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Productivity of the Great Egret (Ardea alba) and Grey Heron (A. cinerea) in mixed heronries in Poland and behavioral response of fledglings to a drone 波兰混合鹭园中大白鹭(Ardea alba)和灰鹭(A. cinerea)的生产力以及雏鸟对无人机的行为反应
IF 0.9 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-22 DOI: 10.51812/of.119429
Adam Zbyryt, C. Mitrus, Grzegorz Neubauer
Productivity of avian populations provides important demographic information helpful in understanding population dynamics and processes involved during species expansions. We tested the hypothesis that the productivity of the two species of ecologically similar herons that breed together in mixed heronries is related to their expansion status. We expected the expansive species, colonizing the new area and increasing in numbers, to outperform the native species, whose abundance is stable. We studied the breeding success of two herons in mixed colonies in eastern Poland in 2018: Great Egret (Ardea alba) (an expansive species, increasing breeding range and population size), and the Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) (a native species, stable breeding population). Mean productivity (number of young per nest) was similar for Great Egret and Grey Heron and appeared correlated to each other in mixed heronries. Productivity of both species was unrelated to the colony size, but Grey Heron tended to have higher productivity as the proportion of Great Egret nests in the colony increased. Similar productivity of both species can be explained by the sufficient food resources coupled with the low level of competition. The two species differed significantly in their response of young to the approaching drone: the mean probability of a young Great Egret adopting an upright display was 0.47 compared to only 0.18 in a young Grey Heron (P=0.025). This was unlikely an age-related difference as the fledglings of both species were at a similar stage of development, but may represent some kind of a species-specific trait. Our research once again shows that UAVs allow a quick and non-invasive study of the size of the breeding populations and reproductive performance of herons, egrets and other wading birds.
鸟类种群的生产力提供了重要的人口信息,有助于了解种群动态和物种扩张过程。我们测试了这样一个假设:在混合鹭园中共同繁殖的两种生态相似的鹭类的生产力与它们的扩张状况有关。我们预计,在新区域定居且数量不断增加的扩张物种的表现会优于数量稳定的本地物种。2018 年,我们研究了波兰东部混合群落中两种苍鹭的繁殖成功率:大白鹭(Ardea alba)(扩张性物种,繁殖范围和种群规模不断扩大)和灰鹭(Ardea cinerea)(本地物种,繁殖种群稳定)。大白鹭和灰鹭的平均生产力(每巢幼鸟数量)相似,在混合鹭园中似乎相互关联。这两个物种的生产力与鹭群大小无关,但灰鹭的生产力往往随着鹭群中大白鹭巢比例的增加而提高。灰鹭和大白鹭的生产率相近的原因是食物资源充足,竞争程度低。这两个物种的幼鸟对接近的无人机的反应有显著差异:大白鹭幼鸟采取直立展示的平均概率为 0.47,而灰鹭幼鸟仅为 0.18(P=0.025)。这不太可能是与年龄有关的差异,因为两个物种的雏鸟处于相似的发育阶段,但可能代表了某种物种特有的特征。我们的研究再次表明,无人机可以快速、非侵入性地研究苍鹭、白鹭和其他涉禽的繁殖数量和繁殖性能。
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引用次数: 0
Are Grey Plovers true Jelly Bon lovers? First record of Grey Plovers (Pluvialis squatarola) deliberately feeding on barrel jellyfish (Rhizostoma pulmo) in the Western Palearctic 灰鸻是真正的水母爱好者吗?西巴勒北极地区首次记录到灰鷸(Pluvialis squatarola)故意以桶水母(Rhizostoma pulmo)为食
IF 0.9 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-16 DOI: 10.51812/of.121247
Liliana V. Vassileva
Coelenterates are not considered important food items for waders such as Grey Plovers (Pluvialis squatarola), although this has rarely been investigated in detail. During three days of fieldwork on the Bulgarian Black Sea coast in October 2020 Grey Plovers were documented deliberately choosing and swallowing barrel jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomatidae) while foraging on sand seashore where Scyphozoan jellyfish are often stranded. According to peer-reviewed literature, there is to-date no evidence of Grey Plovers consuming scyphozoan medusae, particularly as a specific choice for their food components. As a result of the present study, it is concluded that barrel jellyfish is part of the diet of Grey Plovers on the Black Sea coast and is purposely chosen by them. So far, this is the first video-recorded observation and published record of such an event in Europe and Western Palearctic. It suggests that coelenterates may be more important food items for waders than previousely believed and shows the potential of medusae to become an important food alternative for them.
虽然很少有人对灰鸻(Pluvialis squatarola)等鸻类的重要食物进行详细调查,但人们并不认为腔肠动物是灰鸻的重要食物。2020 年 10 月,在保加利亚黑海沿岸进行的为期三天的实地考察中,记录到灰鸻在经常搁浅鞘水母的沙海边觅食时,故意选择并吞下桶水母 Rhizostoma pulmo(鞘水母科:Rhizostomatidae)。根据同行评审的文献,迄今没有证据表明灰鸻食用栉水母,特别是将其作为食物成分的特定选择。本研究的结论是,桶水母是黑海沿岸灰鸻食物的一部分,而且是它们特意选择的食物。迄今为止,这是在欧洲和西古北界首次对此类事件进行录像观察并发表记录。这表明,腔肠动物对鸻来说可能比以前认为的更为重要,同时也表明了鳉鱼有可能成为鸻的重要替代食物。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing timing of fledging in a cavity-nesting passerine using temperature data loggers 利用温度数据记录仪评估孔洞筑巢雀鸟羽化的时间
4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-23 DOI: 10.51812/of.126936
Anna Dubiec, Tomasz Mazgajski
In altricial birds, the length of the nestling period, i.e. time from hatching until fledging (young leaving the nest) varies within and between species. In general, however, variation in the time of fledging and factors mediating such variation remain largely unexplored. To assess the time of nestlings leaving the nest, daily observer visits to the nest are usually done in the predicted fledging period. However, this might initiate premature fledging of young and/or increase the predation risk. The application of iButtons – coin-sized temperature data loggers, which are increasingly used in ornithological studies – may help to overcome these obstacles. We tested whether nest temperatures recorded with iButtons might be used to identify the date and hour of young fledging, i.e. when the last nestling in the brood left the nest, in a small cavity-nesting passerine – the Great Tit (Parus major). We installed iButtons in 38 nests when nestlings were 14–15 days old (hatching day = day 0) and verified the presence of nestlings during daily inspections starting on day 17 post-hatching or later. We found that the day of fledging could be accurately determined based on the difference between the temperature of the nest cup and the outside. The age of nestlings ranged between 17 and 22 days at fledging, with nearly 58% of broods fledging at the age of 20 and 21 days. The majority (81.6%) of broods fledged within 6 h after sunrise. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using iButtons to identify fledging time in altricial birds.
在晚育鸟类中,孵蛋期的长度,即从孵化到羽化(雏鸟离巢)的时间,在不同物种内和不同物种之间是不同的。然而,一般来说,羽翼发育时间的变化和介导这种变化的因素在很大程度上仍未被探索。为了评估雏鸟离巢的时间,每天的观察员通常在预测的羽化期对巢进行访问。然而,这可能会导致幼鸟过早羽化和/或增加被捕食的风险。硬币大小的温度数据记录仪iButtons的应用,越来越多地用于鸟类学研究,可能有助于克服这些障碍。我们测试了iButtons记录的巢温是否可以用来识别幼鸟羽化的日期和时间,即在一种小洞巢雀鸟-大山雀(Parus major)中,最后一个雏鸟离开巢的时间。我们在38个雏鸟14-15日龄(孵化日=第0天)的巢中安装了iButtons,并在雏鸟孵化后第17天或更晚开始的日常检查中验证了雏鸟的存在。我们发现,雏鸟羽化的日期可以根据巢杯温度和外界温度的差异来准确确定。雏鸟的羽化年龄在17 ~ 22天之间,其中近58%的雏鸟在20 ~ 21天羽化。多数(81.6%)雏鸟在日出后6小时内羽化。我们讨论了使用iButtons来识别晚熟鸟类羽化时间的优点和缺点。
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引用次数: 0
High adult survival in a northern Eurasian Curlew (Numenius arquata) population 欧亚北部鸻(Numenius arquata)种群成虫存活率高
4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-23 DOI: 10.51812/of.126810
Veli-Matti Pakanen, Reijo Kylmänen
Wetland birds such as waders are in decline across Europe. Information on demography is vital for assessing the causes of population declines, but estimates are needed from multiple populations and time periods. We used capture-recapture data from 2013–2022 including 134 individuals to estimate sex-specific apparent adult survival of Eurasian Curlews from a population breeding on agricultural fields in Finland, a stronghold region for this species in Europe. Using the Cormack–Jolly–Seber-model that considers the recapture probability of individuals, we estimated apparent survival of adults to be 0.89 (SE 0.03) for males and 0.92 (SE 0.03) for females. Our estimates of adult survival are slightly higher than those previously estimated from Fennoscandian breeding grounds in 1980s–1990s (0.82–0.88). Thus, our results suggest that adult survival of populations breeding in northern Europe has not declined during the last decades. Our study supports the view that changes in reproductive success is the main cause of decline in the Eurasian Curlew populations.
在整个欧洲,像涉禽这样的湿地鸟类正在减少。人口统计资料对于评估人口下降的原因至关重要,但需要对多个人口和不同时期进行估计。我们使用2013-2022年的捕获-再捕获数据,包括134只个体,来估计来自芬兰农业领域种群繁殖的欧亚鸻的性别特异性表观成虫存活率,芬兰是该物种在欧洲的据点地区。使用考虑个体再捕获概率的cormack - jolly - seber模型,我们估计成年雄性的表观存活率为0.89 (SE 0.03),雌性为0.92 (SE 0.03)。我们估计的成虫存活率略高于上世纪80年代至90年代在芬诺斯坎地繁殖地估计的成虫存活率(0.82-0.88)。因此,我们的结果表明,在过去的几十年里,在北欧繁殖的种群的成虫存活率并没有下降。我们的研究支持这样一种观点,即繁殖成功率的变化是欧亚鸻种群数量下降的主要原因。
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引用次数: 0
Home-range, movements and use of powerline poles of Eagle-Owls (Bubo bubo) at an island population in northern Norway 在挪威北部的一个岛上,鹰鸮(Bubo Bubo)的活动范围和电线杆的使用
IF 0.9 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-07-10 DOI: 10.51812/of.116340
T. Nygård, Karl-Otto Jacobsen, J. O. Gjershaug
A dense island population of Eagle-Owls (Bubo bubo) close to the Arctic circle had suffered considerable mortality due to powerlines (electrocution and collision) throughout many decades. A study using GPS transmitter technology was carried out between 2009 and 2014. We studied home-range sizes, dispersal distances, mortality, and proposed mitigation techniques to prevent accidents. We found as expected that juvenile Eagle-Owls had larger home-ranges and moved farther than adults, but both age-groups moved much less than shown elsewhere in Europe. The probable reason for this was thought to be that this population was isolated by the surrounding sea, which might act as a barrier. The GPS data indicated that the poles of the grid were used as perching posts more than expected from a random distribution. This was explained by the lack of high trees and other elevated landscape features on these low islands. As a mitigation effort, we contributed to designing a perching-device for fitting on the poles that would prevent electrocution of the owls. This is now used by several grid-owners in coastal areas with high electrocution risk and is followed up by the National action plan for Eagle-Owl in Norway.
几十年来,靠近北极圈的密集岛屿上的鹰鸮(Bubo Bubo)由于电力线(触电和碰撞)而遭受了相当大的死亡率。2009年至2014年期间进行了一项使用GPS发射机技术的研究。我们研究了栖息地大小、扩散距离、死亡率,并提出了预防事故的缓解技术。我们发现,正如预期的那样,幼鹰鸮的活动范围比成年鹰鸮大,活动范围也比成年鹰鸮远,但这两个年龄组的活动范围都比欧洲其他地区小得多。可能的原因被认为是这个种群被周围的海洋隔离了,这可能是一个屏障。GPS数据表明,栅格的极点被用作栖息柱的情况超出了随机分布的预期。这可以解释为这些低岛上缺乏高大的树木和其他高架景观特征。为了减轻猫头鹰的伤害,我们设计了一个安装在杆子上的栖息装置,以防止猫头鹰被电死。目前,在触电风险高的沿海地区,几家电网所有者都在使用这种方法,挪威的Eagle-Owl国家行动计划也在跟进。
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引用次数: 0
Temporal occurrence and species composition of birds on artificial feeding sites maintained for game mammals in the Dinaric Mountains, Slovenia 斯洛文尼亚迪纳里克山脉狩猎哺乳动物人工饲养场鸟类的时间分布和物种组成
IF 0.9 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-21 DOI: 10.51812/of.121820
Dejan Bordjan, A. Soultan, K. Jerina
Artificial feeding is a widely used management tool, but it often attracts nontarget species, including birds, to permanent feeding sites. This study used camera traps to monitor the presence of birds at selected sites used for bear management in Dinaric forest. A large number of bird species (35) were recorded, representing roughly half of all species breeding in the surrounding area. These species were grouped based on monthly and hourly presence, and corresponded to food groups, with most belonging to granivores or scavengers. Some species, such as Pigeons (Columba sp.), Raven (Corvus corax) and Buzzard (Buteo buteo), adapted their presence to the availability of food at the feeding sites, while others were not affected by this. Both Chaffinches (Fringilla coelebs) and Jays (Garrulus glandarius) frequented the feeding sites, but their temporal presence was influenced by their biology rather than by food availability. The Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) also adapted its presence to food availability, and its presence was closely associated with that of the Jay. This study confirms the temporal differences in the use of feeding sites by birds and mammals, which is likely due to their different biology and past management. This can be used to make wildlife management more efficient and reduce the undesirable effects of artificial feeding.
人工饲养是一种广泛使用的管理工具,但它经常吸引包括鸟类在内的非目标物种到永久性饲养场所。这项研究使用相机捕捉器来监测迪纳里克森林中用于熊管理的选定地点是否有鸟类。记录了大量鸟类(35种),约占周边地区所有繁殖物种的一半。这些物种根据每月和每小时的存在进行分组,并对应于食物组,其中大多数属于食草动物或清道夫。一些物种,如鸽子(Columba sp.)、乌鸦(Corvus corax)和蟾蜍(Buteo Buteo),根据觅食地的食物供应情况调整了它们的存在,而其他物种则没有受到影响。Chaffinches(Fringilla coelebs)和Jays(Garulus glandarius)都经常出现在觅食地,但它们的时间存在受到它们的生物学而不是食物供应的影响。麻雀(Accipiter nisus)也适应了食物的供应,它的存在与杰伊的存在密切相关。这项研究证实了鸟类和哺乳动物在使用觅食地方面的时间差异,这可能是由于它们的生物学和过去的管理不同。这可以用来提高野生动物管理的效率,并减少人工饲养的不良影响。
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引用次数: 0
Breeding biology of Red-backed Shrikes (Lanius collurio): distribution, performance and post-fledging survival in Denmark 丹麦红背伯劳的繁殖生物学:分布、性能和雏鸟后的生存
IF 0.9 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-07 DOI: 10.51812/of.124729
Daniel A. F. Bloche, K. Thorup, K. Olsen, P. Ekberg, Peter Ellegaard Larsen, Knud-Erik Strange, A. P. Tøttrup
Agricultural intensification and habitat degradation across Europe have caused declines since the 20th century in populations of birds adapted to open landscapes, such as the Red-backed Shrike (Lanius collurio). Effective conservation strategies require knowledge on species’ breeding biology. To understand the status of the Danish breeding population better, we investigate which factors affect their breeding parameter (i.e. distribution, performance, post-fledging survival and behaviour). Our focus on the post-fledging period addresses present knowledge gaps due to the importance of this, yet under-studied, phase of passerines’ breeding cycle. We studied breeding pairs on different habitat types with Denmark-wide Citizen Science data, complemented by data of local projects in Northern Zealand and Northern Jutland (Denmark). Significantly fewer pairs were found in agricultural habitats and more in forests, semi-natural open habitats and synanthropic habitats. Pairs in forests had a significantly higher breeding productivity compared to agricultural or semi-natural open habitats for data from the years 2000 to 2021. Some project sites showed significantly higher number of fledglings compared to others, indicating that these sites are potential core areas for breeding productivity. Over the last two decades, the mean breeding productivity across Denmark was stable with 2.3 fledglings per successful pair. The survival rate of ringed fledglings increased during the post-fledging period, likely due to their increase in more active and independent behaviour. The relatively low breeding productivity found in this study calls for further studies including detailed data from potentially secondary habitats like agricultural areas to understand the effects of habitat on population fluctuations.
自20世纪以来,整个欧洲的农业集约化和栖息地退化导致适应开阔景观的鸟类数量下降,例如红背伯劳鸟(Lanius collurio)。有效的保护策略需要了解物种的繁殖生物学。为了更好地了解丹麦繁殖种群的状况,我们调查了影响其繁殖参数的因素(即分布、性能、雏鸟后存活率和行为)。我们对羽化后时期的关注解决了目前的知识差距,这是由于雀形目动物繁殖周期中这一尚未充分研究的重要阶段。我们利用丹麦公民科学数据,辅以新西兰和北日德兰半岛(丹麦)当地项目的数据,研究了不同栖息地类型的繁殖对。在农业生境中较少,而在森林、半自然开放生境和共生生境中较多。2000年至2021年的数据显示,与农业或半自然开放栖息地相比,森林中的成对繁殖能力明显更高。一些项目地点的雏鸟数量明显高于其他项目地点,表明这些地点是潜在的繁殖生产力核心区。在过去的二十年里,丹麦的平均繁殖生产力稳定在每对成功的雏鸟2.3只。带环的雏鸟在羽化后的时期存活率增加,可能是由于它们的行为更加活跃和独立。本研究中发现的相对较低的繁殖生产力需要进一步的研究,包括来自农业等潜在次要栖息地的详细数据,以了解栖息地对人口波动的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Bean goose migration shows a long-term temporal shift to earlier spring, but not to later autumn migration in Finland 在芬兰,豆鹅的迁徙在长期时间上向早春迁移,而不是向晚秋迁移
IF 0.9 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-04-12 DOI: 10.51812/of.119806
Pihla Kortesalmi, Salli Pääkkönen, J. Valkonen, Ossi Nokelainen
Climate change can challenge the inherited or learned behavioural patterns that were useful in the past. In particular, it may change the spatio-temporal dynamics of migratory behaviour in birds. Here, we explored a 40-year-long time series of Bean Goose (Anser fabalis) observations using a citizen science database (tiira.fi – BirdLife Finland) to link the timing of the migration across last forty years and with the large-scale temporal weather fluctuation described by an index of North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). During 1978–2018, the peak of spring migration of the Bean Goose has advanced approximately a month, whereas the timing of autumn migration has remained more similar across the years. The NAO index was associated only with spring migration. Strong temporal changes of the Bean Goose migration are evident as they adjust their migratory behaviour to changing spring conditions.
气候变化可以挑战过去有用的遗传或习得的行为模式。特别是,它可能会改变鸟类迁徙行为的时空动态。在这里,我们使用公民科学数据库(tiira.fi–BirdLife Finland)探索了一个长达40年的Bean Goose(Anser fabalis)观测时间序列,将过去40年的迁徙时间与北大西洋振荡指数(NAO)描述的大规模时间天气波动联系起来。在1978年至2018年期间,憨豆鹅春季迁徙的高峰期提前了大约一个月,而秋季迁徙的时间多年来一直更为相似。NAO指数仅与春季迁徙有关。憨豆鹅迁徙的强烈时间变化是显而易见的,因为它们会根据春季条件的变化调整迁徙行为。
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引用次数: 0
The Mistle Thrush (Turdus viscivorus) in a production forestry context: A territory mapping study 生产林业背景下的雾画眉(Turdus viscivorus):一项领土测绘研究
IF 0.9 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-02-20 DOI: 10.51812/of.120604
A. Lõhmus
In Northern Europe, the Mistle Thrush (Turdus viscivorus) is a relatively poorly studied species inhabiting forested landscapes where it has historically experienced population declines. Those declines have been attributed to the spread of intensive forest management; yet, the populations have stabilized or increased in recent decades. To distinguish the main forestry impacts on its breeding numbers and distribution, a multiple-visit territory-mapping study was carried out over 15 km2 of production forest landscape in Estonia. At the landscape scale, the breeding distribution was concentrated to conifer forests on bog peat where the densities were five times higher than in other conifer forests and (at least) ten times higher than in non-conifer forests. This reveals a broad distribution pattern where high-density (core) habitats only host a small fraction of the total population; their relative contribution to the recruitment remains unknown. At the breeding territory scale (within 150 m from a nest), Mistle Thrushes avoided recent clear-cuts and preferred larger areas of old stands more than expected from the distribution of suitable stands for nesting. This indicated that, in a short term, clear-cutting reduces nesting habitats of this species disproportionately more than expected from the cut area alone; this is in accordance with the documented 20th century declines of the species in Fennoscandia. The relationship with forestry drainage is more complicated, however, due to delayed effects and covariation with the main breeding habitat. The basic ecology of the species in conifer forest-wetland landscapes, which are subjected to management pressures, warrants future studies and might provide general insights into the dynamics and functioning of these ecosystems.
在北欧,雾Thrush(Turdus viscivorus)是一种研究相对较少的物种,栖息在森林景观中,历史上它的种群数量一直在下降。这些下降归因于强化森林管理的蔓延;然而,近几十年来,人口已经稳定或增加。为了区分主要的林业对其繁殖数量和分布的影响,对爱沙尼亚15平方公里的生产森林景观进行了多次区域测绘研究。在景观尺度上,繁殖分布集中在沼泽泥炭上的针叶树林中,那里的密度是其他针叶树林的五倍,(至少)是非针叶树林密度的十倍。这揭示了一种广泛的分布模式,高密度(核心)栖息地只容纳总种群的一小部分;他们对招聘的相对贡献仍然未知。在繁殖区域范围内(距离巢穴150米以内),雾Thrushes避免了最近的砍伐,更喜欢更大面积的旧林分,而不是分布合适的林分进行筑巢。这表明,在短期内,明确的砍伐减少了该物种的筑巢栖息地,比仅从砍伐区域预期的要多;这与20世纪芬诺斯坎迪亚物种数量减少的记录一致。然而,由于延迟效应和与主要繁殖栖息地的协变量,与林业排水的关系更加复杂。针叶树森林湿地景观中物种的基本生态学受到管理压力,有必要进行未来的研究,并可能为这些生态系统的动态和功能提供一般见解。
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引用次数: 0
Foraging behaviour of the Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos major) in the Białowieża National Park 大斑啄木鸟(Dendrocopos major)在Białowieża国家公园的觅食行为
IF 0.9 4区 生物学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-02-03 DOI: 10.51812/of.126163
T. Stański, M. Stańska, D. Czeszczewik
Although the Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos major) is the most common of the European woodpecker species, there are no studies detailing its foraging behaviour in the breeding and non-breeding seasons. Our research, conducted in the primeval oak-lime-hornbeam forest of the Białowieża National Park in 1999–2011, compared foraging sites and foraging techniques used by this species in these two seasons. Great Spotted Woodpecker predominantly foraged on standing trees, while lying trees and the ground were occasionally used as foraging sites, but almost exclusively in the breeding season. European hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) and small-leaved lime (Tilia cordata) were the most frequently used for foraging in the breeding season, whereas Norway spruce (Picea abies) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) were used in the non-breeding season. Great Spotted Woodpecker foraged more frequently on dead and large trees in the non-breeding season. In the breeding season, Great Spotted Woodpecker collected food mainly from living substrates, predominantly sites on large diameter trunks and at low height, while in the non-breeding season it collected food from thin, dead and upper branches. Searching for food and gleaning it from the tree surface was the most common foraging technique used in the breeding season, whereas seed extraction from cones dominated in the non-breeding season. The percentage of foraging time spent on this type of food was positively correlated with the index of Norway spruce seed production. Our study showed that the foraging behaviour of the Great Spotted Woodpecker in the two seasons differs significantly due to changes in food resources.
虽然大斑点啄木鸟(Dendrocopos major)是欧洲最常见的啄木鸟物种,但没有研究详细说明它在繁殖期和非繁殖期的觅食行为。我们于1999-2011年在Białowieża国家公园的原始橡树-石灰-角梁森林进行了研究,比较了这两个季节该物种的觅食地点和觅食技术。大斑啄木鸟主要在站立的树上觅食,而躺着的树和地面偶尔也会被用作觅食地点,但几乎只在繁殖季节。在繁殖季节,欧洲角木(Carpinus betulus)和小叶石灰(Tilia cordata)是最常用的觅食树种,而在非繁殖季节,挪威云杉(Picea abies)和有花序的橡树(Quercus robur)是最常用的觅食树种。在非繁殖季节,大斑啄木鸟更频繁地在枯树和大树上觅食。大斑啄木鸟在繁殖期主要采食于低高度、大直径树干上的活体基质,而在非繁殖期主要采食于细枝、枯枝和上部树枝。在繁殖季节,从树表面寻找食物和收集食物是最常见的觅食技术,而在非繁殖季节,从球果中提取种子是主要的觅食技术。在这类食物上花费的觅食时间百分比与挪威云杉种子产量指数呈正相关。我们的研究表明,由于食物资源的变化,大斑啄木鸟在两个季节的觅食行为有很大的不同。
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引用次数: 0
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Ornis Fennica
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