Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63206
Prakash Bista, Dip Mala Chapagain
In the mid of July, a few Members of the Parliament proposed the idea of downsizing the Nepali Army as one of the measures to decrease public spending. But this is not the first time that such debate has stirred in the Nepalese political stratum. The topic of downsizing the Nepalese Army has been reiterated from time to time in the higher echelons of the Nepali government, most notably following the Comprehensive Peace Accord (CPA). At the national level, The Nepal Army as an institution has been deployed since centuries for to accomplish a wide array of functions. On the international front, the Nepbat has been deployed in UN Peacekeeping missions since 1958 in war-prone regions and is largely regarded as a highly competent battalion of proven caliber. Nepal Army's global exposure and experience as such have also refined the institution's conflict resolution and crisis management skills. But despite such positive global acknowledgment and the rich experience that the Nepal Army has garnered, the deliberations regarding the utilization of their insights and experiences in Nepal’s foreign policy discourse seem to have been kept at an arm's length. To identify the role of the Nepali Army in promoting the value of world peace as enshrined in the Nepalese Constitution, this article has intended to investigate the level of recognition and influence of their insights in Nepal's foreign policy discourse. This qualitative study based on both primary and secondary data and process tracing and interview methods, identified that the imbalances in the state's priorities have led to the skills of Nepali peacekeepers from their global exposure being kept under the radar. The study has then suggested some of the possibilities for incorporating military expertise into Nepal's foreign policy discourse.
{"title":"Examining the Role and Perception of Nepali Peacekeepers in Nepal’s Foreign Policy Narratives","authors":"Prakash Bista, Dip Mala Chapagain","doi":"10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63206","url":null,"abstract":"In the mid of July, a few Members of the Parliament proposed the idea of downsizing the Nepali Army as one of the measures to decrease public spending. But this is not the first time that such debate has stirred in the Nepalese political stratum. The topic of downsizing the Nepalese Army has been reiterated from time to time in the higher echelons of the Nepali government, most notably following the Comprehensive Peace Accord (CPA). At the national level, The Nepal Army as an institution has been deployed since centuries for to accomplish a wide array of functions. On the international front, the Nepbat has been deployed in UN Peacekeeping missions since 1958 in war-prone regions and is largely regarded as a highly competent battalion of proven caliber. Nepal Army's global exposure and experience as such have also refined the institution's conflict resolution and crisis management skills. But despite such positive global acknowledgment and the rich experience that the Nepal Army has garnered, the deliberations regarding the utilization of their insights and experiences in Nepal’s foreign policy discourse seem to have been kept at an arm's length. To identify the role of the Nepali Army in promoting the value of world peace as enshrined in the Nepalese Constitution, this article has intended to investigate the level of recognition and influence of their insights in Nepal's foreign policy discourse. This qualitative study based on both primary and secondary data and process tracing and interview methods, identified that the imbalances in the state's priorities have led to the skills of Nepali peacekeepers from their global exposure being kept under the radar. The study has then suggested some of the possibilities for incorporating military expertise into Nepal's foreign policy discourse.","PeriodicalId":498142,"journal":{"name":"Unity journal","volume":" 1157","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140382545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63137
Sanjaya Adhikari
Many government organizations like the Ministry of Home Affairs, the Department of Passport, Public Service Commission, Department of Transport Management, Election Commission of Nepal, hospitals, etc. are increasingly relying on data-centric services as the stored data helps to deliver the services effectively and efficiently. Such services are widespread due to increased internet usage, mobile devices, and network-based activities. The rapid expansion of technology usage has led to a corresponding shift in governance towards data-driven services. While adopting the data-driven services it brings forth a critical concern about the security and maintaining confidentiality of the citizens. The paper analyzes the existing policies, laws, and bylaws pertaining to data security and protection. It explores the challenges that exist for data security and protection. Furthermore, the paper identifies the necessity of big data security and its impact on national security due to data theft and breaches. The study has been undertaken by the use of secondary sources of information. While undertaking the research, the paper has delved into secondary sources; encompassing government policies, acts, regulations, reports and directives, international research articles, and views of cyber security experts. The paper has underscored the necessity of big data security measures and has identified the consequences that could be caused due to the inadequate security measures of the data as well as highlighted the importance of data privacy. The study contributes to the broader discourse on protecting data and its relation to national security.
{"title":"Necessity of Big Data Security and its Relation to National Security","authors":"Sanjaya Adhikari","doi":"10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63137","url":null,"abstract":"Many government organizations like the Ministry of Home Affairs, the Department of Passport, Public Service Commission, Department of Transport Management, Election Commission of Nepal, hospitals, etc. are increasingly relying on data-centric services as the stored data helps to deliver the services effectively and efficiently. Such services are widespread due to increased internet usage, mobile devices, and network-based activities. The rapid expansion of technology usage has led to a corresponding shift in governance towards data-driven services. While adopting the data-driven services it brings forth a critical concern about the security and maintaining confidentiality of the citizens. The paper analyzes the existing policies, laws, and bylaws pertaining to data security and protection. It explores the challenges that exist for data security and protection. Furthermore, the paper identifies the necessity of big data security and its impact on national security due to data theft and breaches. The study has been undertaken by the use of secondary sources of information. While undertaking the research, the paper has delved into secondary sources; encompassing government policies, acts, regulations, reports and directives, international research articles, and views of cyber security experts. The paper has underscored the necessity of big data security measures and has identified the consequences that could be caused due to the inadequate security measures of the data as well as highlighted the importance of data privacy. The study contributes to the broader discourse on protecting data and its relation to national security.","PeriodicalId":498142,"journal":{"name":"Unity journal","volume":" December","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140383467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63199
गोविन्द मरासिनी
राष्ट्रकै गौरवशाली संगठनमध्ये सबैभन्दा पुरानो संस्था हो, नेपाली सेना । स्थापनाकालदेखि नै नेपाली सेनाले नेपाल र नेपाली जनताको रक्षार्थ अतुलनीय योगदान पुर्याउँदै आएको छ । परिवर्तनका विभिन्न समयमा लोकतन्त्रको पक्षमा उभिएको सेना पटक–पटक लोकतन्त्रको रक्षाका लागि लड्यो भने भविष्यमा पनि लडिरहने दृढ संकल्पसाथ अगाडि बढिरहेको छ । देश र जनताका लागि आइपर्ने सुरक्षा–चुनौतीलाई सम्बोधन गर्नका लागि सक्षम र तयारी अवस्थामा सदैव नेपाली सेना रहेको छ । सेनाले राष्ट्र र जनतालाई हुने वाहृय आक्रमणबाट रक्षा मात्र नभई आन्तरिक सुरक्षा, राष्ट्रिय विकास, अन्तराष्ट्रिय स्तरमा शान्तिस्थापनामा र नेपालीहरूका हरेक आपत् विपद्मा समेत मलम लगाउँदैं आएको इतिहास हाम्रा सामु छर्लङ्ग छ । जनताका हरेक सवालमा अग्रस्थानमा देखिएको नेपाली सेनाले विपद् व्यवस्थापनमा समेत उल्लेखनीय योगदान पुर्याएको छ । यस लेखमा नेपाली सेनाले आफ्नो स्थापनाकालदेखि विपद् व्यवस्थापनमा के–कस्तो योगदान पुर्याएको छ ? भन्ने बिषयहरु उजागर गरिएको छ । संविधानले दिएको अधिकारको भरपुर उपयोग गर्दै रातदिन देश र जनताको सेवामा तल्लीन कर्मठ संगठन नेपाली सेनाले विपद् व्यवस्थापनमा पुर्याएको योगदान, भूमिका, विभिन्न ऐन, नियम र कानुनले नेपाली सेनालाई दिएका अधिकारका विषयमा केन्द्रित भई परिमाणात्मक र गुणात्मक (मिश्रित) अनुसन्धान विधि प्रयोग गरी लेख तयार गरिएको छ । साथै विपद् व्यवस्थापनका क्रममा नेपाली सेनाले भोगेका अनुभव, भोगाइ र समस्याहरूलाई समेत चर्चा गर्ने प्रयास गरिएको छ ।
राष्ट्रकै गौरवशालीसंगठनमध्ये सबैभन्दा पुरानो संस्था हो、नेपाली सेना । स्थापनाकालदेखि नै नेपाली सनेाले नेपाल र नेपाली जनताको रक्षार्थ अतुलनीयदान पुर्याउँदै आएको छ ।परिवर्तनका विभिन्न समयमालोकतन्त्रको पक्षमा उभिएको सेना पटक-पटकलोकतन्त्रको रक्षाकल ागि लड्यो भने भविष्यमा निलडिरहने दृढ संकल्पसाथ अगाडि बढिरहेको छ । देश र जनताकाल ागि आइर्ने सुरक्षा-चुनौतीलाई सम्बोधन गर्नालागि सक्षमरतयारी अवस्थामासदैव नेपाली सेनार हेको छ सPo_964↩ सेनाले राष्ट्र र जनतालाई हुने वाहृय आक्रमणबाटरक्षा मात्र नभई आन्तरिक सुरक्सा 、व्कास、अन्तराष्ट्रिय स्तरमा शान्तिस्थापनामा र नेपालीहरूका हरेक आपत् विपद्मा समेत मलम लगाउँदैं आएको इतिहास हाम्रा सामु छर्लङ्ग छ । जनताका हरेक सवालमा अग्रस्थानमा देखिएकोनेपाली सेनाले विपद् व्यवस्थापनमा समेत उल्लेखनीय योगदान पुर्याएको छ । यस लेखमा नेपाली सेनाले आफ्नो स्थापनाकालदेखि विपद् व्यवस्थापनमा के–कस्तो योगदान पुर्याएको छ ?भन्ने बिषयहरु उजागर गरिएको छ । संविधानले दिएको अधिकारको भरपुर उपयोग गर्दै रातदिन देश र जनताको सेवामा तल्लीन कर्मठ संगठन नेपाली सेनाले विपद् व्यवस्थापनमा पुर्याएको योगदान, भूमिका, विभिन्न ऐन,नियम रकानुनले नेपाली सेनालाई दिएका अधिकारका विषयमा केन्द्रित भई परिमाणात्मकर गुणात्मक (मिश्रित)अनुसन्धान विधि प्रयोग गर ीलेख तयार गरिएको छ । साथै विपद् व्यवस्थापनका क्रममा नेालीसेनलाे भोगेका अनुभव、भोगाइ र समस्याहरूलाई समेत चर्चा गर्ने प्रयास गरिएको छ ।
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Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63160
Prabhukar Luitel
Globalization has elevated the role of non-state actors (NSAs) in national security. This article underscores the need to acknowledge the influence of NSAs on international relations and national security. It discusses the role of NSAs only in democratic states with limited government, excluding the totalitarian and authoritarian states, as they blur the private-public distinction or restrict NSAs. The paper follows a qualitative methodology depending on the scholarly credibility of sources, recency, and relevance. The sources include expert interviews as primary data sources and relevant academic literature and case studies as secondary data sources. It employs thematic analysis for examining the data, enabling a nuanced investigation of the evolving influence of NSAs. The theoretical foundation distinguishes two primary NSA categories: private-sector corporate actors and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), including global social movements (GSMs). Likewise, it investigates how NSAs extend their influence beyond conventional territorial boundaries such as cyber threats, climate threats, and global policy making. The findings highlight the critical role of non-state actors in shaping contemporary national security paradigms through various case studies, offering insights for policymakers.
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Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63198
Subash Thapa
Nepal is currently ranked 2nd among the Troop Contributing Countries (TCCs) in United Nations Peace Support Operations. In this context, this paper examines the contribution of the Nepali Army's military conduct and discipline to the effectiveness of UN Peace Support Missions. The theoretical foundations delve into pertinent theories, particularly emphasizing Kevin S. Donohue's concepts of Discipline A (voluntary, value-based Attitudes) and Discipline B (externally enforced Behavioral responses) within the military framework. Maintaining conduct and discipline in UN peace operations is essential for ensuring the credibility and legitimacy of these missions. Therefore, prior UN reports and the Secretary General's Special Bulletin from 2015 to 2022 are comparatively analyzed to reflect on occurrences of misconduct involving peacekeepers from TCCs. Likewise, a quantitative comparative analysis assesses the status of the Nepali Army in terms of military conduct analyzing the rate of allegations of misconducts against it. The study employs descriptive statistics to analyze the status of misconduct allegations including that of serious misconduct to advocate for a stronger integration of military conduct with UN peacekeeping mandates, aiming to enhance overall effectiveness and elevate ethical standards in international peace operations. The findings underscore Nepal's exemplary practices in fostering both Discipline B and Discipline A within its peacekeeping forces. The paper concludes by demonstrating the substantial positive impact of disciplined behaviour on mission outcomes
尼泊尔目前在联合国和平支助行动部队派遣国中排名第二。在此背景下，本文探讨了尼泊尔军队的军事行为和纪律对联合国和平支助特派团有效性的贡献。理论基础深入探讨了相关理论，特别强调了凯文-多诺霍（Kevin S. Donohue）在军事框架内提出的纪律 A（自愿的、以价值为基础的态度）和纪律 B（外部强制的行为反应）概念。维持联合国和平行动的行为和纪律对于确保这些特派团的可信度和合法性至关重要。因此，我们对之前的联合国报告和2015年至2022年的秘书长特别公报进行了比较分析，以反映涉及部队派遣国维和人员的不当行为的发生情况。同样，定量比较分析评估了尼泊尔军队在军事行为方面的状况，分析了对其不当行为的指控率。研究采用了描述性统计方法来分析包括严重不当行为在内的不当行为指控的状况，以倡导将军事行为与联合国维和任务进行更有力的整合，从而提高国际和平行动的整体有效性并提升道德标准。调查结果强调了尼泊尔在其维和部队中培养纪律 B 和纪律 A 的典范做法。本文最后证明了纪律严明的行为对特派团成果的重大积极影响。
{"title":"In Pursuit of Excellence: Analysing the Indispensable Nature of Conduct and Discipline of Nepali Army in UN Peace Support Missions","authors":"Subash Thapa","doi":"10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63198","url":null,"abstract":"Nepal is currently ranked 2nd among the Troop Contributing Countries (TCCs) in United Nations Peace Support Operations. In this context, this paper examines the contribution of the Nepali Army's military conduct and discipline to the effectiveness of UN Peace Support Missions. The theoretical foundations delve into pertinent theories, particularly emphasizing Kevin S. Donohue's concepts of Discipline A (voluntary, value-based Attitudes) and Discipline B (externally enforced Behavioral responses) within the military framework. Maintaining conduct and discipline in UN peace operations is essential for ensuring the credibility and legitimacy of these missions. Therefore, prior UN reports and the Secretary General's Special Bulletin from 2015 to 2022 are comparatively analyzed to reflect on occurrences of misconduct involving peacekeepers from TCCs. Likewise, a quantitative comparative analysis assesses the status of the Nepali Army in terms of military conduct analyzing the rate of allegations of misconducts against it. The study employs descriptive statistics to analyze the status of misconduct allegations including that of serious misconduct to advocate for a stronger integration of military conduct with UN peacekeeping mandates, aiming to enhance overall effectiveness and elevate ethical standards in international peace operations. The findings underscore Nepal's exemplary practices in fostering both Discipline B and Discipline A within its peacekeeping forces. The paper concludes by demonstrating the substantial positive impact of disciplined behaviour on mission outcomes","PeriodicalId":498142,"journal":{"name":"Unity journal","volume":" 835","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140382690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63193
Binod Karki
The concept of security has expanded beyond traditional military threats to encompass various non-traditional security challenges. The security, stability, and defense of a nation are significantly influenced by its armed forces. However, the military entities do not operate in isolation; they are an integral part of the larger society they serve. Throughout history, military institutions have not only been responsible for safeguarding a nation’s security but also played a pivotal role in shaping societal values, norms, and cohesion. The practical realm of interactions between civilians and the military encompasses both direct and indirect engagements that ordinary individuals and institutions have with the armed forces which involves discussions within legislative bodies regarding the allocation of funds, regulations, and the utilization of the military, as well as intricate negotiations between civilian and military leaders aimed at shaping and executing national security policies. Drawing on existing literature and contextual analysis with a qualitative approach, this study provides a nuanced understanding of the intricate relationship between non-traditional security dynamics and civil-military interactions in Nepal. Commencing with an exploration of the concept of non-traditional security and its applicability within Nepal, this study identifies a spectrum of non-traditional security challenges confronting the nation. Furthermore, this paper explains the intricate interplay between non-traditional security issues and the evolution of civil-military relations in Nepal.
{"title":"Non-Traditional Security Threats in Shaping Civil-Military Relations in Nepal","authors":"Binod Karki","doi":"10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63193","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of security has expanded beyond traditional military threats to encompass various non-traditional security challenges. The security, stability, and defense of a nation are significantly influenced by its armed forces. However, the military entities do not operate in isolation; they are an integral part of the larger society they serve. Throughout history, military institutions have not only been responsible for safeguarding a nation’s security but also played a pivotal role in shaping societal values, norms, and cohesion. The practical realm of interactions between civilians and the military encompasses both direct and indirect engagements that ordinary individuals and institutions have with the armed forces which involves discussions within legislative bodies regarding the allocation of funds, regulations, and the utilization of the military, as well as intricate negotiations between civilian and military leaders aimed at shaping and executing national security policies. Drawing on existing literature and contextual analysis with a qualitative approach, this study provides a nuanced understanding of the intricate relationship between non-traditional security dynamics and civil-military interactions in Nepal. Commencing with an exploration of the concept of non-traditional security and its applicability within Nepal, this study identifies a spectrum of non-traditional security challenges confronting the nation. Furthermore, this paper explains the intricate interplay between non-traditional security issues and the evolution of civil-military relations in Nepal.","PeriodicalId":498142,"journal":{"name":"Unity journal","volume":" 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140382370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63157
Chirag Govinda Shrestha
In the face of Nepal's constant vulnerability to major geopolitical forces, the country has yet to fully harness technology to safeguard its national interests. This paper highlights how states, in demanding times, have wielded scientific technology to safeguard their security and address their interests. This paper draws attention to the importance of investment in innovation and research for the survival of a nation. Drawing upon historical, technological, and geopolitical perspectives, this paper explores the pivotal role of scientific and technological breakthroughs in shaping military strategies, and war efforts. The paper examines key moments when innovations such as the development of bow and arrow, gunpowder, RADAR, proximity fuse, cryptography, and computer malware have provided nations, civilizations, and communities with a vital advantage in safeguarding their security. Furthermore, the paper explores the mutual relationship between scientific research, innovation, and economic growth. It highlights how investments in science bolster a country's defence capabilities and foster innovative ecosystems that drive economic prosperity. Ultimately, this paper seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the contributions of science to national security and well-being. Analyzing the relationship between innovation, strategy, and global dynamics; the paper highlights the imperativeness of nations to adapt, collaborate, and harness scientific advancements, to safeguard their interests in an increasingly complex world. Through an enriched understanding of the past and present contributions of science in national defence, Nepalese policymakers, military leadership, and the country’s scientific community can navigate the intricate landscape of national safe guardianship to ensure a secure and prosperous future for Nepal.
{"title":"Contribution of Science and Technology to the Country’s National Security","authors":"Chirag Govinda Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63157","url":null,"abstract":"In the face of Nepal's constant vulnerability to major geopolitical forces, the country has yet to fully harness technology to safeguard its national interests. This paper highlights how states, in demanding times, have wielded scientific technology to safeguard their security and address their interests. This paper draws attention to the importance of investment in innovation and research for the survival of a nation. Drawing upon historical, technological, and geopolitical perspectives, this paper explores the pivotal role of scientific and technological breakthroughs in shaping military strategies, and war efforts. The paper examines key moments when innovations such as the development of bow and arrow, gunpowder, RADAR, proximity fuse, cryptography, and computer malware have provided nations, civilizations, and communities with a vital advantage in safeguarding their security. Furthermore, the paper explores the mutual relationship between scientific research, innovation, and economic growth. It highlights how investments in science bolster a country's defence capabilities and foster innovative ecosystems that drive economic prosperity. Ultimately, this paper seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the contributions of science to national security and well-being. Analyzing the relationship between innovation, strategy, and global dynamics; the paper highlights the imperativeness of nations to adapt, collaborate, and harness scientific advancements, to safeguard their interests in an increasingly complex world. Through an enriched understanding of the past and present contributions of science in national defence, Nepalese policymakers, military leadership, and the country’s scientific community can navigate the intricate landscape of national safe guardianship to ensure a secure and prosperous future for Nepal.","PeriodicalId":498142,"journal":{"name":"Unity journal","volume":" 1097","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140382643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63181
Chandra Shekhar Kapri
In the 21st century, Climate Change emerges as a non-traditional but significant contemporary challenge, acting as a potential threat multiplier in the realm of non-conventional security. While this change poses a major global environmental challenge, particularly affecting Asia, a few studies argue the ramifications of climate change for national security. As a Himalayan country, Nepal, being unique topographically with an altitude ranging from 60m to 8848.86m, is prone to various kinds of disasters, including climate change-induced among many. Existing scholarship on national security, few have explored the potential threats due to its impacts, however, the domestic literature lacks clarity on Nepal’s vulnerability towards this. In this context, geographically located in the lap of the Himalayas, Nepal has been lagging far behind in grasping the issue of climate change through the lens of national security. This study maps the possible connection between these two by examining the major adverse environmental trends and disasters that pose a security threat to Nepal. It also aims to explore the ways to potential mitigating or adaptation measures to the effects of climate change on national security which eventually helps security professionals, scholars, and decision-makers. This article uses a content analysis approach to conclude the collected information where thematic analytical interpretation is used.
{"title":"Climate Change-Induced Disaster and Its Impact on the National Security of Nepal","authors":"Chandra Shekhar Kapri","doi":"10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63181","url":null,"abstract":"In the 21st century, Climate Change emerges as a non-traditional but significant contemporary challenge, acting as a potential threat multiplier in the realm of non-conventional security. While this change poses a major global environmental challenge, particularly affecting Asia, a few studies argue the ramifications of climate change for national security. As a Himalayan country, Nepal, being unique topographically with an altitude ranging from 60m to 8848.86m, is prone to various kinds of disasters, including climate change-induced among many. Existing scholarship on national security, few have explored the potential threats due to its impacts, however, the domestic literature lacks clarity on Nepal’s vulnerability towards this. In this context, geographically located in the lap of the Himalayas, Nepal has been lagging far behind in grasping the issue of climate change through the lens of national security. This study maps the possible connection between these two by examining the major adverse environmental trends and disasters that pose a security threat to Nepal. It also aims to explore the ways to potential mitigating or adaptation measures to the effects of climate change on national security which eventually helps security professionals, scholars, and decision-makers. This article uses a content analysis approach to conclude the collected information where thematic analytical interpretation is used.","PeriodicalId":498142,"journal":{"name":"Unity journal","volume":" 717","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140382891","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63184
Naresh Giri
The United Nations (UN) Charter is the constitution of the UN, that underpins the operational framework of the UN, encompassing the peacekeeping mission to create conditions for lasting peace in conflict-torn countries. Nepal involved in all peace initiatives taken by the UN and largest troop contributor to the UN peacekeeping missions carrying the beacon of peace in the world initiated by Nepal’s enlightened son, Gautam Buddha. This study aims to identify the legal basis of the UN peacekeeping operations implied in the UN Charter and other international law concerning the influence of Buddha’s teaching of peace and non-violence on the global norms of peace. This study also aims to analyze Nepal’s adherence to human rights law and humanitarian law, as well as the legal aspects of Nepal’s participation in UN peacekeeping operations. Methodologically, the study follows a doctrinal approach, focusing on the examination of legal doctrines. The researcher draws upon multilateral conventions, resolutions of the General Assembly and Security Council, decisions of the International Court of Justice, reports, Nepal’s correspondence to the UN, speeches by the Nepali delegation in the UN General Assembly, Nepali laws related to UN peacekeeping, and journal articles as sources of data. This paper argues that as a birthplace of Buddha, Nepal needs to negotiate with the UN to expand its role in securing policy-level and command-level positions in UN peace initiatives, enabling it to contribute more to enhance the legal norms for peacekeeping operations with oriental knowledge of world peace.
{"title":"Legal Aspect in Peace Keeping Operation and Nepal","authors":"Naresh Giri","doi":"10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63184","url":null,"abstract":"The United Nations (UN) Charter is the constitution of the UN, that underpins the operational framework of the UN, encompassing the peacekeeping mission to create conditions for lasting peace in conflict-torn countries. Nepal involved in all peace initiatives taken by the UN and largest troop contributor to the UN peacekeeping missions carrying the beacon of peace in the world initiated by Nepal’s enlightened son, Gautam Buddha. This study aims to identify the legal basis of the UN peacekeeping operations implied in the UN Charter and other international law concerning the influence of Buddha’s teaching of peace and non-violence on the global norms of peace. This study also aims to analyze Nepal’s adherence to human rights law and humanitarian law, as well as the legal aspects of Nepal’s participation in UN peacekeeping operations. Methodologically, the study follows a doctrinal approach, focusing on the examination of legal doctrines. The researcher draws upon multilateral conventions, resolutions of the General Assembly and Security Council, decisions of the International Court of Justice, reports, Nepal’s correspondence to the UN, speeches by the Nepali delegation in the UN General Assembly, Nepali laws related to UN peacekeeping, and journal articles as sources of data. This paper argues that as a birthplace of Buddha, Nepal needs to negotiate with the UN to expand its role in securing policy-level and command-level positions in UN peace initiatives, enabling it to contribute more to enhance the legal norms for peacekeeping operations with oriental knowledge of world peace.","PeriodicalId":498142,"journal":{"name":"Unity journal","volume":" 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140384835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63164
Dharma Bahadur Baniya
In the interconnected world today, the connection between climate change, peace, and security has gained significant recognition. Security actors, including the armed forces, are increasingly confronted with extreme weather events demanding for assistance both at home and abroad. Their military assets and ability to operate are affected by changing weather patterns, rising sea levels, and other climate impacts. Climate change is transforming the way we think about security. As climate change intensifies, its impacts risk exacerbating existing social, economic, and environmental drivers of insecurity at local levels (where communities struggle to cope with converging pressures) and globally (when resources and ecosystems are shared across national borders). Climate insecurity hinders the adaptation efforts, and risks leaving already vulnerable communities even poorer and less resilient to interlinked climate and security crises. As the global temperature is rising, climate and disaster risks in Nepal are affecting people, the environment, the economy, development gains, and overall security of the country. This article begins by briefly highlighting the climate-induced insecurity to Nepal and efforts made to minimize its impacts. Then the article endeavors to present a comparative overview of the leading greenhouse gas (GHG) emitting nations including Nepal followed by the analytical examination of climate change impacts on states and armed forces. Finally, the article concludes by presenting suitable recommendations to the NA in responding the climate-induced security challenges. The article is subjectively prepared by analytically reviewing various literatures on climate-induced security challenges in the world today.
{"title":"Nepali Army in Climate-Induced Security Challenges","authors":"Dharma Bahadur Baniya","doi":"10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/unityj.v5i1.63164","url":null,"abstract":"In the interconnected world today, the connection between climate change, peace, and security has gained significant recognition. Security actors, including the armed forces, are increasingly confronted with extreme weather events demanding for assistance both at home and abroad. Their military assets and ability to operate are affected by changing weather patterns, rising sea levels, and other climate impacts. Climate change is transforming the way we think about security. As climate change intensifies, its impacts risk exacerbating existing social, economic, and environmental drivers of insecurity at local levels (where communities struggle to cope with converging pressures) and globally (when resources and ecosystems are shared across national borders). Climate insecurity hinders the adaptation efforts, and risks leaving already vulnerable communities even poorer and less resilient to interlinked climate and security crises. As the global temperature is rising, climate and disaster risks in Nepal are affecting people, the environment, the economy, development gains, and overall security of the country. This article begins by briefly highlighting the climate-induced insecurity to Nepal and efforts made to minimize its impacts. Then the article endeavors to present a comparative overview of the leading greenhouse gas (GHG) emitting nations including Nepal followed by the analytical examination of climate change impacts on states and armed forces. Finally, the article concludes by presenting suitable recommendations to the NA in responding the climate-induced security challenges. The article is subjectively prepared by analytically reviewing various literatures on climate-induced security challenges in the world today.","PeriodicalId":498142,"journal":{"name":"Unity journal","volume":" 1107","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140382633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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