ABSTRACT The effects of changing precipitation and wind regimes on plant physiology are increasingly drawing attention of eco-physiologists. In the manipulative experiment we studied the physiological mechanisms of annual C4 herbs in the semi-arid sandy land to understand the functional significance of their traits and responses to the changing environment, grass Setaria viridis, characterized by the moderate stem water content and low leaf water content, more effectively absorbed light energy and utilized water resources than two dominant dicot plants, Salsola collina and Bassia dasyphylla. Precipitation increase and wind reduction promoted photosynthesis of the three C4 herbaceous plants, and their photosynthetic rates were higher in the end of July than that in August. Precipitation increase and the 20% reduction in wind velocity could also enhance their stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. The transpiration rate was consistent with the change in stomatal conductance, exhibiting highly positive correlation. The interactive effects of precipitation increase and wind velocity reduction made great changes in photosynthetic rate of the S. collina, lifted the photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency of the S. viridis. Our results suggest that the C4 herbs have shown some degree of stress resistance, and they are able to acclimate better to frangible environment of semi-arid sandy land. Furthermore, the changing environments heighten photosynthesis of the C4 herbs, which is pretty important to strength the arid plant stress resistance, then contributed to the ecosystem community production and dry matter accumulation.
{"title":"Responses of Physiological Characteristics of Annual C4 Herbs to Precipitation and Wind Changes in Semi-Arid Sandy Grassland, Northern China","authors":"Shanshan Sun, Xinping Liu, Yuhui He, P. Lv, .. Chelmeg, Lamei Zhang, Shuilian Wei","doi":"10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.2.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.2.002","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The effects of changing precipitation and wind regimes on plant physiology are increasingly drawing attention of eco-physiologists. In the manipulative experiment we studied the physiological mechanisms of annual C4 herbs in the semi-arid sandy land to understand the functional significance of their traits and responses to the changing environment, grass Setaria viridis, characterized by the moderate stem water content and low leaf water content, more effectively absorbed light energy and utilized water resources than two dominant dicot plants, Salsola collina and Bassia dasyphylla. Precipitation increase and wind reduction promoted photosynthesis of the three C4 herbaceous plants, and their photosynthetic rates were higher in the end of July than that in August. Precipitation increase and the 20% reduction in wind velocity could also enhance their stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. The transpiration rate was consistent with the change in stomatal conductance, exhibiting highly positive correlation. The interactive effects of precipitation increase and wind velocity reduction made great changes in photosynthetic rate of the S. collina, lifted the photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency of the S. viridis. Our results suggest that the C4 herbs have shown some degree of stress resistance, and they are able to acclimate better to frangible environment of semi-arid sandy land. Furthermore, the changing environments heighten photosynthesis of the C4 herbs, which is pretty important to strength the arid plant stress resistance, then contributed to the ecosystem community production and dry matter accumulation.","PeriodicalId":49683,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47813413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-22DOI: 10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.2.003
Wei Chen, Haitao Chang, Ren-tao Liu
ABSTRACT Soil particle size distribution (PSD) is becoming an increasingly useful tool for the objective description of soil structure and intrinsic links between soil and the environment. Here we examined the fractal features of PSD and its correlation with soil physiochemical properties in grasslands under grazing and protected from grazing (enclosure) animals, before and after plant growing periods in a semiarid grassland ecosystem, in northern China. Our results showed that sand content was significantly higher in grassland soils under grazing compared with the enclosure at both sampling times (May and September), whereas their silt and clay contents followed the reverse pattern. The fractal dimensions of PSD (Dm) under enclosure were significantly greater than those found under grazing. The soil clay, silt contents and Dm were positively correlated with soil total N, total C, soil pH, and moisture content. By contrast, the soil sand content declined with increasing total N, total C, pH, and moisture content of soil. The soil fractal dimension of PSD had a positive correlation with soil clay and silt content, whereas it had a negatively correlated with sand content. From these results, we conclude installing enclosures can promote soil clay, silt, and soil particles' fractal dimension, with the latter could be used as a quantitative indicator of soil fertility characteristics. But it is unnecessary to use the fractal dimension of PSD as an index to evaluate the effects of enclosure management on degraded grassland.
{"title":"Fractal Features of Soil Particle Size Distributions and Their Implications for Indicating Enclosure Management in a Semiarid Grassland Ecosystem","authors":"Wei Chen, Haitao Chang, Ren-tao Liu","doi":"10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.2.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.2.003","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Soil particle size distribution (PSD) is becoming an increasingly useful tool for the objective description of soil structure and intrinsic links between soil and the environment. Here we examined the fractal features of PSD and its correlation with soil physiochemical properties in grasslands under grazing and protected from grazing (enclosure) animals, before and after plant growing periods in a semiarid grassland ecosystem, in northern China. Our results showed that sand content was significantly higher in grassland soils under grazing compared with the enclosure at both sampling times (May and September), whereas their silt and clay contents followed the reverse pattern. The fractal dimensions of PSD (Dm) under enclosure were significantly greater than those found under grazing. The soil clay, silt contents and Dm were positively correlated with soil total N, total C, soil pH, and moisture content. By contrast, the soil sand content declined with increasing total N, total C, pH, and moisture content of soil. The soil fractal dimension of PSD had a positive correlation with soil clay and silt content, whereas it had a negatively correlated with sand content. From these results, we conclude installing enclosures can promote soil clay, silt, and soil particles' fractal dimension, with the latter could be used as a quantitative indicator of soil fertility characteristics. But it is unnecessary to use the fractal dimension of PSD as an index to evaluate the effects of enclosure management on degraded grassland.","PeriodicalId":49683,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47847980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-22DOI: 10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.2.001
Xiaowei Guo, Licong Dai1, Fa-wei Zhang, Yikang Li, Li Lin, Qian Li, Qian Dawen, Bo Fan, Xun Ke, G. Cao, Hua-kun Zhou, Yangong Du
ABSTRACT The methane (CH4) fluxes in grasslands are sensitive to changes in precipitation and soil nitrogen concentrations, which was poorly understood, especially on the Tibetan Plateau. Therefore, an experiment was conducted from May 2012 to October 2013, by using the static chamber technique and gas chromatography method. We set up five treatments: an increased 2 g m-2 NH4NO3 treatment (2gN); an increased 4 g m-2 NH4NO3 treatment (4gN); and treatment with precipitation increased by 20% (Pre), and added 2 g m-2 NH4NO3 and precipitation (20%) treatment (N+Pre), and a control treatment (CK). The five treatments showed decreasing CH4 uptake rates in the following order: CK (71.66 ± 6.6 µg m-2 h-1) > N+Pre (58.57 ± 3.7 µg m-2 h-1) > Pre (52.66 ± 2.3 µg m-2 h-1) > 2gN (47.63 ± 3.1 µg m-2 h-1) > 4gN (39.12 ± 3.3 µg m-2 h-1). The 2gN and 4gN treatment resulted in 33.5% and 45.4% lower CH4 uptake than the CK treatment, respectively. The path analysis indicated that the above-ground biomass and litter fall were the most important factor promoting and limiting the CH4 uptake rate of alpine meadow, respectively.
{"title":"Effects of Increased Precipitation and Nitrogen Deposition on Methane Uptake of Alpine Meadow in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: in situ Experiments","authors":"Xiaowei Guo, Licong Dai1, Fa-wei Zhang, Yikang Li, Li Lin, Qian Li, Qian Dawen, Bo Fan, Xun Ke, G. Cao, Hua-kun Zhou, Yangong Du","doi":"10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.2.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.2.001","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The methane (CH4) fluxes in grasslands are sensitive to changes in precipitation and soil nitrogen concentrations, which was poorly understood, especially on the Tibetan Plateau. Therefore, an experiment was conducted from May 2012 to October 2013, by using the static chamber technique and gas chromatography method. We set up five treatments: an increased 2 g m-2 NH4NO3 treatment (2gN); an increased 4 g m-2 NH4NO3 treatment (4gN); and treatment with precipitation increased by 20% (Pre), and added 2 g m-2 NH4NO3 and precipitation (20%) treatment (N+Pre), and a control treatment (CK). The five treatments showed decreasing CH4 uptake rates in the following order: CK (71.66 ± 6.6 µg m-2 h-1) > N+Pre (58.57 ± 3.7 µg m-2 h-1) > Pre (52.66 ± 2.3 µg m-2 h-1) > 2gN (47.63 ± 3.1 µg m-2 h-1) > 4gN (39.12 ± 3.3 µg m-2 h-1). The 2gN and 4gN treatment resulted in 33.5% and 45.4% lower CH4 uptake than the CK treatment, respectively. The path analysis indicated that the above-ground biomass and litter fall were the most important factor promoting and limiting the CH4 uptake rate of alpine meadow, respectively.","PeriodicalId":49683,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44130376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-19DOI: 10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.1.009
Jan Demesko, M. Kurek, Patrycja Podlaszczuk, J. Markowski
ABSTRACT Dental enamel is the hardest tissue of the mammalian body, consisting of 96–98% inorganic compound. As the dentition is functionally adapted to diet and feeding behaviour, relative differences in enamel thickness can reflect dietary adaptations. We hypothesize that differences in enamel thickness are related to adaptation for diet associated with habitat quality dwelling of European roe deer Capreolus capreolus. To test this hypothesis, 49 first permanent left lower molars were extracted from the mandible of roe deer (from Lithuania – 28 and Poland – 21 molars) inhabiting two type of habitats: field and forest. The linear thickness of total enamel (mean value of enamel thickness measured at three different points) was found to differ between the roe deer from the field and forest habitats, irrespective of age, with the animals of field ecotype tend to have thinner enamel (F(1,26) = 6.845, P = 0.025). This suggests that there is an adaptation in enamel thickness to various types of diet in the field and forest habitat. On the other hand, roe deer from the field habitat can be also more exposed to stress, due to the lower possibility to hide or are more vulnerable to potential threats. More frequent exposure to stress can significantly disrupt ameloblasts secretion and thus affect the thickness of the enamel.
牙釉质是哺乳动物体内最坚硬的组织，由96-98%的无机化合物组成。由于牙列在功能上适应了饮食和摄食行为，牙釉质厚度的相对差异可以反映饮食适应。我们假设欧洲獐牙釉质厚度的差异与栖息地质量对饮食的适应有关。为了验证这一假设，从生活在野外和森林两种栖息地的狍(来自立陶宛- 28颗和波兰- 21颗)的下颌骨中提取了49颗第一恒左下磨牙。结果表明，不论年龄大小，野外生境和森林生境的狍的牙釉质线性厚度(三个不同点牙釉质厚度的平均值)存在差异，野外生境的狍牙釉质更薄(F(1,26) = 6.845, P = 0.025)。这表明在野外和森林生境中，牙釉质厚度对不同类型的日粮有一定的适应性。另一方面，来自野外栖息地的狍也可能更容易受到压力，因为隐藏的可能性较低，或者更容易受到潜在威胁。更频繁的压力暴露会显著破坏成釉细胞的分泌，从而影响牙釉质的厚度。
{"title":"Enamel Thickness Differs between Field and Forest European Roe Deer Capreolus capreolus","authors":"Jan Demesko, M. Kurek, Patrycja Podlaszczuk, J. Markowski","doi":"10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.1.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.1.009","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Dental enamel is the hardest tissue of the mammalian body, consisting of 96–98% inorganic compound. As the dentition is functionally adapted to diet and feeding behaviour, relative differences in enamel thickness can reflect dietary adaptations. We hypothesize that differences in enamel thickness are related to adaptation for diet associated with habitat quality dwelling of European roe deer Capreolus capreolus. To test this hypothesis, 49 first permanent left lower molars were extracted from the mandible of roe deer (from Lithuania – 28 and Poland – 21 molars) inhabiting two type of habitats: field and forest. The linear thickness of total enamel (mean value of enamel thickness measured at three different points) was found to differ between the roe deer from the field and forest habitats, irrespective of age, with the animals of field ecotype tend to have thinner enamel (F(1,26) = 6.845, P = 0.025). This suggests that there is an adaptation in enamel thickness to various types of diet in the field and forest habitat. On the other hand, roe deer from the field habitat can be also more exposed to stress, due to the lower possibility to hide or are more vulnerable to potential threats. More frequent exposure to stress can significantly disrupt ameloblasts secretion and thus affect the thickness of the enamel.","PeriodicalId":49683,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70022411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-19DOI: 10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.1.005
T. Skrajna
ABSTRACT The aim of the research was to study 20-year changes in the floristic richness of the vegetation and soil diaspore bank of agroceonoses and adjacent midfield woodlots, as a result of the intensification of agricultural production, and the role of the ecotone in the preservation of field weeds. The studies were conducted in two periods, the first between 1996 and 1998 and the second between 2016 and 2018, on 12 permanent plots located in a transition zone between agroceonoses and woodlots. The width of the ecotone zone was determined with a linear transect that crossed both communities. The study of vegetation was conducted using the Braun-Blanquet method. During each period, soil diaspore reserves were determined. A large decrease of approximately 30% in the number of species was noted in the agroceonoses, while there were minor changes in the wood communities. With only slight variation during the research, floristic diversity of the soil diaspore bank in those habitats was poorer than vegetation diversity. The ecotone phytoceonoses had the highest species richness. They showed greater floristic similarity to the wood phytoceonoses than to agroceonoses. In the transition zone a clear boundary was observed, dividing those two communities. The ecotone was a refuge for field species, including rare and endangered ones. The species composition of the ecotone soil diaspore bank was poorer than the composition of the flora and showed greater similarity to the species diversity of the agroceonoses. Additionally, a significant relationship between species richness and habitat conditions was noted.
{"title":"Impact of Agriculture Intensification on the Floristic Diversity of the Forest-Field Ecotone","authors":"T. Skrajna","doi":"10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.1.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.1.005","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The aim of the research was to study 20-year changes in the floristic richness of the vegetation and soil diaspore bank of agroceonoses and adjacent midfield woodlots, as a result of the intensification of agricultural production, and the role of the ecotone in the preservation of field weeds. The studies were conducted in two periods, the first between 1996 and 1998 and the second between 2016 and 2018, on 12 permanent plots located in a transition zone between agroceonoses and woodlots. The width of the ecotone zone was determined with a linear transect that crossed both communities. The study of vegetation was conducted using the Braun-Blanquet method. During each period, soil diaspore reserves were determined. A large decrease of approximately 30% in the number of species was noted in the agroceonoses, while there were minor changes in the wood communities. With only slight variation during the research, floristic diversity of the soil diaspore bank in those habitats was poorer than vegetation diversity. The ecotone phytoceonoses had the highest species richness. They showed greater floristic similarity to the wood phytoceonoses than to agroceonoses. In the transition zone a clear boundary was observed, dividing those two communities. The ecotone was a refuge for field species, including rare and endangered ones. The species composition of the ecotone soil diaspore bank was poorer than the composition of the flora and showed greater similarity to the species diversity of the agroceonoses. Additionally, a significant relationship between species richness and habitat conditions was noted.","PeriodicalId":49683,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42996764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-19DOI: 10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.1.003
T. Wójcik, K. Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt
ABSTRACT The investigations of trait variability in Arum alpinum were conducted in 2016–2017 in two Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum patches (Chełm Mountain Reserve, Western Carpathians). Patch I (510 m a.s.l.) was located on a sharp steep slope and dominated by plant species with oblong leaves, whereas Patch II (400 m a.s.l.) was situated at the bottom of a wide ravine densely overgrown by species forming broad leaves. The height of plants growing in vicinity of A. alpinum in both study sites was rather similar, whereas the soil reaction and humidity were much higher in Patch II. Despite the different habitat conditions, the abundance of both A. alpinum populations was similar. The length of leaf petioles, dimensions of leaf blades, as well as the number of leaves per rosette were significantly greater in Patch I. The dimensions of leaves and flowering stems of individuals growing in Patch I were greater in 2016 than in 2017. The length of infructescences and number of fruits in both populations did not show either spatial or temporal variability. Moreover, the positive correlations between length of the highest leaf petiole and the dimensions of leaf blade, as well as between the height of the flowering stems and number of fruits and length of infructescence were noticed. Our results providing interesting data about of the spatio-temporal variability in A. alpinum traits in Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum patches reveal the need for this type of research in other plant communities.
{"title":"Trait Variability in the Rare Plant Species Arum alpinum in Carpathian Beech Forest Dentario glandulosae-fagetum (Western Carpathians, Poland)","authors":"T. Wójcik, K. Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt","doi":"10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.1.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.1.003","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The investigations of trait variability in Arum alpinum were conducted in 2016–2017 in two Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum patches (Chełm Mountain Reserve, Western Carpathians). Patch I (510 m a.s.l.) was located on a sharp steep slope and dominated by plant species with oblong leaves, whereas Patch II (400 m a.s.l.) was situated at the bottom of a wide ravine densely overgrown by species forming broad leaves. The height of plants growing in vicinity of A. alpinum in both study sites was rather similar, whereas the soil reaction and humidity were much higher in Patch II. Despite the different habitat conditions, the abundance of both A. alpinum populations was similar. The length of leaf petioles, dimensions of leaf blades, as well as the number of leaves per rosette were significantly greater in Patch I. The dimensions of leaves and flowering stems of individuals growing in Patch I were greater in 2016 than in 2017. The length of infructescences and number of fruits in both populations did not show either spatial or temporal variability. Moreover, the positive correlations between length of the highest leaf petiole and the dimensions of leaf blade, as well as between the height of the flowering stems and number of fruits and length of infructescence were noticed. Our results providing interesting data about of the spatio-temporal variability in A. alpinum traits in Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum patches reveal the need for this type of research in other plant communities.","PeriodicalId":49683,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45854971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-19DOI: 10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.1.007
Qin Wang, Z. Teng, Jingjing Wang, Xinyun Xie, Xiaoniu Xu
ABSTRACT Fine roots play an important role in productivity and dynamics of carbon and nutrient in forest ecosystems. The objective of this study is to reveal the elevational distribution patterns of fine-root (≤ 2 mm in diameter) biomass and its carbon and nitrogen stoichiometry, and the relationship between fine-root biomass and soil organic carbon storage in mature Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantations (40-45 year old) in Mt. Dabie, eastern China. A field survey was conducted at five different sites along an elevation gradient from 360 m to 1200 m a.s.l. At each site, the sampling stands had similar density (from 1039 to 1238 stems ha–1) with three replicates. The fine-root biomass was ranged from 264.3 to 331.9 g m–2, with marginal significant correlation to elevation (P = 0.052). However, fine-root necromass was significantly decreased with elevation (P = 0.010). The C:N ratios ranged from 52.9 to 56.4 for living fine-roots and from 47.3 to 51.2 for dead ones, and showed an increasing trend over elevation gradient. Soil organic carbon (SOC) storages in the surface 50-cm soil layer ranged from 59.7 to 97.9 Mg ha–1 and significantly increased with elevation (P < 0.001). Positive correlations were observed between fine-root biomass and SOC density across this elevation gradient. These results indicate that fine-root turnover might be an important regulation of SOC in the Chinese fir plantation.
细根在森林生态系统的生产力、碳和养分动态中发挥着重要作用。本研究旨在揭示大别山40～45年生杉木人工林细根（直径≤2mm）生物量及其碳氮化学计量的海拔分布模式，以及细根生物量与土壤有机碳储量的关系。在海拔360米至1200米的五个不同地点进行了实地调查。在每个地点，采样林分的密度相似（1039至1238茎ha–1），有三个重复。细根生物量在264.3至331.9 g m–2之间，与海拔高度呈边际显著相关（P=0.052）。然而，细根坏死量随着海拔高度的升高而显著减少（P=0.010）。活细根的C:N比在52.9至56.4之间，死细根的C/N比在47.3至51.2之间，并且随着海拔梯度的增加呈增加趋势。表层50 cm土层的土壤有机碳（SOC）储量在59.7至97.9 Mg ha–1之间，并随着海拔高度的升高而显著增加（P＜0.001）。在该海拔梯度上，细根生物量与SOC密度呈正相关。这些结果表明，细根周转可能是杉木人工林SOC的一个重要调控因子。
{"title":"Elevation Distribution of Fine Root Biomass and Soil Organic Carbon Storage of Mature Chinese Fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) Plantations in East China","authors":"Qin Wang, Z. Teng, Jingjing Wang, Xinyun Xie, Xiaoniu Xu","doi":"10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.1.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.1.007","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Fine roots play an important role in productivity and dynamics of carbon and nutrient in forest ecosystems. The objective of this study is to reveal the elevational distribution patterns of fine-root (≤ 2 mm in diameter) biomass and its carbon and nitrogen stoichiometry, and the relationship between fine-root biomass and soil organic carbon storage in mature Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantations (40-45 year old) in Mt. Dabie, eastern China. A field survey was conducted at five different sites along an elevation gradient from 360 m to 1200 m a.s.l. At each site, the sampling stands had similar density (from 1039 to 1238 stems ha–1) with three replicates. The fine-root biomass was ranged from 264.3 to 331.9 g m–2, with marginal significant correlation to elevation (P = 0.052). However, fine-root necromass was significantly decreased with elevation (P = 0.010). The C:N ratios ranged from 52.9 to 56.4 for living fine-roots and from 47.3 to 51.2 for dead ones, and showed an increasing trend over elevation gradient. Soil organic carbon (SOC) storages in the surface 50-cm soil layer ranged from 59.7 to 97.9 Mg ha–1 and significantly increased with elevation (P < 0.001). Positive correlations were observed between fine-root biomass and SOC density across this elevation gradient. These results indicate that fine-root turnover might be an important regulation of SOC in the Chinese fir plantation.","PeriodicalId":49683,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43372276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-19DOI: 10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.1.006
Y. Tao, Xiaobing Zhou, Jing Zhang, B. Yin, N. Wu, Yuanming Zhang
ABSTRACT Species richness-biomass relationship has become a primary focus in plant community ecology. The most commonly reported pattern of species richness and biomass is the humped relationship with a peak in richness at moderate biomass, although negative, positive, or no relationships exited in some cases. However, the richness-biomass relationship in the temperate deserts of Central Asia, where herbaceous species with different life forms are abundant, remains unclear. In this study, 21–214 plots with herbaceous richness and aboveground biomass for each of four plot sizes (0.25, 25, 100, and 400 m2) were surveyed in early summer and early autumn in the Gurbantunggut Desert, China. Linear and quadratic regressions were employed to examine the richness-biomass relationship and the location of the richness peak. Significantly unimodal species richness-biomass relationships were observed in all plot sizes and seasons (except for 0.25 m2 plot in summer). In most cases (9/11), the biomass at the richness peak was higher than half of the biomass range. Meanwhile, the percent of sampling plots where the biomass was less than the peak was considerably greater than 50% (72.7 to 100%) in all cases, and nine of them were more than 95%, indicating strong interspecific coexistence and weak interspecific competition. In conclusion, under the background of increasing precipitation and nitrogen deposition, the humped richness-biomass relationship and the high percent of sampling plots with low biomass jointly revealed a huge potential for increasing productivity, which is crucial for the carbon fixation and ecosystem stability in deserts of Central Asia.
{"title":"Humped Relationship between Herbaceous Species Richness and Biomass Reveals a Potential for Increasing Productivity in a Temperate Desert in Central Asia","authors":"Y. Tao, Xiaobing Zhou, Jing Zhang, B. Yin, N. Wu, Yuanming Zhang","doi":"10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.1.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.1.006","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Species richness-biomass relationship has become a primary focus in plant community ecology. The most commonly reported pattern of species richness and biomass is the humped relationship with a peak in richness at moderate biomass, although negative, positive, or no relationships exited in some cases. However, the richness-biomass relationship in the temperate deserts of Central Asia, where herbaceous species with different life forms are abundant, remains unclear. In this study, 21–214 plots with herbaceous richness and aboveground biomass for each of four plot sizes (0.25, 25, 100, and 400 m2) were surveyed in early summer and early autumn in the Gurbantunggut Desert, China. Linear and quadratic regressions were employed to examine the richness-biomass relationship and the location of the richness peak. Significantly unimodal species richness-biomass relationships were observed in all plot sizes and seasons (except for 0.25 m2 plot in summer). In most cases (9/11), the biomass at the richness peak was higher than half of the biomass range. Meanwhile, the percent of sampling plots where the biomass was less than the peak was considerably greater than 50% (72.7 to 100%) in all cases, and nine of them were more than 95%, indicating strong interspecific coexistence and weak interspecific competition. In conclusion, under the background of increasing precipitation and nitrogen deposition, the humped richness-biomass relationship and the high percent of sampling plots with low biomass jointly revealed a huge potential for increasing productivity, which is crucial for the carbon fixation and ecosystem stability in deserts of Central Asia.","PeriodicalId":49683,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48282005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-19DOI: 10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.1.002
C. Bartnik, J. Michalcewicz, Dominika Ledwich, M. Ciach
ABSTRACT The presence in wood of saprotrophic fungi is crucial for xylophagous insects, as they modify its chemical composition, moisture content and structure, and thus govern the survival and growth rate of larvae. Little is known about the mycobiota colonising the breeding material of saproxylic species. This paper focuses on the mycobiota of dead wych elms Ulmus glabra as breeding material for the endangered Rosalia alpina. Fungal isolates from wood fragments of the breeding material were identified using molecular techniques. A total of 24 taxa of wood-decay fungi were found (16 Ascomycota, 6 Basidiomycota, 1 Zygomycota, 1 unidentified) – saprotrophs and facultative parasites, saprotrophic fungi, fungal parasites and tree parasites. Six taxa were isolated from both the surface and deeper layers of the wood, and also from the wood dust and frass left in R. alpina foraging sites: Cladosporium cladosporioides, Cladosporium sp., Hypoxylon macrocarpum, Phaeoacremonium fraxinopennsylvanicum, Sistotrema brinkmannii and Stereum hirsutum. These fungi may be crucial in enabling R. alpina to colonise dead or dying trees and affect its larval development. Ph. fraxinopennsylvanicum, H. macrocarpum and Daldinia childiae are reported for the first time from Poland.
{"title":"Mycobiota of Dead Ulmus glabra Wood as Breeding Material for the Endangered Rosalia alpina (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)","authors":"C. Bartnik, J. Michalcewicz, Dominika Ledwich, M. Ciach","doi":"10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.1.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.1.002","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The presence in wood of saprotrophic fungi is crucial for xylophagous insects, as they modify its chemical composition, moisture content and structure, and thus govern the survival and growth rate of larvae. Little is known about the mycobiota colonising the breeding material of saproxylic species. This paper focuses on the mycobiota of dead wych elms Ulmus glabra as breeding material for the endangered Rosalia alpina. Fungal isolates from wood fragments of the breeding material were identified using molecular techniques. A total of 24 taxa of wood-decay fungi were found (16 Ascomycota, 6 Basidiomycota, 1 Zygomycota, 1 unidentified) – saprotrophs and facultative parasites, saprotrophic fungi, fungal parasites and tree parasites. Six taxa were isolated from both the surface and deeper layers of the wood, and also from the wood dust and frass left in R. alpina foraging sites: Cladosporium cladosporioides, Cladosporium sp., Hypoxylon macrocarpum, Phaeoacremonium fraxinopennsylvanicum, Sistotrema brinkmannii and Stereum hirsutum. These fungi may be crucial in enabling R. alpina to colonise dead or dying trees and affect its larval development. Ph. fraxinopennsylvanicum, H. macrocarpum and Daldinia childiae are reported for the first time from Poland.","PeriodicalId":49683,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49265989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-19DOI: 10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.1.004
Wakshum Shiferaw, T. Bekele, S. Demissew, E. Aynekulu
ABSTRACT This study aims to (i) evaluate the phenology of Prosopis juliflora (Prosopis), (ii) investigate the effects of climate variability (temperature and precipitation) on the phenology of Prosopis, and (iii) assess the critical months of seed dispersal for the species management. Monthly data for phenology events: leafing, flowering, green and mature pods were collected from 8 stems of Prosopis trees at each of two localities in Ethiopia during 2016/2017. In Amibara district we found that relative abundances of green leaves, flowering, green pods, and mature pods were 91, 15, 9, and 2% in order. However, these were less than by 8, 53, 91, and 90%, respectively in Awash Fenatle district. The lowest proportions of mature and green pods were recorded in the dry season and the highest in the spring season. We recorded the highest and lowest relative abundances of flowering between November and December, and January and February, respectively. In this study, both temperature (F = 2.01, P = 0.04) and precipitation (F = 2.85, P = 0.01) had shown significant effects on the relative abundances of green leaves but insignificant effects on other phenology stages. Higher green leaf abundances were recorded during high rainfall, whereas lower abundances of leaves were recorded in high temperatures. But, the relative abundances of Prosopis leaves showed inconsistent with the variations of precipitation. Thus, awareness creation for stake holders about the phenology calendar of Prosopis should be given to abandon the invasiveness of the species towards the prime grazing lands in the region.
{"title":"Phenology of the Alien Invasive Plant Species Prosopis juliflora in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas in Response to Climate Variability and Some Perspectives for Its Control in Ethiopia","authors":"Wakshum Shiferaw, T. Bekele, S. Demissew, E. Aynekulu","doi":"10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.1.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3161/15052249PJE2020.68.1.004","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study aims to (i) evaluate the phenology of Prosopis juliflora (Prosopis), (ii) investigate the effects of climate variability (temperature and precipitation) on the phenology of Prosopis, and (iii) assess the critical months of seed dispersal for the species management. Monthly data for phenology events: leafing, flowering, green and mature pods were collected from 8 stems of Prosopis trees at each of two localities in Ethiopia during 2016/2017. In Amibara district we found that relative abundances of green leaves, flowering, green pods, and mature pods were 91, 15, 9, and 2% in order. However, these were less than by 8, 53, 91, and 90%, respectively in Awash Fenatle district. The lowest proportions of mature and green pods were recorded in the dry season and the highest in the spring season. We recorded the highest and lowest relative abundances of flowering between November and December, and January and February, respectively. In this study, both temperature (F = 2.01, P = 0.04) and precipitation (F = 2.85, P = 0.01) had shown significant effects on the relative abundances of green leaves but insignificant effects on other phenology stages. Higher green leaf abundances were recorded during high rainfall, whereas lower abundances of leaves were recorded in high temperatures. But, the relative abundances of Prosopis leaves showed inconsistent with the variations of precipitation. Thus, awareness creation for stake holders about the phenology calendar of Prosopis should be given to abandon the invasiveness of the species towards the prime grazing lands in the region.","PeriodicalId":49683,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2020-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45776884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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