Pub Date : 2024-06-10DOI: 10.4467/29567610pib.24.013.19849
Kamila Remiszewska, A. Ruszkiewicz
The article presents the marital union from the perspectives of canonical law and secular law, two distinct legal systems. It focuses on a comparative analysis of the theoretical and practical aspects related to marriage, taking into account the influence of faith and societal norms on its regulations. Through an in-depth examination of these two legal systems, the paper aims to better understand both the complexities and similarities between them and to identify areas of conflict or synergy. It aims to provide a comprehensive view of the essence and functioning of the marital union, considering both its spiritual and social dimensions.
{"title":"Aspekty prawa kanonicznego i prawa świeckiego w związku małżeńskim","authors":"Kamila Remiszewska, A. Ruszkiewicz","doi":"10.4467/29567610pib.24.013.19849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610pib.24.013.19849","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the marital union from the perspectives of canonical law and secular law, two distinct legal systems. It focuses on a comparative analysis of the theoretical and practical aspects related to marriage, taking into account the influence of faith and societal norms on its regulations. Through an in-depth examination of these two legal systems, the paper aims to better understand both the complexities and similarities between them and to identify areas of conflict or synergy. It aims to provide a comprehensive view of the essence and functioning of the marital union, considering both its spiritual and social dimensions.","PeriodicalId":498152,"journal":{"name":"Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo","volume":"116 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141361228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-10DOI: 10.4467/29567610pib.24.001.19837
Zbigniew Ciekanowski, Bartosz Błaszczak, Irena Malinowska
The purpose of this article is to examine the development of the capabilities of the NATO crisis management system in countering hybrid threats. This issue should be understood in the context of the changing security reality, where hybrid activities are an increasing challenge for the Alliance. The first part of the article describes NATO’s crisis management system, listing the basic elements. The deterrence element was then presented as an important determinant of NATO’s capabilities. The main part focused on activities aimed at increasing NATO’s ability to combat hybrid threats in the aspect of crisis management. In conclusion, it was concluded that the development of NATO’s crisis management capabilities in the context of hybrid threats is a key element of the alliance’s adaptation to the changing security reality. The research problem was formulated: What actions is the North Atlantic Alliance taking to increase the ability of the crisis management system to combat new hybrid threats? The research problem focuses on the effectiveness of NATO’s actions in countering hybrid threats and on the identification of areas for further improvement. The survey focuses on assessing both military and civilian actions taken by NATO in response to hybrid threats. In accordance with the research problem posed, the author formulated a research hypothesis which assumes that through coordinated actions covering both military-defence and civilian aspects, NATO is able to counter hybrid threats more effectively. However, there is also the likelihood that there are areas where NATO’s capabilities to counter hybrid threats may be limited or require further development. The study conducted a detailed analysis of official NATO documents, such as reports, strategies, guidelines and policy documents, to understand the Alliance’s approach to countering hybrid threats and to assess progress in the development of crisis capabilities, and to draw on scientific articles from recent years. It also analysed cases of hybrid activities that have taken place in the past and in which NATO has been involved or could have deployed its crisis capabilities. The case studies provided insight into the effectiveness of NATO’s operations and the identification of areas for improvement. The research methods used allowed for a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the issues and effective assessment of the capabilities of the NATO crisis management system in combating hybrid threats.
{"title":"System zarządzania kryzysowego NATO a zagrożenia hybrydowe","authors":"Zbigniew Ciekanowski, Bartosz Błaszczak, Irena Malinowska","doi":"10.4467/29567610pib.24.001.19837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610pib.24.001.19837","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to examine the development of the capabilities of the NATO crisis management system in countering hybrid threats. This issue should be understood in the context of the changing security reality, where hybrid activities are an increasing challenge for the Alliance. The first part of the article describes NATO’s crisis management system, listing the basic elements. The deterrence element was then presented as an important determinant of NATO’s capabilities. The main part focused on activities aimed at increasing NATO’s ability to combat hybrid threats in the aspect of crisis management. In conclusion, it was concluded that the development of NATO’s crisis management capabilities in the context of hybrid threats is a key element of the alliance’s adaptation to the changing security reality. The research problem was formulated: What actions is the North Atlantic Alliance taking to increase the ability of the crisis management system to combat new hybrid threats? The research problem focuses on the effectiveness of NATO’s actions in countering hybrid threats and on the identification of areas for further improvement. The survey focuses on assessing both military and civilian actions taken by NATO in response to hybrid threats. In accordance with the research problem posed, the author formulated a research hypothesis which assumes that through coordinated actions covering both military-defence and civilian aspects, NATO is able to counter hybrid threats more effectively. However, there is also the likelihood that there are areas where NATO’s capabilities to counter hybrid threats may be limited or require further development. The study conducted a detailed analysis of official NATO documents, such as reports, strategies, guidelines and policy documents, to understand the Alliance’s approach to countering hybrid threats and to assess progress in the development of crisis capabilities, and to draw on scientific articles from recent years. It also analysed cases of hybrid activities that have taken place in the past and in which NATO has been involved or could have deployed its crisis capabilities. The case studies provided insight into the effectiveness of NATO’s operations and the identification of areas for improvement. The research methods used allowed for a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the issues and effective assessment of the capabilities of the NATO crisis management system in combating hybrid threats.","PeriodicalId":498152,"journal":{"name":"Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo","volume":"101 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141361332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-10DOI: 10.4467/29567610pib.24.002.19838
Norbert Malec
Technologically advanced artificial intelligence (AI) is making a significant contribution to strengthening national security. AI algorithms facilitate the processing of vast amounts of information, increasing the speed and accuracy of decision-making. Artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) are crucial for state and integrated hybrid attacks and protecting new threats in cyberspace. Existing AI capabilities have significant potential to impact national security by leveraging existing machine learning technology for automation in labor-intensive activities such as satellite imagery analysis and defense against cyber attacks. This article examines selected aspects of the impact of artificial intelligence on enhancing a state’s ability to protect its interests and its citizens., artificial intelligence through the use of neutron networks, predictive analytics and machine learning algorithms enables security agencies to analyse vast amounts of data and identify patterns indicative of potential threats. Integrating artificial intelligence into surveillance, border control and threat assessment systems enhances the ability to respond preemptively to security challenges. In addition, artificial intelligence algorithms facilitate the processing of vast amounts of information, increasing the speed and accuracy of decision-making by police authorities. The rapid development of AI raises a number of questions for its use in securing not only national security but protecting all citizens. In particular, it is worth answering the question How does artificial intelligence affect national security and clarifying the issue of how law enforcement agencies can use artificial intelligence to maximise the benefits of the new technology in terms of security and protecting communities from rising crime. The analysis is based on a descriptive method in describing the phenomenon; by explaining the concepts and applications of artificial intelligence to determine its role in the national security sphere. An analysis of the usefulness of artificial intelligence in particular in police operations is undertaken, with the aim of defending the thesis that, despite some threats to the protection of human rights from AI, it is becoming the best tool in the fight against all types of crime in the country. Technological advances in AI can also have many positive effects for law enforcement, and useful for law enforcement agencies, for example in facilitating the identification of persons or vehicles, predicting trends in criminal activities, tracking illegal criminal activities or illegal money flows, flagging and responding to fake news. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as one of the biggest threats to information security, but efforts are being made to mitigate this new threat, but also to find solutions on how AI can become an ally in the fight against cyber-security, crime and terrorist threats. Artificial intelligence algorithms search huge datasets
{"title":"Sztuczna inteligencja a bezpieczeństwo państwa","authors":"Norbert Malec","doi":"10.4467/29567610pib.24.002.19838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610pib.24.002.19838","url":null,"abstract":"Technologically advanced artificial intelligence (AI) is making a significant contribution to strengthening national security. AI algorithms facilitate the processing of vast amounts of information, increasing the speed and accuracy of decision-making. Artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) are crucial for state and integrated hybrid attacks and protecting new threats in cyberspace. Existing AI capabilities have significant potential to impact national security by leveraging existing machine learning technology for automation in labor-intensive activities such as satellite imagery analysis and defense against cyber attacks.\u0000\u0000This article examines selected aspects of the impact of artificial intelligence on enhancing a state’s ability to protect its interests and its citizens., artificial intelligence through the use of neutron networks, predictive analytics and machine learning algorithms enables security agencies to analyse vast amounts of data and identify patterns indicative of potential threats. Integrating artificial intelligence into surveillance, border control and threat assessment systems enhances the ability to respond preemptively to security challenges. In addition, artificial intelligence algorithms facilitate the processing of vast amounts of information, increasing the speed and accuracy of decision-making by police authorities.\u0000\u0000The rapid development of AI raises a number of questions for its use in securing not only national security but protecting all citizens. In particular, it is worth answering the question How does artificial intelligence affect national security and clarifying the issue of how law enforcement agencies can use artificial intelligence to maximise the benefits of the new technology in terms of security and protecting communities from rising crime. The analysis is based on a descriptive method in describing the phenomenon; by explaining the concepts and applications of artificial intelligence to determine its role in the national security sphere.\u0000\u0000An analysis of the usefulness of artificial intelligence in particular in police operations is undertaken, with the aim of defending the thesis that, despite some threats to the protection of human rights from AI, it is becoming the best tool in the fight against all types of crime in the country. Technological advances in AI can also have many positive effects for law enforcement, and useful for law enforcement agencies, for example in facilitating the identification of persons or vehicles, predicting trends in criminal activities, tracking illegal criminal activities or illegal money flows, flagging and responding to fake news.\u0000\u0000Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as one of the biggest threats to information security, but efforts are being made to mitigate this new threat, but also to find solutions on how AI can become an ally in the fight against cyber-security, crime and terrorist threats. Artificial intelligence algorithms search huge datasets","PeriodicalId":498152,"journal":{"name":"Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo","volume":"108 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141361349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.4467/29567610pib.23.007.18290
Paweł Łabuz, Janusz Wielechowicz
The purpose of the prepared study is to present the current state of public feeling regarding internal security, which is determined by the functioning of the Police ensuring public order and order in Poland. The assessment of the said feeling was presented on the basis of nationwide social surveys.
{"title":"Działalność policji jako czynnik wpływający na poczucie bezpieczeństwa i porządku publicznego","authors":"Paweł Łabuz, Janusz Wielechowicz","doi":"10.4467/29567610pib.23.007.18290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610pib.23.007.18290","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the prepared study is to present the current state of public feeling regarding internal security, which is determined by the functioning of the Police ensuring public order and order in Poland. The assessment of the said feeling was presented on the basis of nationwide social surveys.","PeriodicalId":498152,"journal":{"name":"Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135313839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.4467/29567610pib.23.003.18286
Paweł Łabuz, Karol Falandys
The article addresses the issue of the statutory regulation of operational and reconnaissance activities carried out by the Polish special services and the police, as well as the unification of the general service pragmatics of officers.
{"title":"Reforma prawna w zakresie czynności operacyjno-rozpoznawczych oraz służby funkcjonariuszy","authors":"Paweł Łabuz, Karol Falandys","doi":"10.4467/29567610pib.23.003.18286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610pib.23.003.18286","url":null,"abstract":"The article addresses the issue of the statutory regulation of operational and reconnaissance activities carried out by the Polish special services and the police, as well as the unification of the general service pragmatics of officers.","PeriodicalId":498152,"journal":{"name":"Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135313838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.4467/29567610pib.23.001.18284
Janusz Bryk
Human trafficking still remains one of the most important problems of the modern world. It poses a threat to human life and health, it is also a crime that violates their rights. Human trafficking is seen as a modern manifestation of slavery, the exploitation of other people’s labor and the treatment of people as property over which one has fully unlimited power and the ability to decide its fate. In human trafficking, manifested is what is the worst in man, but also what is the weakest. On the one hand, we are dealing with a man who, in his humanity, treats another human being as an object, as a thing that can be bought, sold or borrowed. On the other hand, we are dealing with a man who, in his extreme weakness, whether social – caused by external circumstances or psychological – resulting from, for example, fear, is reduced to the role of an object and as such is completely enslaved, deprived of initiative and stripped of dignity. It can be said that in this situation we are dealing with the quintessence of evil in interpersonal relationships. The article presents problems related to the issue of trafficking in human beings, in particular the recognition of potential victims of this practice. Looking on the victims of trafficking in human beings trough the criminological prism gives a wide field for the analysis of the presented problem.
{"title":"Potencjalne ofiary handlu ludźmi w ujęciu kryminologicznym","authors":"Janusz Bryk","doi":"10.4467/29567610pib.23.001.18284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610pib.23.001.18284","url":null,"abstract":"Human trafficking still remains one of the most important problems of the modern world. It poses a threat to human life and health, it is also a crime that violates their rights. Human trafficking is seen as a modern manifestation of slavery, the exploitation of other people’s labor and the treatment of people as property over which one has fully unlimited power and the ability to decide its fate. In human trafficking, manifested is what is the worst in man, but also what is the weakest. On the one hand, we are dealing with a man who, in his humanity, treats another human being as an object, as a thing that can be bought, sold or borrowed. On the other hand, we are dealing with a man who, in his extreme weakness, whether social – caused by external circumstances or psychological – resulting from, for example, fear, is reduced to the role of an object and as such is completely enslaved, deprived of initiative and stripped of dignity. It can be said that in this situation we are dealing with the quintessence of evil in interpersonal relationships. The article presents problems related to the issue of trafficking in human beings, in particular the recognition of potential victims of this practice. Looking on the victims of trafficking in human beings trough the criminological prism gives a wide field for the analysis of the presented problem.","PeriodicalId":498152,"journal":{"name":"Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135313837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.4467/29567610pib.23.010.18293
Sandra Mieczychowska
The commentary approves the position of the Constitutional Tribunal expressed in the judgment of 30 September 2008 (Case K 44/07). The Constitutional Tribunal considered the application submitted by the First President of the Supreme Court, which concerned the scope of freedom of public administration authorities when they make decisions about destruction of a civil aircraft. The Constitutional Tribunal was tasked with adjudicating in this case if art. 122a act of „Prawo lotnicze” [Aviation law] is matched with art. 38, art. 31 ust. 3, art. 2, art. 26 and art. 30 of Constitution of the Republic of Poland. The decision of the judgment states that the provision of art. 122a of „Prawo lotnicze” is incompatible with the constitutional standard of protection of the right to life. Thus, the Constitutional Tribunal annulled the regulation allowing the Polish authorities to order the destruction of a passenger plane, which has been used for illegal activities, including those of a terrorist nature.
{"title":"Glosa do wyroku Trybunału Konstytucyjnego z dnia 30 września 2008 r. (sygn. akt K 44/07)","authors":"Sandra Mieczychowska","doi":"10.4467/29567610pib.23.010.18293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610pib.23.010.18293","url":null,"abstract":"The commentary approves the position of the Constitutional Tribunal expressed in the judgment of 30 September 2008 (Case K 44/07). The Constitutional Tribunal considered the application submitted by the First President of the Supreme Court, which concerned the scope of freedom of public administration authorities when they make decisions about destruction of a civil aircraft. The Constitutional Tribunal was tasked with adjudicating in this case if art. 122a act of „Prawo lotnicze” [Aviation law] is matched with art. 38, art. 31 ust. 3, art. 2, art. 26 and art. 30 of Constitution of the Republic of Poland. The decision of the judgment states that the provision of art. 122a of „Prawo lotnicze” is incompatible with the constitutional standard of protection of the right to life. Thus, the Constitutional Tribunal annulled the regulation allowing the Polish authorities to order the destruction of a passenger plane, which has been used for illegal activities, including those of a terrorist nature.","PeriodicalId":498152,"journal":{"name":"Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135313841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.4467/29567610pib.23.004.18287
Tomasz Góra
The article is devoted to the analysis of legal provisions regulating the activities of communal self-government bodies in the field of crisis management. In the first part, the author analyzes the definition of crisis management, and then points to municipal self-government bodies describing their competences in the area of crisis management. Moreover, the author differentiates the competences due to their practical application. Further on, the author describes the forms of action by which competences are implemented. The article contains conclusions and observations resulting from the analysis of selected legal provisions.
{"title":"Zarządzanie kryzysowe na szczeblu gminnym – wybrane zagadnienia","authors":"Tomasz Góra","doi":"10.4467/29567610pib.23.004.18287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610pib.23.004.18287","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the analysis of legal provisions regulating the activities of communal self-government bodies in the field of crisis management. In the first part, the author analyzes the definition of crisis management, and then points to municipal self-government bodies describing their competences in the area of crisis management. Moreover, the author differentiates the competences due to their practical application. Further on, the author describes the forms of action by which competences are implemented. The article contains conclusions and observations resulting from the analysis of selected legal provisions.","PeriodicalId":498152,"journal":{"name":"Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135313828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.4467/29567610pib.23.002.18285
Jacek Charatynowicz
New technologies, including the DeFi (decentralized blockchain technology) market, are a new area of payments, loans and investments. In this article, the author presents the functioning of new technologies, many aspects of which are regulated by national and EU regulations, focusing on the risk analysis of individual and institutional users in the context of the possibility of losing assets, lack of guarantees, volatility of value, or lack of universal acceptance. In addition, due to the technological features of the system architecture, it can be used to legalize the proceeds of crime (money laundering). The article in question is also an attempt to present the areas of tasks of the state in the legislative and operational organizational scope, necessary to be undertaken in the field of counteracting potential threats.
{"title":"Zagrożenia dla rynku finansowego związane z praniem pieniędzy a technologie FinTech – identyfikacja zjawiska oraz metody przeciwdziałania","authors":"Jacek Charatynowicz","doi":"10.4467/29567610pib.23.002.18285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610pib.23.002.18285","url":null,"abstract":"New technologies, including the DeFi (decentralized blockchain technology) market, are a new area of payments, loans and investments. In this article, the author presents the functioning of new technologies, many aspects of which are regulated by national and EU regulations, focusing on the risk analysis of individual and institutional users in the context of the possibility of losing assets, lack of guarantees, volatility of value, or lack of universal acceptance. In addition, due to the technological features of the system architecture, it can be used to legalize the proceeds of crime (money laundering). The article in question is also an attempt to present the areas of tasks of the state in the legislative and operational organizational scope, necessary to be undertaken in the field of counteracting potential threats.","PeriodicalId":498152,"journal":{"name":"Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135313830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-31DOI: 10.4467/29567610pib.23.009.18292
Elżbieta Ważna
The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges to the world economy, forcing individual countries to seek completely new solutions and non-standard measures to preserve the security of public finances, but also the continuity of economies and minimize the losses incurred. The main purpose of the article is to analyze the legal and economic determinants of public debt and budget deficit in European Union countries. It also focuses on examining the causes of public debt and assessing its level and effects on the economy.
{"title":"Prawne i ekonomiczne aspekty długu publicznego w krajach Unii Europejskiej w kontekście bezpieczeństwa finansów publicznych","authors":"Elżbieta Ważna","doi":"10.4467/29567610pib.23.009.18292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4467/29567610pib.23.009.18292","url":null,"abstract":"The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges to the world economy, forcing individual countries to seek completely new solutions and non-standard measures to preserve the security of public finances, but also the continuity of economies and minimize the losses incurred. The main purpose of the article is to analyze the legal and economic determinants of public debt and budget deficit in European Union countries. It also focuses on examining the causes of public debt and assessing its level and effects on the economy.","PeriodicalId":498152,"journal":{"name":"Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo","volume":"238 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135313831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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