylus sp. are conspecific with their Príncipe counterparts, Trachylepis principensis and Hemidactylus principensis. While today Tinhosa and Príncipe differ strongly in their environmental conditions, we show that the islands have been repeatedly merged into a single landmass as a result of Quaternary sea level fluctuations. We suggest that the repeated fusion of the islands during low sea levels could have impeded the phylogenetic divergence of both populations, while contrasting habitats might have simultaneously promoted some morphological differences.
几内亚湾Tinhosa Grande岛爬行动物区系包括一种特有的石龙子(Trachylepis adamastor)和一种未确定的半爪壁虎属壁虎。直到最近,还没有这两个物种的分子数据,阻碍了它们的系统发育定位。然而,由于几个近亲特征,人们认为Tinhosa Grande种群可能与邻近岛屿Príncipe和 o tom的同系物有关。在最近对Tinhosa Grande岛的一次调查中,我们收集了这两个物种的新材料,使我们能够使用多基因贝叶斯和最大似然分析来检查它们与邻近岛屿上各自属的其他成员的系统发育关系。与形态学结果和先前的分类划分结果相比,我们的分子结果表明,T. adamastor和未识别的Hemidactylus sp.与Príncipe对应的Trachylepis principensis和Hemidactylus principensis是同源的。虽然今天Tinhosa和Príncipe的环境条件有很大的不同,但我们表明,由于第四纪海平面的波动,这些岛屿已经多次合并成一个单一的大陆。我们认为,低海平面时期岛屿的反复融合可能阻碍了两个种群的系统发育分化,而不同的栖息地可能同时促进了一些形态差异。
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引用次数: 2
Seasonal habitat utilisation and morphological characteristics of Chamaeleo dilepis on Telperion Nature Reserve, Mpumalanga, South Africa 南非普马兰加省Telperion自然保护区dilepis变色龙的季节生境利用及形态特征
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-07-02 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2020.1798290
T. L. O'Donoghue, K. Slater, L. Brown
ABSTRACT Limited information on the habitat utilisation and seasonal activity of flap-necked chameleons (Chamaeleo dilepis) is available. We investigated habitat utilisation, seasonal distribution, and sexual dimorphism of C. dilepis on Telperion Nature Reserve (a privately protected natural area) in South Africa. Seven broad plant habitat units were surveyed for one year, which included a wet and a dry season. Plant species richness and species diversity, woody plant densities and canopy cover were recorded and analysed in each of the habitat units. Location, sex, age class and morphological measurements were recorded for located chameleons. Gravid adult females were found to be significantly heavier and larger than adult males, but no differences were found in size or mass for subadults. The occurrence of hatchlings was significantly influenced by rainfall, whereas minimum temperature had a significant influence on the occurrence of adults and subadults. Hatchlings occurred from mid-December to March in habitats associated with high shrub and grass canopy cover and low plant species diversity. Subadults were located from mid-March to the end of May in woody habitats and adults were located from the end of October until the end of May. Subadult and adult chameleons preferred dense woodland with high tree canopy cover and rockiness with high plant species diversity. The results of this study suggest that C. dilepis on Telperion have seasonal habits influenced by rainfall, minimum temperature and habitat structure.
摘要:关于斑颈变色龙(Chamaeleo dilipis)栖息地利用和季节活动的信息有限。我们调查了南非Telperion自然保护区(一个私人保护的自然区)的C.dilopis的栖息地利用、季节分布和两性异形。对七个广泛的植物栖息地单元进行了为期一年的调查,其中包括雨季和旱季。记录并分析了每个栖息地单元的植物物种丰富度和物种多样性、木本植物密度和冠层覆盖率。记录被定位变色龙的位置、性别、年龄等级和形态测量。研究发现,怀孕的成年雌性比成年雄性更重、更大,但亚成年雌性在大小或质量上没有差异。幼鱼的发生受到降雨的显著影响,而最低温度对成虫和亚成虫的发生有显著影响。孵化发生在12月中旬至3月,栖息地的灌木和草地覆盖率高,植物物种多样性低。亚成体在3月中旬至5月底位于木本栖息地,成体在10月底至5月下旬位于。亚成体和成体变色龙更喜欢树冠覆盖率高、岩石多、植物物种多样性高的茂密林地。研究结果表明,Telperion上的C.dilipis具有受降雨量、最低温度和栖息地结构影响的季节性习性。
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引用次数: 1
Systematics of Hyperolius mitchelli Loveridge, 1953 and Hyperolius rubrovermiculatus Schiøtz, 1975 (Anura: Hyperoliidae) and assignment of populations from northern Tanzania mitchelli Loveridge Hyperolius的系统学,1953年和Schiøtz Hyperolius ruberovermolatus,1975年(Anura:Hyperolidae)和坦桑尼亚北部种群的分配
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-06-16 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2020.1768155
Beryl A. Bwong, C. D. Barratt, S. Loader, Joash O. Nyamache, M. Menegon, P. Malonza, P. Nagel, Lucinda P. Lawson
ABSTRACT The taxonomic validity of the East African reed frogs Hyperolius mitchelli Loveridge, 1953 and Hyperolius rubrovermiculatus Schiøtz, 1975 has been questioned in the literature, with the latter having been recognised as a distinct lineage, but also synonymised as a colour variant of H. mitchelli. The recent description of a new closely related congener from Mozambique, Hyperolius stictus (Conradie et al., 2018), along with evidence of genetic differentiation within H. mitchelli has suggested that this widely distributed species might be a species complex. In this study, we reassess the relationships of these closely related species with new field sampling, molecular, morphological and bioacoustics analyses with the aim to assign the correct taxonomic identity to H. cf. mitchelli from northern Tanzania. Our results demonstrate that there are four distinct lineages within this group: H. stictus from Mozambique; H. rubrovermiculatus from southern Kenya; H. mitchelli sensu stricto from central and southern Tanzania and Malawi and H. cf. mitchelli from north-eastern Tanzania. Based on our combined analyses we assign H. cf. mitchelli as a new population of H. rubrovermiculatus with distinct colouration, extending the range of this species from Kenya into northern Tanzania. We also clarify the genetic, morphological and acoustic variation within and between all lineages to further knowledge of this group and provide direction for future study into this fragmented and variable lineage.
摘要东非苇蛙Hyperolius mitchelli Loveridge,1953年和Hyperolius rubbovermolatus Schiøtz,1975年的分类有效性在文献中受到质疑,后者被认为是一个独特的谱系,但也被同义为H.mitchelli的一个颜色变体。最近对莫桑比克一种新的近亲Hyperolius stictus的描述(Conradie et al.,2018),以及H.mitchelli内部遗传分化的证据表明,这种广泛分布的物种可能是一个物种复合体。在这项研究中,我们通过新的实地采样、分子、形态学和生物声学分析,重新评估了这些密切相关物种的关系,目的是为来自坦桑尼亚北部的H.cf.mitchelli赋予正确的分类身份。我们的研究结果表明,该类群中有四个不同的谱系:来自莫桑比克的H.stictus;产于肯尼亚南部的红毛螺H;H.mitchelli senso-stricto来自坦桑尼亚中部和南部以及马拉维,H.cf.mitchelli来自坦桑尼亚东北部。基于我们的综合分析,我们将mitchelli H.cf.mitchelli确定为一个具有不同颜色的红色毛霉菌新种群,将该物种的范围从肯尼亚扩展到坦桑尼亚北部。我们还阐明了所有谱系内部和之间的遗传、形态和声学变化,以进一步了解这一群体,并为未来对这一支离破碎和可变谱系的研究提供方向。
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引用次数: 2
Disease driven extinction in the wild of the Kihansi spray toad, Nectophrynoides asperginis 疾病导致野生的Kihansi喷雾蟾蜍灭绝,Nectophrynoides asperginis
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2020-04-24 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2020.1752313
Ché Weldon, Alan Channing, Gerald Misinzo, Andrew A Cunningham
ABSTRACT The Kihansi spray toad, Nectophrynoides asperginis, became extinct in the wild despite population monitoring and conservation management of its habitat in the Kihansi gorge, Tanzania. Previous investigations have indicated human induced habitat modification, predators, pesticides and disease as possible causes of a rapid population decline and the species extirpation. Here, we systematically investigate the role of disease in the extinction event of the wild toad population. The amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, was detected in spray toads that died during the extinction event and subsequently in other amphibian species in Kihansi Gorge and the adjacent Udagaji Gorge, but not in any toads collected prior to this. Following the population decline, the remaining spray toad population gradually disappeared over a nine-month period. We demonstrate how demographic (rare, low fecundity, high elevation species) and behavioural (congregate in high densities) attributes predisposed the spray toads to chytridiomycosis, as a result of B. dendrobatidis infections, and how epidemic disease could have been exacerbated by altered environmental conditions in the spray wetlands. Our results show that chytridiomycosis was the proximate cause of extinction in the wild of N. asperginis. This represents the first known case of extinction by disease of an amphibian species in Africa. Captive breeding programs, in both the US and Tanzania, have been introduced in order to ensure the survival of the species and a reintroduction program is underway. However, we caution that chytridiomycosis remains an existing threat, which requires a comprehensive mitigation strategy before the desired conservation outcome of an established population of repatriated toads can be achieved.
坦桑尼亚Kihansi峡谷的喷雾蟾蜍(Nectophrynoides asperginis),尽管对其栖息地进行了种群监测和保护管理,但在野外已经灭绝。以前的调查表明,人类引起的栖息地改变、捕食者、杀虫剂和疾病可能是导致种群数量迅速下降和物种灭绝的原因。在这里,我们系统地研究了疾病在野生蟾蜍种群灭绝事件中的作用。在灭绝事件期间死亡的喷雾蟾蜍以及随后在Kihansi峡谷和邻近的Udagaji峡谷的其他两栖动物物种中发现了两栖壶菌,但在此之前收集的任何蟾蜍中都没有发现。随着数量的减少,剩余的喷雾蟾蜍数量在9个月的时间内逐渐消失。我们展示了人口统计学(罕见、低繁殖力、高海拔物种)和行为学(高密度聚集)属性是如何使喷雾蟾蜍易患壶菌病的,这是由于B. dendrobatidis感染的结果,以及如何通过改变喷雾湿地的环境条件加剧了流行病。结果表明,壶菌病是野生曲霉菌灭绝的近因。这是非洲已知的第一例因疾病导致两栖动物灭绝的案例。在美国和坦桑尼亚,为了确保该物种的生存,已经引入了圈养繁殖计划,并正在进行重新引入计划。然而,我们提醒,壶菌病仍然是一种存在的威胁,在实现既定的遣返蟾蜍种群的预期保护结果之前,需要一个全面的缓解战略。
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引用次数: 0
Field Guide to the Frogs & other Amphibians of Africa 非洲青蛙和其他两栖动物野外指南
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2019-12-06 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2019.1700442
E. Netherlands
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引用次数: 32
Morphological and genetic variation of Leptopelis brevirostris encompasses the little-known treefrogs Leptopelis crystallinoron from Gabon and Leptopelis brevipes from Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea 短柄细尾蛙的形态和遗传变异包括来自加蓬的鲜为人知的树蛙结晶细尾蛙和来自赤道几内亚比奥科岛的短尾细尾蛙
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2019-11-11 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2019.1681523
Rayna C. Bell, Patrick J. McLaughlin, G. Jongsma, D. Blackburn, B. Stuart
ABSTRACT The Central African treefrog Leptopelis brevirostris has a characteristically short and vertically truncated snout, a tooth-like process at the centre of the mandible, and unlike most species of Leptopelis, eats terrestrial gastropods. Two morphologically similar species (L. crystallinoron and L. brevipes) have been described in sympatry with L. brevirostris, each on the basis of a single female specimen and then provisionally synonymised with L. brevirostris by subsequent authors. Here we re-examine the holotypes of the three species and collect both genetic (mtDNA and 25 nuDNA loci) and morphological data across the range of L. brevirostris and its sister species L. notatus to test the hypothesis that L. brevirostris is comprised of more than one species. We found that the diagnostic characters for L. crystallinoron (lacking a visible tympanum and having larger vomerine teeth in contact) and L. brevipes (distinctive dorsal colouration) are also present in L. brevirostris and L. notatus. Furthermore, these characters vary among individuals that share the same mitochondrial haplotype and that occur within a single locality, including the type locality of L. crystallinoron. Although all samples from the type locality of L. crystallinoron form a distinct mitochondrial lineage relative to L. brevipes and L. brevirostris, our analysis of 25 nuclear loci does not support this relationship and instead suggests that this mitochondrial divergence reflects phylogeographic structure across the range of L. brevirostris, including samples from the type localities of L. crystallinoron and L. brevipes. By contrast, the mitochondrial divergence between L. notatus and L. brevirostris is strongly supported in the nuDNA dataset. Consequently, we recognise both L. brevipes and L. crystallinoron as synonyms of L. brevirostris. Given the extensive variation in the colour pattern, the tympanic membrane, and the size and shape of the vomerine teeth among L. brevirostris collected from one locality, variation in these traits should be interpreted with caution in taxonomic research on Leptopelis.
摘要:中非树蛙短吻细腹蛙具有典型的短而垂直的吻部,下颌骨中心有一个齿状突起,与大多数细腹蛙不同,它以陆生腹足类为食。两个形态相似的物种(结晶乳杆菌和短乳乳杆菌)在与短乳乳乳杆菌的同域中被描述,每个物种都基于一个雌性标本,随后的作者将其与短乳杆菌暂时同义。在这里,我们重新检查了这三个物种的正模,并收集了短花乳杆菌及其姊妹种注释乳杆菌的遗传(mtDNA和25个nuDNA基因座)和形态学数据,以检验短花乳球菌由一个以上物种组成的假设。我们发现结晶乳杆菌(缺乏可见的鼓室,接触有较大的vomerine牙齿)和短乳杆菌(独特的背侧着色)的诊断特征也存在于短乳杆菌和标记乳杆菌中。此外,这些特征在共享相同线粒体单倍型并出现在单个位置的个体之间有所不同,包括结晶乳杆菌的类型位置。尽管来自结晶乳杆菌类型区的所有样本相对于短乳乳杆菌和短花乳杆菌形成了不同的线粒体谱系,但我们对25个核基因座的分析并不支持这种关系,而是表明这种线粒体差异反映了短花乳菌范围内的系统地理结构,包括来自结晶乳杆菌和短乳乳杆菌的类型部位的样品。相比之下,在nuDNA数据集中,L.nottus和L.brevicostris之间的线粒体差异得到了有力的支持。因此,我们认识到L.brevipes和L.crystinoron都是L.brevirostris的同义词。鉴于从一个地方采集的短喙乳杆菌在颜色模式、鼓膜以及vomerine牙齿的大小和形状方面存在广泛的差异,在对细齿乳杆菌的分类学研究中,应谨慎解释这些特征的变化。
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引用次数: 3
Influences of ecology and climate on the distribution of restricted, rupicolous reptiles in a biodiverse hotspot 生态和气候对生物多样性热点地区限制类爬行动物分布的影响
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2019-11-08 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2019.1681524
MA Petford, R. van Huyssteen, G. Alexander
ABSTRACT Understanding the role of climatic and ecological factors in limiting species to their distributions is becoming ever more important in a world where anthropogenic activities are increasingly threatening species persistence. Species with restricted distributions are often poorly known even though they may be most vulnerable to extinction. We investigated the influences of climate and ecology on the distribution of five understudied, endemic, rupicolous reptiles from the Soutpansberg Mountains in South Africa. Using Maxent, we developed ecological niche models that were used to provide baseline insights into the factors delimiting these species distributions. Results indicated that most species were limited by climatic factors, with the average temperature of the coolest quarter having the most influence on the majority of the species, where they were limited to areas with cooler temperatures. This suggests that they may be negatively affected by climate change in the future. Distribution maps revealed that there were no strong interspecific interactions influencing the distributions between the species investigated and identified potential new localities for two species. There was high endemic richness located in the western Soutpansberg and this is likely to have been driven by past climatic and erosion events. Overall this study highlighted that performing environmental niche models on understudied species can provide essential, baseline information on which to drive future research.
摘要在人类活动日益威胁物种生存的世界里,了解气候和生态因素在限制物种分布方面的作用变得越来越重要。分布受限的物种通常鲜为人知,尽管它们可能最容易灭绝。我们调查了气候和生态对南非苏特潘斯伯格山脉五种研究不足的地方性卢比克爬行动物分布的影响。使用Maxent,我们开发了生态位模型,用于为界定这些物种分布的因素提供基线见解。结果表明,大多数物种受到气候因素的限制,最冷地区的平均温度对大多数物种的影响最大,这些物种仅限于温度较低的地区。这表明他们未来可能会受到气候变化的负面影响。分布图显示,没有强烈的种间相互作用影响所调查物种之间的分布,并为两个物种确定了潜在的新地点。Soutpansberg西部的地方病丰富度很高,这可能是由过去的气候和侵蚀事件造成的。总的来说,这项研究强调,对研究不足的物种进行环境生态位模型可以提供基本的基线信息,推动未来的研究。
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引用次数: 4
Tolerance to salinity and dehydration in the Sahara Desert blue-eyed turtle, Mauremys leprosa saharica (Testudines: Geoemydidae) from a brackish pond in the Lower Draa basin, southern Morocco 撒哈拉沙漠蓝眼龟Mauremys leprosa saharica(Testudines:Geoemydidae)对盐度和脱水的耐受性
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2019-08-09 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2019.1645746
S. Loulida, M. Znari, M. Naimi, Safaa Bendami
ABSTRACT The marginal populations of the Sahara blue-eyed pond turtle, Mauremys leprosa saharica, in the southern-most species distribution range in the pre-Saharan areas of north-west Africa, are faced with extreme environmental conditions of arid climate and anthropogenic and climate change mediated water and land salinisation. In the current study, we investigated a small and isolated population of M. l. saharica at Sidi El Mehdaoui oasis in the Lower Draa River, southern Morocco, in order to assess its osmo- and iono-regulatory abilities and tolerance to salinity and dehydration. Upon capture, turtles were weighed and measured for shell dimensions and blood and voided urine were taken. Tests of exposure to different levels of water salinity (0%, 35%, and 50% seawater) and maintenance out of water (estivation simulation) were carried out. Osmolalities and Na+, Cl−, K+, and urea concentrations were determined in plasma and voided urine, and glycaemia was measured in blood, before and after tests. Turtles were able to survive in brackish waters with a salinity as high as 24% seawater (8.4 ppt). Their voided urine was hypotonic to plasma, which indicated that they could use their bladder water reserves for osmo- and iono-regulation until the iso-osmocity level beyond which osmotic and ionic anhomeostasy can occur. Experimental tests showed that the osmo- and iono-regulatory capacities of these turtles are relatively limited, and not enough effective to allow them to survive for long-term periods in brackish/saline waters or out of water, because of dehydration indicated by progressive weight loss to a critical threshold. The increased drought, water salinisation and habitat fragmentation related to anthropogenic activities and climate change, represent great threats that can create habitats exceeding the species’ threshold for a long-term persistence of the vulnerable small marginal populations of the Saharan pond turtle. So, conservation measures of these populations and their habitats are urgently needed.
摘要撒哈拉蓝眼池龟的边缘种群Mauremys leprosa saharica位于非洲西北部撒哈拉以南地区的物种分布范围内,面临着干旱气候、人为和气候变化介导的水和土地盐碱化的极端环境条件。在目前的研究中,我们调查了摩洛哥南部德拉河下游Sidi El Mehdaoui绿洲的一个小而孤立的M.l.saharica种群,以评估其渗透压和离子调节能力以及对盐度和脱水的耐受性。捕获后,对海龟进行称重和测量外壳尺寸,并采集血液和排泄尿液。进行了暴露于不同盐度水平(0%、35%和50%海水)和出水维护(估算模拟)的试验。在测试前后,测定血浆和排泄尿液中的渗透压和Na+、Cl-、K+和尿素浓度,并测量血液中的血糖。海龟能够在盐度高达24%(8.4ppt)的微咸水中生存。他们排出的尿液对血浆具有低渗性,这表明他们可以利用膀胱水储备进行渗透压和离子调节,直到达到等渗透压水平,超过该水平就会发生渗透压和电离性不平衡。实验测试表明,这些海龟的渗透压和离子调节能力相对有限,不足以使它们在微咸水/盐水或无水中长期生存,因为脱水表明体重逐渐减轻到临界阈值。与人类活动和气候变化有关的干旱、盐碱化和栖息地破碎化加剧,构成了巨大的威胁,可能会造成超过物种阈值的栖息地,使脆弱的撒哈拉池塘龟小边缘种群长期存在。因此,迫切需要对这些种群及其栖息地采取保护措施。
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引用次数: 7
Does partial concealment influence predation attempts on small model snakes in South Africa? 部分隐蔽是否会影响南非小型模型蛇的捕食企图?
IF 1.5 4区 生物学 Q3 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2019-08-08 DOI: 10.1080/21564574.2019.1645745
G. Coombs
ABSTRACT Predation risk may be high in small snakes and most small snakes are thought to avoid certain behaviours, such as basking in open areas to reduce predation risk. The extent to which this concealment limits predation during basking is not known, but available data suggests that such concealment may significantly reduce predation attempts. Using model snakes placed in the field, predation rates on small model snakes were tested, specifically whether attack rates differ between partially concealed model snakes and model snakes placed in open unconcealed positions. Results from the current study support previous studies that predation pressure was high (average = 22.15%), but was not significantly reduced by semi-sheltered basking. An important new finding of this study was the high number of model snakes that experience trampling by wild ungulates (average = 12.72%.) This suggests that snakes basking in open and sheltered areas are also at risk of being killed or injured through trampling by larger animals. This study makes an important contribution to understanding predation pressure in African snakes and highlights other threats that snakes are exposed to during basking and thermoregulation.
摘要小蛇的捕食风险可能很高,大多数小蛇都会避免某些行为,比如在开阔地带晒太阳以降低捕食风险。这种隐蔽性在多大程度上限制了晒太阳期间的捕食尚不清楚,但现有数据表明,这种隐蔽性可能会显著减少捕食企图。使用放置在野外的模型蛇,测试了小型模型蛇的捕食率,特别是部分隐蔽的模型蛇和放置在开放的非隐蔽位置的模型蛇的攻击率是否不同。当前研究的结果支持了先前的研究,即捕食压力很高(平均 = 22.15%),但半遮蔽日光浴没有显著降低。这项研究的一个重要新发现是,大量的模型蛇经历了野生有蹄类动物的践踏(平均 = 12.72%。)这表明,在开阔和有遮蔽的区域晒太阳的蛇也有被大型动物踩踏致死或受伤的风险。这项研究对理解非洲蛇的捕食压力做出了重要贡献,并强调了蛇在晒太阳和体温调节过程中面临的其他威胁。
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引用次数: 1
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African Journal of Herpetology
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