: The problem of collecting reflection data from the layers below a high velocity layer (HVL) and imaging those layers accurately is solved using walkaway vertical seismic profiling (WVSP) technique. The procedure is shown on a dataset from a model of highly faulted, thin-bedded coal layers separated by a high velocity layer of limestone. By locating the receivers above, in, and below the HVL, the reflections are expected to be recorded locally in situ in the borehole below the HVL before they travel back to the surface as in the case of surface seismic. The imaging results obtained from the model (or synthetic) WVSP data lead to the conclusion that promising results may be obtained via the acquisition of field WVSP data such that the layers below the HVL are well-imaged. Analysis of the test results showed that the layers below the HVL can be imaged accurately and robustly when the receivers are situated below the HVL only, while the strong images below the HVL tend to fade away and lose their strength when the receivers are moved above the HVL. However, both these cases of the receiver location geometry are needed to obtain images that are vertically and horizontally stable. When a full instrumentation of the borehole is provided, good images as far as 500 m away from the VSP borehole are obtained from the layers with various dips and faults that are nearly 800 m in depth from the surface. Two cases of velocities (4000 m/s and 5000 m/s) are tested for the high velocity limestone layer. Both cases showed good images below the HVL. Unfortunately, some pulled-up effects are seen in the images right below the HVL where the layers that are immediately below the HVL are imaged above their correct locations, the pulled-up effects are corrected in the deeper sections below the HVL however.
{"title":"Walkaway Vertical Seismic Profiling (WVSP) Modeling and Imaging Study along FaultedCoal Seams over a High Velocity Limestone Model: A Synthetic Study","authors":"C. Erdemir","doi":"10.55730/1300-0985.1776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0985.1776","url":null,"abstract":": The problem of collecting reflection data from the layers below a high velocity layer (HVL) and imaging those layers accurately is solved using walkaway vertical seismic profiling (WVSP) technique. The procedure is shown on a dataset from a model of highly faulted, thin-bedded coal layers separated by a high velocity layer of limestone. By locating the receivers above, in, and below the HVL, the reflections are expected to be recorded locally in situ in the borehole below the HVL before they travel back to the surface as in the case of surface seismic. The imaging results obtained from the model (or synthetic) WVSP data lead to the conclusion that promising results may be obtained via the acquisition of field WVSP data such that the layers below the HVL are well-imaged. Analysis of the test results showed that the layers below the HVL can be imaged accurately and robustly when the receivers are situated below the HVL only, while the strong images below the HVL tend to fade away and lose their strength when the receivers are moved above the HVL. However, both these cases of the receiver location geometry are needed to obtain images that are vertically and horizontally stable. When a full instrumentation of the borehole is provided, good images as far as 500 m away from the VSP borehole are obtained from the layers with various dips and faults that are nearly 800 m in depth from the surface. Two cases of velocities (4000 m/s and 5000 m/s) are tested for the high velocity limestone layer. Both cases showed good images below the HVL. Unfortunately, some pulled-up effects are seen in the images right below the HVL where the layers that are immediately below the HVL are imaged above their correct locations, the pulled-up effects are corrected in the deeper sections below the HVL however.","PeriodicalId":49411,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47752952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
time in Turkey. Abstract: The Galatian Volcanic Province (GVP) located in central-north Anatolia had a rich woody flora. The purpose of the present study is to contribute to the early Miocene woody flora of the GVP from two fossil sites from Doğanyurt Village of the city of Beypazarı in the Province of Ankara. The fossil sites, which are near to each other, have small pieces of fossil woods. Total 16 fossil woods were collected from two neighbour sites. Three thin sections as transversal, tangential and radial sections from each sample were taken, and they were identified microscopically. As a result, ten fossil species were identified, three of which are new ( Cercioxylon mediterraneum Akkemik, Iamandei & Çelik, sp. nov., Cryptocaryoxylon irregularis Akkemik, Iamandei & Çelik, sp. nov., and Myricoxylon doganyurtensis Akkemik, Iamandei & Çelik sp. nov.) and the rest fossil species ( Glyptostroboxylon rudolphii Dolezych & van der Burgh, Taxodioxylon gypsaceum (Göppert) Kräusel, Pinuxylon Gothan, Aceroxylon aceroides Akkemik, Pistacioxylon ufukii Akkemik, Salicoxylon galatianum Akkemik, and Ulmoxylon cf. carpinifolia Greguss ) are found also in these two fossil sites. The fossil Myrica, identified for the first time in Turkey as a wood, has many leaf fossils from the early Miocene sites. The most common fossil trees in the Miocene time of GVP, which are G. rudolphii and T. gypsaceum , were also identified in these new sites. The fossil wood assemblage may indicate that the area had a subtropical climate in lowland, with riparian and
{"title":"Further contribution to the early Miocene woody flora of Galatian Volcanic Provincefrom Doğanyurt Village, Ankara (Turkey)","authors":"Ü. Akkemik, Stănilă Iamandei, H. Çelik","doi":"10.55730/1300-0985.1763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0985.1763","url":null,"abstract":"time in Turkey. Abstract: The Galatian Volcanic Province (GVP) located in central-north Anatolia had a rich woody flora. The purpose of the present study is to contribute to the early Miocene woody flora of the GVP from two fossil sites from Doğanyurt Village of the city of Beypazarı in the Province of Ankara. The fossil sites, which are near to each other, have small pieces of fossil woods. Total 16 fossil woods were collected from two neighbour sites. Three thin sections as transversal, tangential and radial sections from each sample were taken, and they were identified microscopically. As a result, ten fossil species were identified, three of which are new ( Cercioxylon mediterraneum Akkemik, Iamandei & Çelik, sp. nov., Cryptocaryoxylon irregularis Akkemik, Iamandei & Çelik, sp. nov., and Myricoxylon doganyurtensis Akkemik, Iamandei & Çelik sp. nov.) and the rest fossil species ( Glyptostroboxylon rudolphii Dolezych & van der Burgh, Taxodioxylon gypsaceum (Göppert) Kräusel, Pinuxylon Gothan, Aceroxylon aceroides Akkemik, Pistacioxylon ufukii Akkemik, Salicoxylon galatianum Akkemik, and Ulmoxylon cf. carpinifolia Greguss ) are found also in these two fossil sites. The fossil Myrica, identified for the first time in Turkey as a wood, has many leaf fossils from the early Miocene sites. The most common fossil trees in the Miocene time of GVP, which are G. rudolphii and T. gypsaceum , were also identified in these new sites. The fossil wood assemblage may indicate that the area had a subtropical climate in lowland, with riparian and","PeriodicalId":49411,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41851140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: The socle stones of the Great Temple in the Lower City of the Hittite capital city, Hattusha (Çorum Province) have been studied for the first time by petrographic and geochemical analysis (Sr isotope, stable isotope, and trace element geochemistry). Study objectives were to determine the carbonate facies of the stone samples used in the Great Temple and investigate their possible sources. Petrographic analysis of 10 limestone samples presents five clusters of different microfacies. Stable isotope (δ 13 C and δ 18 O) analysis displayed the presence of 5 groups in parallel with petrographic analysis. Trace element analysis of the same groups displayed considerable difference among the stone samples and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr isotope ratios change between 0.70697 and 0.706867. Based on the results, it can be stated that the building using stones are from probably five different sources. This is of great importance to better understand the construction process and the acquisition of the building materials.
{"title":"Geochemical and petrographic approach for the origin of the limestone blocks of thewalls of the Great Temple of Hattusha, Çorum (N-Turkey)","authors":"İ. Yılmaz, A. Schachner, I. Uysal, Ezgi Ünal İmer","doi":"10.55730/1300-0985.1774","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0985.1774","url":null,"abstract":": The socle stones of the Great Temple in the Lower City of the Hittite capital city, Hattusha (Çorum Province) have been studied for the first time by petrographic and geochemical analysis (Sr isotope, stable isotope, and trace element geochemistry). Study objectives were to determine the carbonate facies of the stone samples used in the Great Temple and investigate their possible sources. Petrographic analysis of 10 limestone samples presents five clusters of different microfacies. Stable isotope (δ 13 C and δ 18 O) analysis displayed the presence of 5 groups in parallel with petrographic analysis. Trace element analysis of the same groups displayed considerable difference among the stone samples and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr isotope ratios change between 0.70697 and 0.706867. Based on the results, it can be stated that the building using stones are from probably five different sources. This is of great importance to better understand the construction process and the acquisition of the building materials.","PeriodicalId":49411,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47362247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mudassar Nawaz, Muhammad Rustam Khan, U. Nisar, M. R. Mughal
: Faults can be either conduits or baffles for hydrocarbon flow. Assessing the sealing potential of faults plays a vital role in reducing the risks associated with hydrocarbon exploration. The study area is located in Jherruck Block, Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan. Several intervals within the Lower Goru Formation in Lower Indus Basin are proven hydrocarbon reservoirs. The main aim of the study is to predict the cause of failure of 3 wells (Jherruck B-1, Jamali-1, and Jamali Deep-1), and to propose a new well location based on juxtaposition analysis and shale gouge ratio (SGR). The Upper Sands (sandstone) of the Lower Goru Formation (A-Sand, B-Sand, C-Sand, and D-Sand) have reservoir potential in the region including the Jherruck Block. These reservoir sands have been interpreted in seismic sections to generate time and depth surface maps. Using depth surface maps, Allan diagrams have been constructed for juxtaposition and shale gouge ratio analysis. The integration between juxtaposition and shale gouge ratio analysis suggested that the main reason for the failure of these wells was sandstone to sandstone juxtapositions leading to updip hydrocarbon leakage to the adjacent fault block. In addition to this, the shale gouge ratio indicated low shale gouge distribution in the fault zones. Allan diagram and shale gouge ratio analyses helped us to propose a new well location further northwest of Jherruck B-1 well where sands are juxtaposed against impermeable shale lithology of the Goru Formation and SGR ratio is above 80%
{"title":"Reducing uncertainty with fault seal analysis: A case study of Jherruck Block, LowerIndus Basin, Pakistan","authors":"Mudassar Nawaz, Muhammad Rustam Khan, U. Nisar, M. R. Mughal","doi":"10.55730/1300-0985.1775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0985.1775","url":null,"abstract":": Faults can be either conduits or baffles for hydrocarbon flow. Assessing the sealing potential of faults plays a vital role in reducing the risks associated with hydrocarbon exploration. The study area is located in Jherruck Block, Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan. Several intervals within the Lower Goru Formation in Lower Indus Basin are proven hydrocarbon reservoirs. The main aim of the study is to predict the cause of failure of 3 wells (Jherruck B-1, Jamali-1, and Jamali Deep-1), and to propose a new well location based on juxtaposition analysis and shale gouge ratio (SGR). The Upper Sands (sandstone) of the Lower Goru Formation (A-Sand, B-Sand, C-Sand, and D-Sand) have reservoir potential in the region including the Jherruck Block. These reservoir sands have been interpreted in seismic sections to generate time and depth surface maps. Using depth surface maps, Allan diagrams have been constructed for juxtaposition and shale gouge ratio analysis. The integration between juxtaposition and shale gouge ratio analysis suggested that the main reason for the failure of these wells was sandstone to sandstone juxtapositions leading to updip hydrocarbon leakage to the adjacent fault block. In addition to this, the shale gouge ratio indicated low shale gouge distribution in the fault zones. Allan diagram and shale gouge ratio analyses helped us to propose a new well location further northwest of Jherruck B-1 well where sands are juxtaposed against impermeable shale lithology of the Goru Formation and SGR ratio is above 80%","PeriodicalId":49411,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":"73 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41295562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Özlem Makaroğlu, Melda Küçükdemirci, Nurgül Karlıoğlu, Dursun Acar, A. Gürel, R. Dağdeviren, N. Yakupoğlu, Asen Sabuncu, Damla Şahi̇n Altun, M. Karaöz, M. N. Çağatay
{"title":"Holocene sedimentary history of South Danamandıra Lake: a peatland in west of İstanbul, Çatalca Peninsula, NW Turkey","authors":"Özlem Makaroğlu, Melda Küçükdemirci, Nurgül Karlıoğlu, Dursun Acar, A. Gürel, R. Dağdeviren, N. Yakupoğlu, Asen Sabuncu, Damla Şahi̇n Altun, M. Karaöz, M. N. Çağatay","doi":"10.55730/1300-0985.1809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0985.1809","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49411,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49638029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tectonomagmatic reconstruction of the Upper Mesozoic-Cenozoic Neotethyan arcs in the Lut block, East Iran: a review and synthesis","authors":"R. Arjmandzadeh, S. Alirezaei, Alireza Almasi","doi":"10.55730/1300-0985.1818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0985.1818","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49411,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44013071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ceren Küçükuysal, M. Gül, Tural Aghayev, Merve Gülcan
{"title":"Mineralogical and geochemical signatures of weathering on carbonate rocks and dynamic young land surfaces in Muğla Polje (SW Turkey)","authors":"Ceren Küçükuysal, M. Gül, Tural Aghayev, Merve Gülcan","doi":"10.55730/1300-0985.1820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0985.1820","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49411,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45117532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Detrital composition of Triassic to Neogene sandstones in the Sulaiman Fold-Thrust Belt, Pakistan: implications for pre- and postcollisional evolution of the northwestern Indian margin","authors":"Shazia Fareed, A. Kassi, A. Kasi, N. Aysal","doi":"10.55730/1300-0985.1807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0985.1807","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49411,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43235839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: One of the major components of continental collision zones is their imbricated zones. Such a zone along the Southeast Anatolian Orogenic Belt (SAOB) is solely controlled by a still-active convergence and accretion system between the Anatolian Plate and Arabian platform since at least Late Cretaceous. The zone is characterized by NEE/SWW-trending, northward-dipping thrust slices that are squeezed between the Tauride Block to the north and the Arabian platform to the south. The units cropping out within the zone comprise Neo-Tethys-related magmatic, ophiolitic, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks with Late Cretaceous to Miocene formation/metamorphism ages. The Karanlıkdere granitoid intrudes into Late Cretaceous Meydan ophiolite, Helete volcanics, and Malatya metamorphics. These units thrust over Cenozoic volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Although various scenarios have been proposed for the late Cretaceous to Neogene evolution of the complex region, quantitative data aiming to understand the growth mechanism of the imbrication zone in the region are limited. The zircon U-Pb and the apatite fission track (AFT) thermochronology were applied to the Karanlıkdere granitoid within the imbrication zone of the Southeast Anatolian Orogenic Belt (SAOB). The LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb age yields 79.67 ± 0.24 Ma with 0.23–0.65 Th/U ratios. This age is slightly younger than the previously published ages, indicating that the main body of the Karanlıkdere granitoid formed 3-4 Ma later than the small dikes intruded into other units. The AFT ages are directly controlled by altitude and range between 40.38 ± 3.4 Ma and 22.81 ± 0.63 Ma. The oldest AFT age has the highest altitude, whereas the youngest has the lowest height. The age-temperature models show a slow uplift rate between 40 Ma and 22 Ma. The results indicate that the growth of the imbrication zone in front of the Nappes of the SAOB continued in a steady-state mode with a slow uplift rate of 0.02 ± 0.005 mm/a, during middle-late Eocene to early Miocene and increasing uplift rate during early-middle Miocene, which might be explained by continental collision during early-middle Miocene.
{"title":"Growth of the imbrication zone along the southeast Anatolian orogenic belt: evidencefrom fission track thermochronology from Gölbaşı region (SE Turkey)","authors":"Y. Topak","doi":"10.55730/1300-0985.1761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0985.1761","url":null,"abstract":": One of the major components of continental collision zones is their imbricated zones. Such a zone along the Southeast Anatolian Orogenic Belt (SAOB) is solely controlled by a still-active convergence and accretion system between the Anatolian Plate and Arabian platform since at least Late Cretaceous. The zone is characterized by NEE/SWW-trending, northward-dipping thrust slices that are squeezed between the Tauride Block to the north and the Arabian platform to the south. The units cropping out within the zone comprise Neo-Tethys-related magmatic, ophiolitic, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks with Late Cretaceous to Miocene formation/metamorphism ages. The Karanlıkdere granitoid intrudes into Late Cretaceous Meydan ophiolite, Helete volcanics, and Malatya metamorphics. These units thrust over Cenozoic volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Although various scenarios have been proposed for the late Cretaceous to Neogene evolution of the complex region, quantitative data aiming to understand the growth mechanism of the imbrication zone in the region are limited. The zircon U-Pb and the apatite fission track (AFT) thermochronology were applied to the Karanlıkdere granitoid within the imbrication zone of the Southeast Anatolian Orogenic Belt (SAOB). The LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb age yields 79.67 ± 0.24 Ma with 0.23–0.65 Th/U ratios. This age is slightly younger than the previously published ages, indicating that the main body of the Karanlıkdere granitoid formed 3-4 Ma later than the small dikes intruded into other units. The AFT ages are directly controlled by altitude and range between 40.38 ± 3.4 Ma and 22.81 ± 0.63 Ma. The oldest AFT age has the highest altitude, whereas the youngest has the lowest height. The age-temperature models show a slow uplift rate between 40 Ma and 22 Ma. The results indicate that the growth of the imbrication zone in front of the Nappes of the SAOB continued in a steady-state mode with a slow uplift rate of 0.02 ± 0.005 mm/a, during middle-late Eocene to early Miocene and increasing uplift rate during early-middle Miocene, which might be explained by continental collision during early-middle Miocene.","PeriodicalId":49411,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46597074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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