Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63222
Ashutosh Pandey
With the evolution and development of jus in bello, conflicts of both internal and international character have given due consideration to limit human casualties and minimize suffering. Post-World War trials in Nuremberg and Tokyo played a crucial role in influencing modern International Criminal Law. The international community soon realized the necessity to draft various international legal documents and establish the International Criminal Court to prosecute individuals for various categories of crimes including War Crimes. Article 8 of the Rome Statute has classified acts of destruction of the natural environment and cultural property within the ambit of the definition of War Crime. However, with a higher threshold required to prove the crime of destruction of the natural environment and a human rights approach taken in cases of destruction of cultural property, both areas seem to need much exploration and research. This paper scrutinizes the development of laws of war and dives deep into the jurisprudence laid down in various decisions of the ICC to protect these civilian objects during armed conflict. It further elucidates the lacunas in the law and explains how they may lose their protection guaranteed by humanitarian law and can be the target of attack if these civilian objects are used to achieve a military advantage. Based on the elucidation of various primary sources like legislations and case laws along with secondary sources like legal textbooks and commentaries, law review articles, and legal encyclopedias, the paper generated is descriptive with a slight element of critical analysis of the international legal framework.
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Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63188
D. Bastola
In this research paper, the author has tried to establish the historical journey of technical units and their organizational changes, especially in the field of modernization in the Nepali army. A brief historical background of such technical units is also one of the areas of interest of the researcher to enhance the research questions. A mixed method has been applied. An exploratory approach has been used to answer the research questions. Almost 10 army experts, including defense security experts who know the Nepali army closely participated in the Delphi technique, based on interview questionnaires to explore the research findings. Secondary data have been used for the quantitative research analysis and 10 veteran Generals participated in qualitative research. In quantitative analysis, the growth and strength were analyzed. Medical, Aviation, EME, Civil Engineering, and Production Units were chosen for the study. Triangulation of methods was used to establish the reliability and credibility of the research findings. The results show that top leadership of the Nepali Army is one of the top factors for the modernization of Technical Units than any other factors and the Mission factor comes in the second position that is the serendipity of these research findings. The study also revealed that without a perfect balance between technology and technocrats, mission success is difficult to achieve. This research has answered all the research questions and has given enough avenues for the modernization process of technical units of the Nepali Army in the upcoming days to achieve organizational, as well as mission success of the Nepali Army.
{"title":"Modernization of Technical Units of the Nepali Army for Mission Success (A Mixed Methods Exploratory Research)","authors":"D. Bastola","doi":"10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63188","url":null,"abstract":"In this research paper, the author has tried to establish the historical journey of technical units and their organizational changes, especially in the field of modernization in the Nepali army. A brief historical background of such technical units is also one of the areas of interest of the researcher to enhance the research questions. A mixed method has been applied. An exploratory approach has been used to answer the research questions. Almost 10 army experts, including defense security experts who know the Nepali army closely participated in the Delphi technique, based on interview questionnaires to explore the research findings. Secondary data have been used for the quantitative research analysis and 10 veteran Generals participated in qualitative research. In quantitative analysis, the growth and strength were analyzed. Medical, Aviation, EME, Civil Engineering, and Production Units were chosen for the study. Triangulation of methods was used to establish the reliability and credibility of the research findings. The results show that top leadership of the Nepali Army is one of the top factors for the modernization of Technical Units than any other factors and the Mission factor comes in the second position that is the serendipity of these research findings. The study also revealed that without a perfect balance between technology and technocrats, mission success is difficult to achieve. This research has answered all the research questions and has given enough avenues for the modernization process of technical units of the Nepali Army in the upcoming days to achieve organizational, as well as mission success of the Nepali Army.","PeriodicalId":498142,"journal":{"name":"Unity journal","volume":" November","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140383502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63182
Balkrishna Karki
Nepal, nestled amidst the majestic Himalayas, is uniquely positioned with its delicate geological makeup. This renders it vulnerable to escalating environmental threats, primarily driven by global climate change-induced adversities. These climatic adversities not only disrupt the ecological balance but also create a space for multiple conflict frontiers. The primary objective of this research is to delve into the multifaceted conflicts that include competition for scarce resources, decision-making process, and vested interest of foreign powers that may arise from the climatic challenges especially flash floods, glacier lake outbursts, droughts, landslides, and other catastrophic disasters. The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of climatic-induced disaster events and their significant role in the origin of conflicts. Employing a qualitative research design using the tool of comparative analysis, the study investigates the conflicts triggered by these disasters of the past two decades. The study will draw insightful parallels between Nepal's unique situation and other global regions. I will spotlight regions like South Sudan, Rwanda, Syria, and, South and Southeast Asia where climate-induced factors, such as acute water and food shortages, have ignited community tensions and other resource-based conflicts in the historical review and analysis. Within Nepal's borders, I will undertake a detailed historical analysis of the specific cases due to climate change. The study aims to bridge the knowledge gap between climate change and conflict dynamics, offering actionable insights for holistic resource management, disaster risk mitigation, and proactive conflict prevention.
{"title":"The Threats of Climate Change in Nepal: Natural Catastrophes and Global Conflict Frontiers","authors":"Balkrishna Karki","doi":"10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63182","url":null,"abstract":"Nepal, nestled amidst the majestic Himalayas, is uniquely positioned with its delicate geological makeup. This renders it vulnerable to escalating environmental threats, primarily driven by global climate change-induced adversities. These climatic adversities not only disrupt the ecological balance but also create a space for multiple conflict frontiers. The primary objective of this research is to delve into the multifaceted conflicts that include competition for scarce resources, decision-making process, and vested interest of foreign powers that may arise from the climatic challenges especially flash floods, glacier lake outbursts, droughts, landslides, and other catastrophic disasters. The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of climatic-induced disaster events and their significant role in the origin of conflicts. Employing a qualitative research design using the tool of comparative analysis, the study investigates the conflicts triggered by these disasters of the past two decades. The study will draw insightful parallels between Nepal's unique situation and other global regions. I will spotlight regions like South Sudan, Rwanda, Syria, and, South and Southeast Asia where climate-induced factors, such as acute water and food shortages, have ignited community tensions and other resource-based conflicts in the historical review and analysis. Within Nepal's borders, I will undertake a detailed historical analysis of the specific cases due to climate change. The study aims to bridge the knowledge gap between climate change and conflict dynamics, offering actionable insights for holistic resource management, disaster risk mitigation, and proactive conflict prevention.","PeriodicalId":498142,"journal":{"name":"Unity journal","volume":" 367","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140383579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63189
GP Acharya
The novelty of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and nascent geo-tech interests of powerful countries have largely influenced foreign policy, while ‘techno-geopolitics’ and the emergence of the ‘AI world order’ have constantly challenged the world order milieu. The changing global power dynamics, including the escalating Russia-Ukraine war, the Israel-Palestine conflict and China’s rising clout in tech and diplomatic spheres have induced specific geo-political challenges to the US-led global order. In this context, this research primarily unfolds whether the remaking of new global order can fundamentally be signified by the end of bipolar or unipolar world order, while the advancement of AI technology and geo-tech interests of tech powers have contributed to a remaking of new global order. As the powerful countries have fundamentally concentrated on marshaling AI in foreign policy, both AI and foreign policy have been closely interlinked. This research aims to explore the impact of AI on new global order and corresponding security concerns, particularly Nepalese security concerns. Since both AI and the new global order are relatively vast fields, this research focuses on tech foreign policy that is directly linked with the balance of power and the corresponding international order. This study adopts an analytical descriptive research method. It relates AI ethics and global tech concerns, considering the global need, beginning with the notion of multilateral tech diplomacy, and inquiring whether the tech foreign policy is truly functional. Despite varying challenges to the new global order, rational ‘geopolitical balancing’ and techno-economic cooperation in ‘better-functioning relations’ with immediate neighbors and other superpowers drive Nepal’s security architecture.
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Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63186
Sudip Adhikari
This paper examines the evolution of Nepal's national identity in the modern context, moving beyond its traditional associations with stunning mountains, Buddha's birthplace, and Gurkha bravery. The study argues that Nepal's portrayal on the global stage is a complex interplay of ancient narratives, diplomatic engagements, and evolving national identity, all influencing its global status. The methodology employs historical analysis to explore Nepal's interactions with other nations, emphasizing the role of its Cold War-era strategic neutrality in shaping its diplomatic stance. Additionally, it analyzes documents to track changes in self-presentation, considering cultural aspects, tourism promotion, and humanitarian efforts as tools for crafting a positive global image. It further explores Nepal's involvement in UN peacekeeping, multilateral forums, and regional dynamics to illuminate the connection between self-presentation and diplomatic goals. Ultimately, the research underscores the importance of a comprehensive diplomatic strategy that aligns with Nepal's national interests and cultural heritage, enabling effective navigation of the complex global landscape while safeguarding its sovereignty.
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Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63214
गोकर्ण देवकोटा
गैँडा लगायत दुर्लभ वन्यजन्तुको संरक्षणका लागि वि.सं. २०३० मा चितवन राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्जको स्थापना भएपछि संरक्षण सुरक्षामा वि.सं. २०३२ सालबाट खटिरहेका नेपाली सेनाका हाल १५ वटा युनिट, १ शिक्षालय र निर्देशनालयका गरी ८१३६ कुल फौजहरू रहेका छन् । नेपाल सरकारको ब्यावहारिक संरक्षण नीति र नेपाली सेनाको उचित सुरक्षा प्रबन्धका कारण सन् १९६० को दशकमा करिब १०० को हाराहारीमा पुगेको गैँडाको संख्या सन् २०२१ मा ७५२ पुगेको छ । गैँडाको दैनिकी, जीवनचक्र र आनिबानी अत्यन्त संवेदनशील भएको र चोरी शिकार नियन्त्रण तथा अनुकूल वासस्थान गैंडा संरक्षणको पहिलो खुड्किलो भएकाले अनुकुल बासस्थानको उपलब्धता, पर्याप्त पानी तथा घाँसे मैदानको व्यवस्थापनसँगै सुरक्षा प्रबन्धमा समेत सुधार आवश्यक छ । गैँडा संरक्षणमा संलग्न निकुञ्ज कार्यालय, नेपाली सेना, मध्यवर्ती पदाधिकारी, स्थानीय जनता र संरक्षण साझेदारहरूको अनुभव, हालसम्म उपलब्ध तथ्याङ्कहरू र गैँडा संरक्षण सम्बन्धमा हालसम्म गरिएका शोधपत्रहरूको अध्ययन गर्दा सुरक्षा र व्यवस्थापनमा पुरानो ढर्रा कायम रहेको तथा तारतम्य नमिलेको देखिएकाले गैँडाको प्राकृतिक वासस्थानको सुधार, सुरक्षा व्यवस्थापनमा प्रविधिको प्रयोग तथा खबर संकलनमा चुस्तता र स्थानीय जनताको जंगलसँगको परनिर्भरताको संबोधन भएमा गैँडा संरक्षणमा उलेख्य उपलब्धि हासिल हुनसक्ने देखिन्छ । प्रकृतिसंरक्षण कार्यको आयाम अनुसार ऐनमा नै सुरक्षाकर्मीको जिम्मेवारीलाई प्रष्ट पारी, संरक्षण शिक्षामा जोड दिंदै कार्यरत जनशक्तिको क्षमता अभिवृद्धिमा तत्काल पहलकदमी लिई मानव वन्यजन्तु द्वन्द्वलाई न्यूनीकरण गर्नुका साथै सरकार, सुरक्षाकर्मी, स्थानीय जनता, संरक्षण साझेदार बीचको समन्वय, सहकार्य र साझेदारीलाई थप परिस्कृत गरी शून्य वन्यजन्तु अपराधको अवस्था सिर्जना गर्न सकिएमा संरक्षण कार्य थप संस्थागत हुनेछ । यस सम्बन्धमा सम्बन्धित साझेदार हरूसँगको सर्वेक्षण तथा विज्ञहरूसँगको छलफलमा आधारित रही यस अनुसन्धानमा उजागर भएको प्रश्नको व्यावहारिक उत्तर पत्ता लगाई सिफारिस सहित प्रतिवेदन तयार पारिएको छ ।
गैँडा लगायत दुर्लभ वन्यजन्तुको संरक्षणका लागि वि.सं.२०३० मा चितवन राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्जको स्थापना भएपछि संरक्षण सुरक्षामा वि.सं.२०३२ सालबाट खटिरहेका नेपाली सेनाका हाल १५ वटा युनिट、शिक्षालय र निर्देशनालयका गरी ८१३६ कुल फौजहरू रहेका छन् । नेपाल सरकारको ब्यावहरिक संरक्षण नीति र नेपाली सनाेको उचित सुरक्षाप्रबन्धका कारण सन् १९६० को दशकमा करिब १०० को हाराहारीमा पुगेको गैँडाको संख्या सन् २०२१ा ७५२ पुगेको छ । गैँडाको दैनिकी、जीवनचक्र र आनिबानी अत्यन्त संवेदनशील भएको र चोरी शिकार नियन्त्रण तथा अनुकूल वास्थानं गैडासंरक्षणको पहिलो खुड्किलोकाले अनुकुल बास्थानको उपलब्धता、पर्याप्त पानी तथा घाँसे मैदानको व्यवस्थापनसँगै सुरक्षा प्रबन्धमा समेत सुधार आवश्यक छ । गैँडा संरक्षणमा संलग्न निकुञ्ज कार्यालय 、नेपाली सेना, मध्यवर्ती पदाधिकारी, स्थानीय जनता र संरक्षण साझेदारहरूको अनुभव、उपलम्म उपलब्ध तथ्याङ्कहरू र गैँडा संरक्षण सम्बन्धमा हालसम्म गरिएका शोधपत्ररूको अध्ययन गर्दा सुरक्ाषर व्यवस्थापनमा पुरानो ढर्राकायम रेको तथा तारतम्य नमिलेको देखिएकाले गैँडाको प्राकृतिक वास्थानको सुधार、सुरक्षा व्यवस्थापनमा प्रविधिको प्रयोग तथा खबर संकलनमा चुस्ततार स्थानीय जनताको जंगलसँगको परनिर्भरताको संबोधन भएमा गैँडा संरक्षाणमउलेख्य उपलब्धि हासिल हुनसक्ने देखिन्छ । प्रकृतिसंरक्षण कार्यको आयाम अनुसार ऐनमा नै सुरक्षाकर्मीको जिम्मेवारीलाई प्रष्ट पारी、संरक्षण शिक्षामा जोड दिंदै कार्यरत जनशक्तिक्षमता अभिवृद्धिमा तत्काल पहलकदमीलिई मानव वन्यजन्तुद्वन्द्वलाई न्यूनीकरण गर्नुका साथै सरकार、सुरक्षाकर्मी, स्थानीय जनता, संरक्षण साझेदार बीचको समन्वय、सहकार्य र साझेदारीलाई थप परिस्कृत गरी शून्य वन्यजन्तु अपराधको अवस्थासिर्जना गर्न सकिएमा संरक्षण कार्य थप संस्थागत हुनेछ । यस सम्बन्धमासम्बन्धित साझेदारहरूसँगको सर्वेक्षण तथा विज्ञहरूसँगको छलफलमा आधारित रही यस अनुसन्धानमा उजागर भएको प्रश्नको व्यावहारिक उत्तर पत्ता लगाई सिफारिस सहित प्रतिवेदन तयार पारिएको छ ।
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Pub Date : 2024-03-17DOI: 10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63161
Sunny Lama
Positivism and post positivism are two paradigms within the field of international relations (IR) that differ in their approaches to ontology (the nature of reality) and epistemology (how knowledge is acquired) in the study of international politics. Ontologically, positivists are objectivists, meaning that they believe there are objective facts (for example, selfish human nature) and laws (for example, anarchy leads to chaos) in international politics. Positivists apply common rationality and value-neutrality as epistemological tools to discover and analyze such claims regarding external and objective social reality. In this paper, I make two points. First, positivism (realism and liberalism) has a natural propensity to reify social concepts into trans historical essence to generate causal theories. However, in reality, human nature is complex and the meaning of social realities such as human nature and anarchy is conceptual and constitutive. Second, the adoption of common rationality and value-neutrality as epistemological building blocks lead positivism to a rigid and ahistorical view of human nature and anarchy. In contrast, post positivism (critical theory and constructivism) can generate a relatively nuanced and complete picture of international politics.
{"title":"A Critique of Positivism: Human Nature and Anarchy","authors":"Sunny Lama","doi":"10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63161","url":null,"abstract":"Positivism and post positivism are two paradigms within the field of international relations (IR) that differ in their approaches to ontology (the nature of reality) and epistemology (how knowledge is acquired) in the study of international politics. Ontologically, positivists are objectivists, meaning that they believe there are objective facts (for example, selfish human nature) and laws (for example, anarchy leads to chaos) in international politics. Positivists apply common rationality and value-neutrality as epistemological tools to discover and analyze such claims regarding external and objective social reality. In this paper, I make two points. First, positivism (realism and liberalism) has a natural propensity to reify social concepts into trans historical essence to generate causal theories. However, in reality, human nature is complex and the meaning of social realities such as human nature and anarchy is conceptual and constitutive. Second, the adoption of common rationality and value-neutrality as epistemological building blocks lead positivism to a rigid and ahistorical view of human nature and anarchy. In contrast, post positivism (critical theory and constructivism) can generate a relatively nuanced and complete picture of international politics.","PeriodicalId":498142,"journal":{"name":"Unity journal","volume":" 29","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140391162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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