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Distribution and Abundance of the Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus) in Wintering and Breeding Grounds in Northeast Algeria 阿尔及利亚东北部白朱鹮越冬繁殖地的分布和丰度
IF 0.5 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-05-30 DOI: 10.3161/15052249PJE2021.69.3.005
Abdeldjalil Youcefi, Zinette Bensakhri, A. Bachir, S. Atoussi, R. Zebsa
ABSTRACT Atmospheric conditions play an important role in structuring avian communities in space and time. Here we assess the role of weather conditions on the distribution and abundance of the enigmatic glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus) in Northeast Algeria in both wintering grounds and in breeding areas in a survey spanning from 2011 to 2019. During the study period, cooler years were wetter and warmer years were drier. The wintering population size in the region could be estimated to 200-300 individuals. The number of individuals in wintering grounds increased in recent years in one site (Berrihane), but it did not show a strong association with weather conditions prior to wintering. Four breeding colonies were detected in highly-vegetated ponds with in-water trees where the number of breeding pairs was the highest. Extinction was recorded for two colonies (50% of colonies) where one permanently disappeared and one exhibited a series of extinctions and recolonizations across years. The estimated colony size was larger at El Dakhla (60–105 pairs) than El Chatt (0–42 pairs), Fezara Lake (25–41 pairs), and Tonga Lake (0–2 pairs). Climate conditions seemed to correlate with the number of pairs in one site (El Chatt) such that warm and dry years were associated with lower number of individuals. We discuss that disturbance and pollution might play a role in colony establishment but the number of pairs is positively related to the extinction of a nearby colony, suggesting that those refuge colonies are crucial for the persistence of the species in the area. This study presents historical data on the occurrence and abundance of a relatively unstudied species and gives new information on its climatic sensitivity which might be helpful for predicting future climate change impacts.
大气条件在空间和时间上对鸟类群落结构起着重要作用。在2011年至2019年的一项调查中,我们评估了天气条件对阿尔及利亚东北部越冬地和繁殖区神秘的光泽朱鹮(Plegadis falcinellus)分布和丰度的影响。在研究期间,较冷的年份更潮湿,较暖的年份更干燥。该地区越冬种群规模估计为200-300只。近年来在一个地点(Berrihane)越冬地的个体数量有所增加,但它与越冬前的天气条件没有很强的联系。在水体树木繁茂的池塘中发现4个繁殖种群,繁殖对数最多。灭绝记录了两个殖民地(50%的殖民地),其中一个永久消失,另一个多年来表现出一系列灭绝和重新定居。估计El Dakhla的种群数量(60-105对)大于El Chatt(0-42对)、Fezara湖(25-41对)和Tonga湖(0-2对)。气候条件似乎与一个地点(El Chatt)的配对数量有关,因此温暖和干燥的年份与较少的个体数量有关。我们讨论了干扰和污染可能在群体建立中起作用,但对数量与附近群体的灭绝正相关,这表明这些避难群体对物种在该地区的持久性至关重要。本研究提供了一个相对未被研究的物种的发生和丰度的历史数据,并提供了有关其气候敏感性的新信息,这可能有助于预测未来气候变化的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Diet of Five Trachylepis Skink Species (Scincidae: Mabuyinae) in Savanna Biome of Namibia 纳米比亚Savanna Biome五种水貂(Scincidae:Mabuyinae)的日粮
IF 0.5 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-05-30 DOI: 10.3161/15052249PJE2021.69.3.004
G. Kopij
ABSTRACT Lizards, especially skinks (Scincidae) occurring in arid environments constitute good study objects to test niche differentiation and other related issues of interspecific competition. Diet of five Trachylepis skink (T. punctulata, T. binotata, T. capensis, T. wahlbergii, T. damarana) was studied through stomach content analysis. Skinks were collected in savanna habitats in Namibia. In all these species, active foraging strategy predominates. All skink species preyed almost exclusively on insects. Four insect taxa comprised the bulk of diet in all five species investigated: Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Isoptera, Hymenoptera (Formicidae) and larvae. Their overall contribution ranged from 72.2% to 100.0% of all prey items in the diet of particular skink species. Most prey items were below 10 mm long, some were 11-20 mm in length. Both males and females fed on the same prey groups, but there were marked differences in the proportions of these groups. In general, males preyed more on beetles and grasshoppers, while females – more on ants. All main prey groups were recorded both in dry and in wet season in all five skink species. Food niche overlap was the highest between T. damarana and T. wahlbergii (0.84), and between T. binotata and T. punctulata (0.77). No overlap in food niche was recorded between T. capensis and T. punctulata, and low overlap (0.26) between T. capensis and T. binotata.
摘要:生活在干旱环境中的蜥蜴,尤其是石龙子(Scincidae),是检验生态位分化及其他相关种间竞争问题的良好研究对象。通过胃内容物分析,研究了5种棘龙(T. punctulata, T. binotata, T. capensis, T. wahlbergii, T. damarana)的饮食。石龙子是在纳米比亚的稀树草原栖息地收集的。在所有这些物种中,主动觅食策略占主导地位。所有的石龙子种类几乎都只捕食昆虫。5种昆虫的主要食性为鞘翅目、直翅目、等翅目、膜翅目(蚁科)和幼虫。它们对特定石龙子种类食物中所有猎物的总体贡献从72.2%到100.0%不等。大多数猎物长度在10毫米以下,有些猎物长度在11-20毫米之间。雄性和雌性都捕食相同的猎物群体,但这些群体的比例有显著差异。一般来说,雄性捕食甲虫和蚱蜢更多,而雌性捕食蚂蚁更多。所有五种石龙子在旱季和雨季都记录了所有主要猎物群。食物生态位重叠度最高的是达玛拉纳T.与华氏T.(0.84),其次是布氏T.与点状T.(0.77)。capensis与T. punctulata在食物生态位上无重叠,capensis与T. binotata在食物生态位上有较低的重叠(0.26)。
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引用次数: 0
What Determines Ion Content of Lumbricid Casts: Soil Type, Species, or Ecological Group? 是什么决定了木材铸件的离子含量:土壤类型、物种或生态组?
IF 0.5 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-12-27 DOI: 10.3161/15052249PJE2021.69.2.003
K. A. Babiy, Stanislav Yu. Kniazev, E. V. Golovanova, D. Solomatin, L. Bel’skaya
ABSTRACT Most soils possess a large supply of nutrients, but these reserves cannot be mobilized by plants, as they exist in a bound form. Therefore, it is need to understand mechanisms that naturally increase the acquisition of nutrients by plants. Earthworms are crucial soil engineers that play a key role in soil functioning. In this study we have estimated the impact of three factors, earthworm species, ecological group, and soil type, on the ion content of casts of Eisenia nordenskioldi, E. ventripapillata, E. nana, Lumbricus rubellus, and Aporrectodea caliginosa. Laboratory experiments were performed in microcosms on three soil types. We analyzed five water-soluble cations and six anions in the earthworm casts by capillary zone electrophoresis to determine their content in casts compared to soil. For three of the five species studied this is the first information obtained on the matter. The obtained data demonstrated that soil type has the biggest impact on the observed changes in the cast ion content, probably due to the differences in the initial concentrations and soil properties. Within each soil type, the observed effects were mostly species-specific, and the species belonging to the same ecological group (endogeic and epi-endogeic) did not have similar effects. The exposure to different earthworm species resulted in pronounced differences in the concentrations of magnesium, calcium, ammonium, and chloride, while the soil type had the highest impact on sulfate, fluoride, acetate, and sodium ions. Therefore, the terms ‘ecological group’ and ‘functional group’ are not equivalent for earthworm casts, and replacing an earthworm species with another belonging to the same ecological group may result in changes of the soil ion composition.
摘要:大多数土壤都有大量的营养物质,但这些储备不能被植物调动,因为它们是以束缚的形式存在的。因此,需要了解自然增加植物获取营养物质的机制。蚯蚓是至关重要的土壤工程师,在土壤功能中发挥着关键作用。在本研究中,我们估计了蚯蚓种类、生态组和土壤类型三个因素对北密爱胜酵母、文氏爱胜酵母(E.ventripapillata)、南氏爱胜菌(E.nana)、红蓝虫(Lumbricus rubellus)和杯纹Aporrectodea caliginosa铸件离子含量的影响。在三种土壤类型的微观世界中进行了实验室实验。我们通过毛细管区带电泳分析了蚯蚓粪便中的五种水溶性阳离子和六种阴离子,以确定它们在粪便中的含量。对于所研究的五个物种中的三个来说,这是第一次获得有关这一问题的信息。所获得的数据表明,土壤类型对观测到的铸离子含量变化的影响最大,这可能是由于初始浓度和土壤性质的差异。在每种土壤类型中,观察到的影响大多是物种特异性的,属于同一生态组的物种(内生和表生)没有类似的影响。接触不同蚯蚓物种会导致镁、钙、铵和氯化物浓度的显著差异,而土壤类型对硫酸盐、氟化物、乙酸盐和钠离子的影响最大。因此,“生态组”和“功能组”这两个术语在蚯蚓模型中并不等同,用属于同一生态组的另一种蚯蚓物种取代一种蚯蚓可能会导致土壤离子组成的变化。
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引用次数: 3
Potential Distribution of Five Native Grass Species in Northern Mexico and their Dynamics due to Climate Variability 墨西哥北部五种原生草种的潜在分布及其气候变化的动态
IF 0.5 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-12-27 DOI: 10.3161/15052249PJE2021.69.2.001
Ireyli Z. Iracheta-Lara, Nathalie S Hernández-Quiroz, A. Pinedo-Alvarez, E. Santellano‐Estrada, J. A. Prieto-Amparán, F. Villarreal-Guerrero, C. Morales-Nieto
ABSTRACT Grasslands are recognized as the most threatened communities on the planet due to environmental and anthropogenic disturbances. In the state of Chihuahua, Mexico, native grasslands have a great ecological importance due to their wide distribution; however, studies on the current and future potential distributions of grasslands, as well as their temporal dynamics based on climatic variability, are lacking. Thus, we analysed the potential distribution of five native grasses (Bouteloua curtipendula, Bouteloua gracilis, Leptochloa dubia, Digitaria californica and Setaria macrostachya) based on climatic factors. The present data of these species were consulted at the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and recorded with location information: latitude and longitude. This database was complemented with presence data of the five species from previous studies. To characterize the climate niche, the values of the climatic factors at the locations of the species presence, were obtained from the WorldClim. Then, current and future potential distributions of these native species, were generated based on three climate change scenarios, based on Representative Concentration Pathways - RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP6.0). Under the RCP2.6 scenario, the estimated area of S. macrostachya was 12,525.5 ha, representing 7.4% of the state. For B. gracilis, the potential areas under the RCP4.5 and RCP6.0 scenarios were 20,391.49 and 23,079.08 ha, respectively. B. curtipendula represented the smallest area, with 4.6% under the scenario RCP2.6. The distribution of grassland species in northern Mexico is mainly determined by climatic factors; as it may apply for the rest of the grassland species within this area, so those results could increase our knowledge about their potential distribution.
摘要由于环境和人为干扰,草地被公认为地球上最受威胁的群落。在墨西哥奇瓦瓦州,原生草原由于分布广泛而具有重要的生态意义;然而,对草原目前和未来的潜在分布,以及基于气候变化的草原时间动态的研究却很少。因此,我们基于气候因素分析了五种本地草本植物(水曲柳、细叶曲柳、杜氏细草、加利福尼亚洋地黄和大狗尾草)的潜在分布。全球生物多样性信息基金查阅了这些物种的现有数据,并记录了位置信息:纬度和经度。该数据库补充了先前研究中五个物种的存在数据。为了表征气候生态位,从WorldClim中获得了物种存在位置的气候因子值。然后,根据代表性浓度路径(RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP6.0),基于三种气候变化情景,生成了这些本地物种的当前和未来潜在分布。在RCP2.6情景下,巨大跳鼠的估计面积为12525.5公顷,占该州的7.4%。对于纤细B.gracilis,RCP4.5和RCP6.0情景下的潜在面积分别为20391.49和23079.08公顷。B.curtipedula的面积最小,在RCP2.6情景下为4.6%。墨西哥北部草原物种的分布主要由气候因素决定;因为它可能适用于该地区的其他草原物种,所以这些结果可以增加我们对其潜在分布的了解。
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引用次数: 0
Anna Hillbricht-Ilkowska (1932-2021) Anna Hillbricht Ilkowska(1932-2021)
IF 0.5 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-12-27 DOI: 10.3161/15052249pje2021.69.2.006
I. Jasser
The outstanding scientific achievements of Professor Anna Hillbricht-Ilkowska fall in three main areas: biology and ecology of rotifer plankton, productivity of freshwaters and biotic structures of freshwater ecosystems, and, probably her greatest area of achievement, introducing a new dimension to limnological research, role of the catchment landscape in functioning freshwater ecosystems thus, she stimulated the holistic perspective in hydrobiological studies.
Anna Hillbricht-Ilkowska教授的杰出科学成就主要体现在三个领域:轮虫浮游生物的生物学和生态学、淡水的生产力和淡水生态系统的生物结构,可能是她最伟大的成就领域,为湖沼学研究引入了一个新的维度,集水区景观在淡水生态系统中的作用,她激发了水生生物研究的整体视角。
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引用次数: 0
First Records of Conspecific Brood Parasitism in Two Species of Small Passerines: Lesser Whitethroat and Common Linnet 两种小型雀形目:小白喉和红雀同卵寄生的首次记录
IF 0.5 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-12-27 DOI: 10.3161/15052249PJE2021.69.2.005
A. Wuczyński, L. Hałupka, Aleksandra Maroń
ABSTRACT We provide the first records of possible conspecific brood parasitism in the lesser whitethroat Sylvia curruca and the common linnet Linaria cannabina, two species of small passerines. In 2018 we found two unusually large clutches, one for each species (8 and 9 eggs, respectively), both containing two distinct egg morphs differing in coloration. Further detailed analysis of egg morphology and brood phenology (in the whitethroat) suggested that the eggs in each nest had been laid by different females. Surprisingly, two seemingly full sized clutches were laid in both nests, a pattern that is unusual in conspecific brood parasitism in passerines, whose nests are typically parasitized with single eggs. Alternatives to conspecific brood parasitism are therefore discussed. We argue that traditional field-based methods, when carefully used, may be sufficient to document brood parasitism recorded during occasional observations. We finally conclude that enlarged broods, resulting from conspecific brood parasitism, are probably more frequent than expected, but they may be often overlooked.
摘要本文首次记录了两种小型雀形目动物——小白喉Sylvia curruca和红雀Linaria cannabina可能存在的同种幼虫寄生现象。2018年,我们发现了两个不同寻常的大窝,每个物种一个(分别是8个和9个蛋),都含有两种不同的蛋形态,颜色不同。进一步详细分析蛋的形态和育雏物候(在白喉鸟中)表明,每个巢中的蛋是由不同的雌性产下的。令人惊讶的是,两个看似完整大小的卵都在两个巢中产下,这种模式在雀形目的同卵寄生中是不寻常的,雀形目的巢通常由单个卵寄生。因此,讨论了同种幼虫寄生的替代方法。我们认为,如果仔细使用传统的实地方法,可能足以记录偶尔观察中记录的幼虫寄生情况。我们最后得出结论,由于同卵寄生导致的卵群扩大,可能比预期的更频繁,但它们可能经常被忽视。
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引用次数: 0
Diversity and Composition of Rhizosphere Fungal Community in Pure and Mixed Forests of South China 华南纯林和混交林根际真菌群落的多样性和组成
IF 0.5 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-12-27 DOI: 10.3161/15052249pje2020.69.2.004
Xinmiao Wen, Renjie Wang, Yinghong Jiang, X. Deng, Shuo-Xing Wei, Xiongsheng Liu, Yong Wang
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引用次数: 0
Relationship between Diameter at Breast Height and Tree Age in Populations of a Rare and Endangered Plant, Davidia involucrata 珍稀濒危植物珙桐种群株高直径与树龄的关系
IF 0.5 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-12-27 DOI: 10.3161/15052249PJE2021.69.2.002
Ruijun Su, Qinggui Wu, Yu-lian Yang, Tingxing Hu
ABSTRACT The growth rate of the diameter of trees is significantly correlated with their age; therefore, a growth model can be established to predict the dynamics of the population. To reveal the relationship between individual age and diameters at breast height (DBH) of D. involucrata,five populations were chosen in the largest distribution area of D. involucrata in Sichuan province. Dendrochronology and regression model was used to evaluate the distribution of the DBH and its relationship with the age, respectively. All 130 D. involucrata trees recorded in the studied plots, with the minimum DBH of 3.8 cm, and the maximum of 45.5 cm, corresponding to the minimum age of 4 years and the maximum age of 98 years. The results showed that in the first 11 DBH classes (DBH < 22 cm), the tree DBH increases relatively slowly with the growth of the age. After the 11th DBH class, the DBH class increases slowly with increasing tree age. The tree age exceeds 20 years, the increase in the DBH growth rates with tree age is similar among the five populations. The linear models were fitted to determine the regression equation for the DBH growth curve of D. involucrata, which can be well described by a parabolic model. Under normal forest stand development and growth conditions, the model can be widely applied to study the ages of individual D. involucrata.
摘要:树木直径的生长速率与树龄呈极显著相关;因此,可以建立一个增长模型来预测种群的动态。为了揭示珙桐个体年龄与胸径(DBH)的关系,在四川省珙桐最大的分布区选取了5个种群。采用树木年代学和回归模型分别评价了胸径分布及其与年龄的关系。研究样地共记录到130株珙桐,最小胸径为3.8 cm,最大胸径为45.5 cm,最小树龄为4年,最大树龄为98年。结果表明:在前11个胸径级(胸径< 22 cm),随着树龄的增长,胸径增长相对缓慢;第11胸径级以后,随着树龄的增加,胸径级的增长缓慢。当树龄超过20年时,5个种群的胸径增长率随树龄的增长基本一致。通过拟合线性模型,确定了珙桐胸径生长曲线的回归方程,该曲线可以用抛物线模型很好地描述。在正常林分发育和生长条件下,该模型可广泛应用于珙桐单株年龄的研究。
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引用次数: 2
Rodent Species Diversity and Occurrence of Leishmania in Northeastern Iran 伊朗东北部啮齿动物种类多样性及利什曼原虫发生情况
IF 0.5 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-05-17 DOI: 10.3161/15052249PJE2021.69.1.006
Seyed Farzad Motevalli-Haghi, G. Ozbaki, N. Hosseini-Vasoukolaei, S. H. Nikookar, O. Dehghan, J. Yazdani-charati, Roohollah Siahsarvie, R. Dehbandi, M. Fazeli-Dinan, A. Enayati
ABSTRACT The aim of the current study was to survey the species diversity and Leishmania infection of rodents in the Gonbad -e- Kavoos City and County, northeastern Iran, during 2018–2019. Totally, 20 rural and four urban areas endemic for leishmaniasis were selected and visited monthly. Rodent species diversity indices were calculated in different spatial and temporal scales. Species richness was also calculated using rarefaction curves to estimate the number of species in unequal sample sizes. A total of 167 rodents belonging to 7 species, 6 genera, and 2 families were collected. Rattus rattus (34.7%) and Rattus norvegicus (18.6%) were identified as dominant species. The largest Margalef and Menhinick species richness (DMg = 1.55; DMn = 1.01) and the highest value of the Shannon index (H′ = 1.71) were observed in rural areas. Seasonal abundance of the rodents varied among species and showed that the highest richness (DMg = 1.27; DMn = 0.65) occurred in spring and the highest value of Shannon index (H′ = 1.72) was noted in summer. Rarefaction curves confirmed that the highest species richness occurred in summer and spring in the rural area. Seasonal fluctuations of R. rattus and R. norvegicus have a significant impact on the changes in rodent species diversity. Investigations of Leishmania infection showed that amastigote forms of Leishmania were observed in 15.4% of smears taken from Rhombomys opimus and Meriones libycus and examined under the light microscope. The highest rate of Leishmania infection was observed during the summer.
本研究旨在调查2018-2019年伊朗东北部Gonbad -e- Kavoos市和县啮齿动物物种多样性和利什曼原虫感染情况。总共选择了利什曼病流行的20个农村地区和4个城市地区,每月进行访问。在不同时空尺度上计算鼠种多样性指数。利用稀疏曲线计算物种丰富度,估计不等样本量下的物种数量。共捕获鼠类167只,隶属于2科6属7种。优势种为家鼠(34.7%)和褐家鼠(18.6%)。最大的Margalef和Menhinick物种丰富度(DMg = 1.55;DMn = 1.01), Shannon指数在农村地区最高(H′= 1.71)。不同种类鼠的季节丰度存在差异,其中丰富度最高(DMg = 1.27;DMn = 0.65)出现在春季,Shannon指数最高值出现在夏季(H′= 1.72)。稀疏曲线表明,夏季和春季是农村地区物种丰富度最高的季节。家鼠和褐家鼠的季节波动对鼠种多样性的变化有显著影响。利什曼原虫感染调查结果显示,15.4%的大鼠和利比亚沙鼠涂片在光镜下检出无马鞭毛虫利什曼原虫。利什曼原虫感染率在夏季最高。
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引用次数: 1
Predicting Spatial Distribution of Plant Functional Traits in a Forest-Steppe Zone 森林草原区植物功能性状的空间分布预测
IF 0.5 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-05-17 DOI: 10.3161/15052249PJE2021.69.1.001
Shunxiang Fan, Zhidong Zhang
ABSTRACT We investigated the response mechanisms of plant functional traits to environmental factors at the community level in order to elucidate the adaptive and survival strategies of plants in different environmental gradients. 184 vegetation sampling plots were laid by stratified random sampling in the Saihanba region of Hebei, China. Three functional traits (leaf nitrogen content, LNC; specific leaf area, SLA; leaf dry matter content, LDMC) were measured and the community-level weighted means of the trait values were calculated by the species coverage values. Climate and terrain data were generated from the climate model ClimateAP and using ArcGIS. Finally, eight environmental factors, including climate, topographical, and soil factor, were recorded and the association with functional traits was analysed using a generalized additive model. Model testing indicated a good predictability for the SLA and LDMC while a relatively poor predictability was seen with LNC. Environmental factors that significantly impacted SLA included elevation, degree-days above 0°C, mean annual precipitation and total soil nitrogen content. In contrast, LDMC was significantly influenced by elevation, total soil nitrogen and phosphorous content while LNC was affected by elevation and degree-days above 0°C. High values of SLA and LNC were found in areas at lower elevations. The distribution of high LDMC values indicated that plant leaves have a relatively high tolerance and resistance to stress, which was better for plant to grow in the adverse environment. At the community level, clarifying plant functional traits distribution and their changes with environmental gradients is useful for the potential vegetation restoration.
摘要我们在群落水平上研究了植物功能性状对环境因子的反应机制,以阐明植物在不同环境梯度下的适应和生存策略。采用分层随机抽样方法,在河北省塞罕坝地区布设了184个植被采样点。测量了三个功能性状(叶片含氮量,LNC;比叶面积,SLA;叶片干物质含量,LDMC),并根据物种覆盖值计算了性状值的群落水平加权平均值。气候和地形数据是根据气候模型ClimateAP并使用ArcGIS生成的。最后,记录了包括气候、地形和土壤因素在内的八个环境因素,并使用广义加性模型分析了它们与功能性状的关系。模型测试表明,SLA和LDMC的可预测性较好,而LNC的可预见性相对较差。显著影响SLA的环境因素包括海拔、0°C以上的天数、年均降水量和土壤总氮含量。相反,LDMC受海拔、土壤总氮和磷含量的显著影响,而LNC受海拔和0°C以上的天数的影响。在海拔较低的地区,SLA和LNC值较高。高LDMC值的分布表明,植物叶片对胁迫具有较高的耐受性和抗性,有利于植物在不利环境中生长。在群落层面,阐明植物功能性状的分布及其随环境梯度的变化有助于潜在的植被恢复。
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引用次数: 3
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Polish Journal of Ecology
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