This paper examines the Royal Geographical Society's provision and management of scientific instruments to explorers and expeditions in the century following its foundation in 1830. Assessment of the Society's directives concerning appropriate scientific instruments for the conduct of geography reveals the emergence (slow and uneven) of policies concerning the assignment of instruments. From examination of Council minutes and related manuscript sources, the paper documents the numbers of instruments acquired by the Society, by whom used, for what scientific purpose and in which parts of the world. The paper examines the number and chronology of expeditions supported by the Society's instruments, examines the expenditure upon instruments’ repair, and discusses the publications that followed their use in exploration. Correspondence between instrument users and the Society reveals that, on occasion, the use of instruments was adventitious. While geographical knowledge depended upon the use of scientific instruments to measure and to depict the world, geography was not a formally institutionalized survey science as was the case with the Geological Survey or the nation-defining mapping of Ordnance Survey.
{"title":"Instrument provision and geographical science: the work of the Royal Geographical Society, 1830–ca 1930","authors":"J. Wess, C. Withers","doi":"10.1098/RSNR.2018.0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/RSNR.2018.0034","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the Royal Geographical Society's provision and management of scientific instruments to explorers and expeditions in the century following its foundation in 1830. Assessment of the Society's directives concerning appropriate scientific instruments for the conduct of geography reveals the emergence (slow and uneven) of policies concerning the assignment of instruments. From examination of Council minutes and related manuscript sources, the paper documents the numbers of instruments acquired by the Society, by whom used, for what scientific purpose and in which parts of the world. The paper examines the number and chronology of expeditions supported by the Society's instruments, examines the expenditure upon instruments’ repair, and discusses the publications that followed their use in exploration. Correspondence between instrument users and the Society reveals that, on occasion, the use of instruments was adventitious. While geographical knowledge depended upon the use of scientific instruments to measure and to depict the world, geography was not a formally institutionalized survey science as was the case with the Geological Survey or the nation-defining mapping of Ordnance Survey.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"73 1","pages":"223 - 241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/RSNR.2018.0034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42070401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many early modern men and women left behind documents and artefacts that suggested how they wanted to be remembered. By the time John Wallis, the Oxford-based mathematician and theologian, had died in 1703, he had left several such items for future generations. For instance, in 1697, he wrote an autobiographical letter to his friend Thomas Smith, fellow of Magdalen College. The letter begins with an account of how Wallis, born in Ashford, Kent, in 1616 to a minister and his wife, spent his childhood at schools in Kent and Essex before he matriculated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, in 1632. After graduating BA (1637) and MA (1640) from Emmanuel, Wallis was ordained as a minister and might have stayed on the clerical career path if not for certain unexpected developments, described in his letter, that led him toward a different career. In particular, Wallis explained how he discovered his aptitude for mathematics when, while home from Cambridge for Christmas in 1631, he learned basic arithmetic from his brother, who was training for a career as a draper. Wallis's natural mathematical ability would prove invaluable when, in 1649, he was installed as Savilian Professor of Geometry despite having little mathematical training. Although the reasons for his appointment were at least partly political,1 the results were spectacular: Wallis published a flurry of ground-breaking mathematical works during the 1650s, and he went on to enjoy a long and productive mathematical career for the next half-century. The rest of Wallis's autobiographical letter focuses on the significant events in which he participated throughout his life, from serving as a scribe in the Westminster Assembly of Divines to the founding of the Royal Society of London, of which he was an active member.2 These were the aspects of his career that Wallis sought to preserve …
{"title":"‘Too much for mee to speake of’: the many facets of John Wallis's life and legacy","authors":"Adam D. Richter, Stephen D. Snobelen","doi":"10.1098/RSNR.2018.0047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/RSNR.2018.0047","url":null,"abstract":"Many early modern men and women left behind documents and artefacts that suggested how they wanted to be remembered. By the time John Wallis, the Oxford-based mathematician and theologian, had died in 1703, he had left several such items for future generations. For instance, in 1697, he wrote an autobiographical letter to his friend Thomas Smith, fellow of Magdalen College. The letter begins with an account of how Wallis, born in Ashford, Kent, in 1616 to a minister and his wife, spent his childhood at schools in Kent and Essex before he matriculated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, in 1632. After graduating BA (1637) and MA (1640) from Emmanuel, Wallis was ordained as a minister and might have stayed on the clerical career path if not for certain unexpected developments, described in his letter, that led him toward a different career. In particular, Wallis explained how he discovered his aptitude for mathematics when, while home from Cambridge for Christmas in 1631, he learned basic arithmetic from his brother, who was training for a career as a draper. Wallis's natural mathematical ability would prove invaluable when, in 1649, he was installed as Savilian Professor of Geometry despite having little mathematical training. Although the reasons for his appointment were at least partly political,1 the results were spectacular: Wallis published a flurry of ground-breaking mathematical works during the 1650s, and he went on to enjoy a long and productive mathematical career for the next half-century. The rest of Wallis's autobiographical letter focuses on the significant events in which he participated throughout his life, from serving as a scribe in the Westminster Assembly of Divines to the founding of the Royal Society of London, of which he was an active member.2 These were the aspects of his career that Wallis sought to preserve …","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"72 1","pages":"407 - 412"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/RSNR.2018.0047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43507539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The dispute that raged between Thomas Hobbes and John Wallis from 1655 until Hobbes's death in 1679 was one of the most intense of the ‘battles of the books’ in seventeenth-century intellectual life. The dispute was principally centered on geometric questions (most notably Hobbes’s many failed attempts to square the circle), but it also involved questions of religion and politics. This paper investigates the origins of the dispute and argues that Wallis’s primary motivation was not so much to refute Hobbes’s geometry as to demolish his reputation as an authority in political, philosophical, and religious matters. It also highlights the very different conceptions of geometrical methodology employed by the two disputants. In the end, I argue that, although Wallis was successful in showing the inadequacies of Hobbes’s geometric endeavours, he failed in his quest to discredit the Hobbesian philosophy in toto.
{"title":"Geometry, religion and politics: context and consequences of the Hobbes–Wallis dispute","authors":"D. Jesseph","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2018.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0026","url":null,"abstract":"The dispute that raged between Thomas Hobbes and John Wallis from 1655 until Hobbes's death in 1679 was one of the most intense of the ‘battles of the books’ in seventeenth-century intellectual life. The dispute was principally centered on geometric questions (most notably Hobbes’s many failed attempts to square the circle), but it also involved questions of religion and politics. This paper investigates the origins of the dispute and argues that Wallis’s primary motivation was not so much to refute Hobbes’s geometry as to demolish his reputation as an authority in political, philosophical, and religious matters. It also highlights the very different conceptions of geometrical methodology employed by the two disputants. In the end, I argue that, although Wallis was successful in showing the inadequacies of Hobbes’s geometric endeavours, he failed in his quest to discredit the Hobbesian philosophy in toto.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"72 1","pages":"469 - 486"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42935411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John Wallis, a founding member of the Royal Society, theologian and churchman, participated in the leading ecclesiastical conferences in England from the beginning of the English Civil War to the Restoration. His allegiance across governments, both civil and ecclesiastical, has provoked criticism. Close investigation into his position on key church issues, however, reveals a deeper philosophical unity binding together his natural philosophy, mathematics and views on church polity and liturgy.
{"title":"Polity and liturgy in the philosophy of John Wallis","authors":"Jason M. Rampelt","doi":"10.1098/RSNR.2018.0027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/RSNR.2018.0027","url":null,"abstract":"John Wallis, a founding member of the Royal Society, theologian and churchman, participated in the leading ecclesiastical conferences in England from the beginning of the English Civil War to the Restoration. His allegiance across governments, both civil and ecclesiastical, has provoked criticism. Close investigation into his position on key church issues, however, reveals a deeper philosophical unity binding together his natural philosophy, mathematics and views on church polity and liturgy.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"72 1","pages":"505 - 525"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/RSNR.2018.0027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45878204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) is well known to have studied bird flight, few people realize that he was the first to document flight manoeuvres now called dynamic soaring. Birds use these manoeuvres to extract energy from the gradient of wind velocity (wind shear) for sustained flight. In his Manuscript E (ca 1513–1515) Leonardo described land birds performing flight manoeuvres that match those of albatrosses and other seabirds when they are engaged in dynamic soaring over the ocean. His description pre-dates by almost 400 years the first generally accepted explanation of the physics of this soaring technique by Lord Rayleigh in 1883. Leonardo's early description of dynamic soaring is one of his major aerodynamic discoveries.
{"title":"Leonardo da Vinci's discovery of the dynamic soaring by birds in wind shear","authors":"P. Richardson","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2018.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0024","url":null,"abstract":"Although Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) is well known to have studied bird flight, few people realize that he was the first to document flight manoeuvres now called dynamic soaring. Birds use these manoeuvres to extract energy from the gradient of wind velocity (wind shear) for sustained flight. In his Manuscript E (ca 1513–1515) Leonardo described land birds performing flight manoeuvres that match those of albatrosses and other seabirds when they are engaged in dynamic soaring over the ocean. His description pre-dates by almost 400 years the first generally accepted explanation of the physics of this soaring technique by Lord Rayleigh in 1883. Leonardo's early description of dynamic soaring is one of his major aerodynamic discoveries.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41636768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
John Wallis's encyclopaedic endeavours were built on a mountain of ink and paper. To consider Wallis's work in the making, this article will draw his portrait as a reader and book collector. Keeper of the University of Oxford archives, he secured donations for the Bodleian and Savilian libraries and obsessively consulted old and new publications, manuscript and printed texts to build and defend his own work. Revealing interconnections between his contributions to theology, cryptography, linguistics, music and mathematics, this paper will focus on Wallis's methodical construction of his personal ‘inkscape’. His passionate obsession with the preservation and dissemination of his thought in print will be considered alongside the research he only consigned in manuscript form, through correspondence and notes. This reconstruction of John Wallis's libraries will therefore provide us with an overview of the érudit's contested achievements, as well as a panorama of contemporary scholarly practices.
{"title":"John Wallis's world of ink: from manuscripts to library","authors":"Louisiane Ferlier","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2018.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0022","url":null,"abstract":"John Wallis's encyclopaedic endeavours were built on a mountain of ink and paper. To consider Wallis's work in the making, this article will draw his portrait as a reader and book collector. Keeper of the University of Oxford archives, he secured donations for the Bodleian and Savilian libraries and obsessively consulted old and new publications, manuscript and printed texts to build and defend his own work. Revealing interconnections between his contributions to theology, cryptography, linguistics, music and mathematics, this paper will focus on Wallis's methodical construction of his personal ‘inkscape’. His passionate obsession with the preservation and dissemination of his thought in print will be considered alongside the research he only consigned in manuscript form, through correspondence and notes. This reconstruction of John Wallis's libraries will therefore provide us with an overview of the érudit's contested achievements, as well as a panorama of contemporary scholarly practices.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"72 1","pages":"431 - 445"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48675897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper explores the introduction of the term ‘applied sciences’ into English from German at the beginning of the nineteenth century. First used for, and in, The Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, a project of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, the term served to describe the space between pure knowledge and practice, for a community to whom change in commerce and agriculture required elite management as well as encouragement. Addressed to those of ‘clerkly acquirements’, the audience anticipated Coleridge's later term of ‘clerisy’. I argue that we see a rather late example, on the periphery of the German cultural world in academically underserved Britain, of the importance of the encyclopaedia as a means of structuring knowledge. Mediating between an international cameralist tradition, a Kantian philosophical framework and a newly wealthy and aspirational audience, The Encyclopaedia Metropolitana was a cultural weapon through both its contents and its structure. It provided meaning to applied sciences as an epistemic category less certain than, and dependent on, the pure sciences, but also inclusive of a range of important subjects from chemistry to fortification. I argue that the term had served this role already in German, particularly after its adoption by Kantians, and moreover in encyclopaediae. In The Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, too, the categories of pure and applied science enabled the editor and readers to manage the burgeoning knowledge and destabilizing change of the early nineteenth century.
本文探讨了19世纪初“应用科学”一词从德语传入英语的过程。这个词最初用于塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge)的《大都会百科全书》(The Encyclopaedia Metropolitana)中，用来描述纯粹知识和实践之间的空间，指的是商业和农业变革需要精英管理和鼓励的群体。针对那些“文员式的获得”，观众期待着柯勒律治后来的术语“知识”。我认为，我们看到了一个相当晚的例子，在德国文化世界的边缘，在学术落后的英国，百科全书作为构建知识的一种手段的重要性。《大都会百科全书》在国际摄影传统、康德哲学框架和新贵和有抱负的读者之间进行了调解，从其内容和结构来看，它都是一种文化武器。它为应用科学提供了意义，作为一种认知范畴，它不像纯科学那样确定，而且依赖于纯科学，但也包括从化学到防御工事的一系列重要学科。我认为，这个词在德语中已经扮演了这个角色，尤其是在被康德学派采用之后，而且在百科全书中也是如此。在《大都会百科全书》中，纯科学和应用科学的分类也使编辑和读者能够应对19世纪初迅速增长的知识和不稳定的变化。
{"title":"Selling visions: Kantianism, cameralism and applied science realized through encyclopaediae in Germany and beyond","authors":"R. Bud","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2018.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the introduction of the term ‘applied sciences’ into English from German at the beginning of the nineteenth century. First used for, and in, The Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, a project of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, the term served to describe the space between pure knowledge and practice, for a community to whom change in commerce and agriculture required elite management as well as encouragement. Addressed to those of ‘clerkly acquirements’, the audience anticipated Coleridge's later term of ‘clerisy’. I argue that we see a rather late example, on the periphery of the German cultural world in academically underserved Britain, of the importance of the encyclopaedia as a means of structuring knowledge. Mediating between an international cameralist tradition, a Kantian philosophical framework and a newly wealthy and aspirational audience, The Encyclopaedia Metropolitana was a cultural weapon through both its contents and its structure. It provided meaning to applied sciences as an epistemic category less certain than, and dependent on, the pure sciences, but also inclusive of a range of important subjects from chemistry to fortification. I argue that the term had served this role already in German, particularly after its adoption by Kantians, and moreover in encyclopaediae. In The Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, too, the categories of pure and applied science enabled the editor and readers to manage the burgeoning knowledge and destabilizing change of the early nineteenth century.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"72 1","pages":"199 - 216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45335209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drawing on Jan Golinski's analysis of Humphry Davy's adoption of a variety of social roles, this paper seeks to ground Davy's social interactions by identifying his underlying psychological orientation. A close reading of Davy's own letters and the accounts of him given by his contemporaries suggest that many facets of his behaviour accord closely with those associated with a narcissistic personality, as described in the psychological literature. This perspective helps us understand better many aspects of Davy's life, including his fraught relationship with the Royal Society during and after his election to the presidency in 1820, and especially his conduct in 1816–1818, when he engaged in a vituperative priority dispute with George Stephenson over the invention of the miners' safety lamp. By viewing Davy as a narcissist we can unify apparently disparate aspects of his behaviour.
{"title":"Humphry Davy: a study in narcissism?","authors":"G. Cantor","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2017.0055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0055","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing on Jan Golinski's analysis of Humphry Davy's adoption of a variety of social roles, this paper seeks to ground Davy's social interactions by identifying his underlying psychological orientation. A close reading of Davy's own letters and the accounts of him given by his contemporaries suggest that many facets of his behaviour accord closely with those associated with a narcissistic personality, as described in the psychological literature. This perspective helps us understand better many aspects of Davy's life, including his fraught relationship with the Royal Society during and after his election to the presidency in 1820, and especially his conduct in 1816–1818, when he engaged in a vituperative priority dispute with George Stephenson over the invention of the miners' safety lamp. By viewing Davy as a narcissist we can unify apparently disparate aspects of his behaviour.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":"72 1","pages":"217 - 237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2017.0055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46587311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Homeopathy and its transnational transmission have received significant attention from historians of medicine. But the emergence of homeopathy in modern Chinese society has remained little explored. This article identifies the homeopathic practitioners arriving in nineteenth-century China, and then explores their origins, efforts and sense of professional identity in a transnational context. The history of homeopathy in China is found to begin in the late nineteenth century, during which the growth of the Christian missionary enterprise promoted the arrival of sporadic Euro-American homeopathic practitioners, also missionaries, in coastal regions of China. Almost all of them received professional training in American homeopathic medical institutions; and most of them were females, providing additional opportunities for local women patients to receive treatment. The practitioners recognized homeopathy and their collective homeopathic identity, but their healing services were not necessarily essentially homeopathic. Homeopathy that they learnt also evolved and transacted with exotic knowledge during its globalization. Under the influence of homeopathy, some Euro-Americans claimed to have discovered homeopathic elements in Chinese medical ideas and practice. The early history of homeopathy explored in this article helps deconstruct the popular imagination of a coherent ‘Western medicine’ in modern China.
{"title":"‘Homoeopathy flourishes in the far East’: A forgotten history of homeopathy in late nineteenth-century China","authors":"Di-lai Lu","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2018.0041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0041","url":null,"abstract":"Homeopathy and its transnational transmission have received significant attention from historians of medicine. But the emergence of homeopathy in modern Chinese society has remained little explored. This article identifies the homeopathic practitioners arriving in nineteenth-century China, and then explores their origins, efforts and sense of professional identity in a transnational context. The history of homeopathy in China is found to begin in the late nineteenth century, during which the growth of the Christian missionary enterprise promoted the arrival of sporadic Euro-American homeopathic practitioners, also missionaries, in coastal regions of China. Almost all of them received professional training in American homeopathic medical institutions; and most of them were females, providing additional opportunities for local women patients to receive treatment. The practitioners recognized homeopathy and their collective homeopathic identity, but their healing services were not necessarily essentially homeopathic. Homeopathy that they learnt also evolved and transacted with exotic knowledge during its globalization. Under the influence of homeopathy, some Euro-Americans claimed to have discovered homeopathic elements in Chinese medical ideas and practice. The early history of homeopathy explored in this article helps deconstruct the popular imagination of a coherent ‘Western medicine’ in modern China.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44979531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The interests of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in natural history and evolution took them to remote parts of the globe on hazardous, multi-sensory journeys that were ultimately about collecting. This paper introduces a methodology for exploring these complex experiences in more detail, informed by historical geography, anthropology, textual analysis and the geo-humanities. It involves looking for evidence of the richly stimulating and often challenging sensory dynamics within which they collected and connected data, observations, images, specimens, memories and ideas. Darwin's exploits in Tierra del Fuego are examined as a case study, with a particular focus on the collection of ‘Fuegian’ body paints in 1833. This type of analysis provides a fresh insight into the multi-sensory entanglement of encounter with people and place involved in the collecting process. It helps us to understand better the experiences that shaped what was collected and brought back to Britain, and the personal observations associated with these collections that sowed the seeds for Darwin's work on the origin of species.
{"title":"Towards a methodology for analysing nineteenth-century collecting journeys of science and empire, with Charles Darwin's activities in Tierra del Fuego as a case study","authors":"J. Owen","doi":"10.1098/rsnr.2018.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0012","url":null,"abstract":"The interests of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in natural history and evolution took them to remote parts of the globe on hazardous, multi-sensory journeys that were ultimately about collecting. This paper introduces a methodology for exploring these complex experiences in more detail, informed by historical geography, anthropology, textual analysis and the geo-humanities. It involves looking for evidence of the richly stimulating and often challenging sensory dynamics within which they collected and connected data, observations, images, specimens, memories and ideas. Darwin's exploits in Tierra del Fuego are examined as a case study, with a particular focus on the collection of ‘Fuegian’ body paints in 1833. This type of analysis provides a fresh insight into the multi-sensory entanglement of encounter with people and place involved in the collecting process. It helps us to understand better the experiences that shaped what was collected and brought back to Britain, and the personal observations associated with these collections that sowed the seeds for Darwin's work on the origin of species.","PeriodicalId":49744,"journal":{"name":"Notes and Records-The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2018-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48227497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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