Pub Date : 2023-08-25DOI: 10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-3
Volodymyr Govorukha, Pavlo Luts, Oleksii Kyselov
When producing fuel briquettes, the main material used for pressing is agricultural waste, specifically plant residues, which most often consist of straw from cereal and small-seeded crops. Therefore, the success of the briquetting process largely depends on the properties of their physico-mechanical component. Within the variation of the studied factors, as the average length of rapeseed straw particles decreases, the density and energy density of the briquettes increase. Also positively affecting these indicators are the increase in the content of binding material (clay or manure), the cone angle of the matrix, and the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the matrix channel to its perimeter. Increasing the moisture content of the pressed material leads to an increase in the density of briquettes and a decrease in their energy density. To ensure the production of briquettes with a density of over 600 kg/m², both with and without binding material, a round matrix should be used. The optimal temperature for heating the matrix during pressing is 160-180°C. This results in the release of lignin from rapeseed straw, which also acts as a binding agent. Furthermore, it enhances plasticization, accelerating relaxation processes, reducing friction coefficients, lowering the energy intensity of the process, and enabling the achievement of the required briquette quality. Pressing at a heating temperature of 160-180°C leads to stable production of rapeseed straw briquettes with a moisture content of the initial material of up to 16%. In the case of particle size reduction to 20 mm, briquetting can be performed without adding a binding agent. The most acceptable initial moisture content of the briquetting mass is 8-12%. Higher moisture results in fluffy briquettes, while lower moisture leads to less density. With moisture exceeding 16%, intensive steam formation occurs in the pressing chamber, which is dangerous during operation.
{"title":"RESULTS OF LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE PROCESS OF MAKING FUEL BRIQUETTES FROM RAPESEED STRAW","authors":"Volodymyr Govorukha, Pavlo Luts, Oleksii Kyselov","doi":"10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-3","url":null,"abstract":"When producing fuel briquettes, the main material used for pressing is agricultural waste, specifically plant residues, which most often consist of straw from cereal and small-seeded crops. Therefore, the success of the briquetting process largely depends on the properties of their physico-mechanical component. Within the variation of the studied factors, as the average length of rapeseed straw particles decreases, the density and energy density of the briquettes increase. Also positively affecting these indicators are the increase in the content of binding material (clay or manure), the cone angle of the matrix, and the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the matrix channel to its perimeter. Increasing the moisture content of the pressed material leads to an increase in the density of briquettes and a decrease in their energy density. To ensure the production of briquettes with a density of over 600 kg/m², both with and without binding material, a round matrix should be used. The optimal temperature for heating the matrix during pressing is 160-180°C. This results in the release of lignin from rapeseed straw, which also acts as a binding agent. Furthermore, it enhances plasticization, accelerating relaxation processes, reducing friction coefficients, lowering the energy intensity of the process, and enabling the achievement of the required briquette quality. Pressing at a heating temperature of 160-180°C leads to stable production of rapeseed straw briquettes with a moisture content of the initial material of up to 16%. In the case of particle size reduction to 20 mm, briquetting can be performed without adding a binding agent. The most acceptable initial moisture content of the briquetting mass is 8-12%. Higher moisture results in fluffy briquettes, while lower moisture leads to less density. With moisture exceeding 16%, intensive steam formation occurs in the pressing chamber, which is dangerous during operation.","PeriodicalId":498855,"journal":{"name":"Tehnìka, energetika, transport APK","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134930505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-25DOI: 10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-16
Valerii Hraniak, Ivan Voznitskyi
It is known that water is part of the vast majority of organic and inorganic materials. Materials formed in natural conditions or obtained in the production process, as a rule, contain a certain amount of water in their composition, the mass fraction of which depends both on the ability of the material to absorb (sorb) or retain on the surface (adsorb) water, and on the conditions, in which this phenomenon takes place. Moisture content significantly affects the physical and electrical properties of non-metallic materials, including transformer oil. In particular, the increase in moisture content in the latter not only significantly reduces its dielectric strength, creating prerequisites for a breakdown between the current-carrying parts of transformers, oil switches and other equipment that involves its use. Regular measurements of the humidity of transformer oil are an essential component of the maintenance of a whole group of electrical equipment. And since nowadays the transition from planned maintenance to on-demand maintenance is becoming more and more widespread, it can be concluded that the development of means of controlling the humidity of transformer oil, which would be suitable for high-precision express measurement or work compatible with control systems in the mode real time is an actual scientific and applied problem. The article proposes the construction of a transformer for measuring the dielectric loss tangent angle of transformer oil, which is characterized by increased metrological characteristics and is suitable for real-time operation. The value of the tangent of the dielectric loss angle of the transformer oil measured with the specified measuring transducer, being related to the humidity of the latter by the corresponding functional dependence, can be used for the analytical determination of the latter. A mathematical model of the dielectric angle tangent measuring transducer has been developed, on the basis of which both the sensor conversion equation and other metrological characteristics can be estimated.
{"title":"DIELKOMETRICAL TRANSFORMER OIL HUMIDITY SENSOR","authors":"Valerii Hraniak, Ivan Voznitskyi","doi":"10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-16","url":null,"abstract":"It is known that water is part of the vast majority of organic and inorganic materials. Materials formed in natural conditions or obtained in the production process, as a rule, contain a certain amount of water in their composition, the mass fraction of which depends both on the ability of the material to absorb (sorb) or retain on the surface (adsorb) water, and on the conditions, in which this phenomenon takes place. Moisture content significantly affects the physical and electrical properties of non-metallic materials, including transformer oil. In particular, the increase in moisture content in the latter not only significantly reduces its dielectric strength, creating prerequisites for a breakdown between the current-carrying parts of transformers, oil switches and other equipment that involves its use. Regular measurements of the humidity of transformer oil are an essential component of the maintenance of a whole group of electrical equipment. And since nowadays the transition from planned maintenance to on-demand maintenance is becoming more and more widespread, it can be concluded that the development of means of controlling the humidity of transformer oil, which would be suitable for high-precision express measurement or work compatible with control systems in the mode real time is an actual scientific and applied problem. The article proposes the construction of a transformer for measuring the dielectric loss tangent angle of transformer oil, which is characterized by increased metrological characteristics and is suitable for real-time operation. The value of the tangent of the dielectric loss angle of the transformer oil measured with the specified measuring transducer, being related to the humidity of the latter by the corresponding functional dependence, can be used for the analytical determination of the latter. A mathematical model of the dielectric angle tangent measuring transducer has been developed, on the basis of which both the sensor conversion equation and other metrological characteristics can be estimated.","PeriodicalId":498855,"journal":{"name":"Tehnìka, energetika, transport APK","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134931072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-25DOI: 10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-5
Serhiy Shargorodskiy, Volodymyr Rutkevych, Vita Sharhorodska
Today, the hydraulic drive is increasingly used in agricultural machinery as motion drives, drives of working bodies, and drives of control systems. The power source of this type of drives is pumping stations based on piston-type pumps. This type of pump units has a number of advantages and disadvantages compared to gear pumps. The advantages include power, reliability, higher efficiency, the ability to smoothly regulate the flow of working fluid, and the disadvantages include increased requirements for the degree of purification of working fluids. The article reviews known hydraulic schemes of agricultural machines, analyzes them, and identifies their advantages and disadvantages. One of the elements of these hydraulic systems is the pump supply control system depending on the load on the working bodies of the hydraulic system elements. The correct choice of the parameters of the elements of this system has a significant impact on the quality of its work as a whole. In order to study the influence of system parameters, the structure and principle of operation of the system for regulating the supply of the working liquid of the axial-piston pump are described, the coordinates of the movement of the center of the reduced force from the action of the plunger pairs on the cradle of the control system for the supply of the working liquid are calculated. The trajectory of its movement along the plane of the feeding adjustment cradle is determined. The proposed dependencies make it possible to determine the magnitude of the moment acting on the cradle depending on the magnitude of the eccentricity. it was found that the point of application of the combined force to the end of the cradle moves along a loop-like trajectory, symmetrical to the axis, parallel to the axis of rotation of the cradle. At the same time, the magnitude of the moment of the combined force acting on the cradle has a cyclic nature, the periodicity of which is determined by the angle of rotation of the cylinder block by a value equal to the angular distance between adjacent cylinders. The frequency of fluctuations of the moment of the combined force when rotating the cylinder block of the PVC 1.63 pump with a frequency of 1500 rpm is 450 Hz, which requires the development of measures to eliminate their negative impact on the operation of the pump supply regulator. The moment of combined forces acting on the cradle from the side of the cylinder block depends on the pressure in the pump discharge line and the angle of rotation of the cylinder block. At a nominal pressure of 25 MPa, the range of fluctuations of the combined force moment acting on the PVC 1.63 pump cradle reaches 290 Nm. If the axes of the cylinder block and the trunnion of the cradle are in the same plane, the moment of combined forces acting on the cradle will change symmetrically relative to the axis of rotation of the cradle and periodically cause it to deviate in opposite directions. This nature of the load of the c
{"title":"STUDY OF THE TRAJECTORY OF MOVEMENT OF THE REDUCED PLUNGER PRESSURE FORCE ON THE AXIAL PISTON PUMP CRADLE","authors":"Serhiy Shargorodskiy, Volodymyr Rutkevych, Vita Sharhorodska","doi":"10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-5","url":null,"abstract":"Today, the hydraulic drive is increasingly used in agricultural machinery as motion drives, drives of working bodies, and drives of control systems. The power source of this type of drives is pumping stations based on piston-type pumps. This type of pump units has a number of advantages and disadvantages compared to gear pumps. The advantages include power, reliability, higher efficiency, the ability to smoothly regulate the flow of working fluid, and the disadvantages include increased requirements for the degree of purification of working fluids. The article reviews known hydraulic schemes of agricultural machines, analyzes them, and identifies their advantages and disadvantages. One of the elements of these hydraulic systems is the pump supply control system depending on the load on the working bodies of the hydraulic system elements. The correct choice of the parameters of the elements of this system has a significant impact on the quality of its work as a whole. In order to study the influence of system parameters, the structure and principle of operation of the system for regulating the supply of the working liquid of the axial-piston pump are described, the coordinates of the movement of the center of the reduced force from the action of the plunger pairs on the cradle of the control system for the supply of the working liquid are calculated. The trajectory of its movement along the plane of the feeding adjustment cradle is determined. The proposed dependencies make it possible to determine the magnitude of the moment acting on the cradle depending on the magnitude of the eccentricity. it was found that the point of application of the combined force to the end of the cradle moves along a loop-like trajectory, symmetrical to the axis, parallel to the axis of rotation of the cradle. At the same time, the magnitude of the moment of the combined force acting on the cradle has a cyclic nature, the periodicity of which is determined by the angle of rotation of the cylinder block by a value equal to the angular distance between adjacent cylinders. The frequency of fluctuations of the moment of the combined force when rotating the cylinder block of the PVC 1.63 pump with a frequency of 1500 rpm is 450 Hz, which requires the development of measures to eliminate their negative impact on the operation of the pump supply regulator. The moment of combined forces acting on the cradle from the side of the cylinder block depends on the pressure in the pump discharge line and the angle of rotation of the cylinder block. At a nominal pressure of 25 MPa, the range of fluctuations of the combined force moment acting on the PVC 1.63 pump cradle reaches 290 Nm. If the axes of the cylinder block and the trunnion of the cradle are in the same plane, the moment of combined forces acting on the cradle will change symmetrically relative to the axis of rotation of the cradle and periodically cause it to deviate in opposite directions. This nature of the load of the c","PeriodicalId":498855,"journal":{"name":"Tehnìka, energetika, transport APK","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134931618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inventive and patent-licensing work is an integral part of the activities of engineering, technical, and scientific workers in all spheres of the national economy. One of the results (types) of scientific and technical creativity is invention, which allows technically gifted individuals to express themselves: scientists, engineers, students, and other technical workers. The use of modern technical means in agriculture, for example, unmanned aerial vehicles for technological operations, prompts the creation of new approaches and methods of their effective use, which is an urgent task for agricultural enterprises, scientific, and pedagogical workers, and students. The object of the research is the method of spraying agricultural crops with unmanned aerial vehicles, as an object of legal protection. The purpose of the research is to develop an effective method of spraying agricultural plants with means of protection against pests and diseases by unmanned aerial vehicles, which is the object of legal protection of industrial property. The objectives of the research are to perform an analysis of the concepts of creativity and inventive activity of a person as a form of self-realization and overcoming technical contradictions; to carry out an analysis of the concepts of the object of the invention - the process (method) as an object of legal protection; study of the laws of development of technical systems and development of a utility model of the technological system of an unmanned aerial vehicle; development of a method of spraying field crops with unmanned aerial vehicles. The research methodology is based on the method of materialistic dialectics, methods of analysis, and synthesis of information from official sources and scientific research. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that the inventive activity of engineering and scientific workers is an integral part of the development of scientific and technical progress as a whole. The creation of fundamentally new technologies and machines, and innovative solutions in all branches of the national economy will contribute to the rapid development of our state and its entry into the system of countries with developed market relations. The object subject to legal protection is analyzed. Features of the formula for the method are described. The research proposes a modern approach to the formation of an object of legal protection, namely, a method of spraying agricultural crops with unmanned aerial vehicles. The laws of the development of technical systems are considered and a utility model of the technological system is proposed, namely - the process of spraying agricultural plants with unmanned aerial vehicles. The target function of the technological system is described and the laws of development are proposed, which will allow obtaining the optimal values of the parameters of the optimization criteria. The proposed method of aerial chemical spraying of plants with the use of spray
{"title":"MODERN APPROACH TO THE FORMATION OF AN OBJECT OF LEGAL PROTECTION - METHOD OF SPRAYING WITH UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES","authors":"Iryna Gunko, Oleksandr Holodyuk, Oleksiy Rabovol, Vladyslav Khryshcheniuk","doi":"10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-11","url":null,"abstract":"Inventive and patent-licensing work is an integral part of the activities of engineering, technical, and scientific workers in all spheres of the national economy. One of the results (types) of scientific and technical creativity is invention, which allows technically gifted individuals to express themselves: scientists, engineers, students, and other technical workers. The use of modern technical means in agriculture, for example, unmanned aerial vehicles for technological operations, prompts the creation of new approaches and methods of their effective use, which is an urgent task for agricultural enterprises, scientific, and pedagogical workers, and students. The object of the research is the method of spraying agricultural crops with unmanned aerial vehicles, as an object of legal protection. The purpose of the research is to develop an effective method of spraying agricultural plants with means of protection against pests and diseases by unmanned aerial vehicles, which is the object of legal protection of industrial property. The objectives of the research are to perform an analysis of the concepts of creativity and inventive activity of a person as a form of self-realization and overcoming technical contradictions; to carry out an analysis of the concepts of the object of the invention - the process (method) as an object of legal protection; study of the laws of development of technical systems and development of a utility model of the technological system of an unmanned aerial vehicle; development of a method of spraying field crops with unmanned aerial vehicles. The research methodology is based on the method of materialistic dialectics, methods of analysis, and synthesis of information from official sources and scientific research. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that the inventive activity of engineering and scientific workers is an integral part of the development of scientific and technical progress as a whole. The creation of fundamentally new technologies and machines, and innovative solutions in all branches of the national economy will contribute to the rapid development of our state and its entry into the system of countries with developed market relations. The object subject to legal protection is analyzed. Features of the formula for the method are described. The research proposes a modern approach to the formation of an object of legal protection, namely, a method of spraying agricultural crops with unmanned aerial vehicles. The laws of the development of technical systems are considered and a utility model of the technological system is proposed, namely - the process of spraying agricultural plants with unmanned aerial vehicles. The target function of the technological system is described and the laws of development are proposed, which will allow obtaining the optimal values of the parameters of the optimization criteria. The proposed method of aerial chemical spraying of plants with the use of spray","PeriodicalId":498855,"journal":{"name":"Tehnìka, energetika, transport APK","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134931076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-25DOI: 10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-9
Dmytro Borysiuk, Igor Tverdokhlib, Ihor Kupchuk, Oleksandr Tsurkan
Failures of systems and mechanisms of the internal combustion engine are among the first among the total number of failures of tractors and cars. To determine them, a significant number of methods and means of determining the technical condition (diagnosis) are used. Functional-cost analysis is a heuristic method aimed at identifying the possibilities of reducing the cost and increasing the quality of the object, which is considered as a system with an orientation to a functional approach at all stages of its life cycle. This scientific article presents a functional and cost analysis of the anti-lock braking system of cars. A functional model of this system was developed and its functions were classified. The classification of the functions of the functional model of the anti-lock braking system of cars is also presented. The utility coefficients of this system are actually determined by constructing a matrix of advantages according to the known methodology. The generalizing cost criterion in the design of technical and production systems takes into account costs at all stages of the system's life cycle. To estimate these costs, a matrix of the anti-lock braking system of cars was created, with which the cost factors are calculated. Constructed function utility diagrams, function location, function-cost and cost diagrams allowed to use the functions of the anti-lock braking system of cars, which have a positive function-cost indicator and the highest rating among the presented functions. Such an operation or functions, marked by the highest functional value indicator and rank, are key to the further development of the system or the achievement of the goal of the analysis.
{"title":"MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE AUTOMATION OF THE COMMON RAIL SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC PROCESS OF THE YAMZ-5340 SERIES DIVIGUNS","authors":"Dmytro Borysiuk, Igor Tverdokhlib, Ihor Kupchuk, Oleksandr Tsurkan","doi":"10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-9","url":null,"abstract":"Failures of systems and mechanisms of the internal combustion engine are among the first among the total number of failures of tractors and cars. To determine them, a significant number of methods and means of determining the technical condition (diagnosis) are used. Functional-cost analysis is a heuristic method aimed at identifying the possibilities of reducing the cost and increasing the quality of the object, which is considered as a system with an orientation to a functional approach at all stages of its life cycle. This scientific article presents a functional and cost analysis of the anti-lock braking system of cars. A functional model of this system was developed and its functions were classified. The classification of the functions of the functional model of the anti-lock braking system of cars is also presented. The utility coefficients of this system are actually determined by constructing a matrix of advantages according to the known methodology. The generalizing cost criterion in the design of technical and production systems takes into account costs at all stages of the system's life cycle. To estimate these costs, a matrix of the anti-lock braking system of cars was created, with which the cost factors are calculated. Constructed function utility diagrams, function location, function-cost and cost diagrams allowed to use the functions of the anti-lock braking system of cars, which have a positive function-cost indicator and the highest rating among the presented functions. Such an operation or functions, marked by the highest functional value indicator and rank, are key to the further development of the system or the achievement of the goal of the analysis.","PeriodicalId":498855,"journal":{"name":"Tehnìka, energetika, transport APK","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134930913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-25DOI: 10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-8
Dmytro Borysiuk, Igor Tverdokhlib, Ihor Kupchuk, Ihor Bevz
Functional-cost analysis is a method that has a heuristic nature and is used to identify opportunities to reduce costs and improve the quality of an object, which is considered as a system with a functional orientation at all stages of its life cycle. This article considers the application of functional cost analysis for the anti-lock braking system of cars. As part of this study, a functional model of the car's anti-lock braking system was developed and its functions were classified. The classification of functions within the framework of the functional model of the anti-lock braking system of cars was also carried out. To determine the utility coefficients of this system, a matrix of priorities was built using a known calculation method. When designing technical or production systems, the general cost criterion takes into account costs at all stages of the system's life cycle. For this evaluation, a matrix of anti-lock braking system of cars was created, which allows to compensate the cost factor. The results of the study are the construction of a diagram of the utility of the functions of the anti-lock braking system of cars, a diagram of the location of the system functions taking into account the utility factor, a functional cost diagram of the system, a diagram of the costs of the system functions, a diagram of the location of the system functions taking into account the cost factor, a diagram of the value of the indicator of the functional cost of the system functions, and diagrams of the location of system functions with the calculation of the functional cost indicator. Based on the analysis of this diagram, the functions of the anti-lock braking system of the car were determined, which have a positive functional value indicator and the highest rating among the functional functions. operations or functions that have the highest functional value indicator and rank.
{"title":"FUNCTIONAL-COST ANALYSIS OF THE ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM (ABS) OF CARS","authors":"Dmytro Borysiuk, Igor Tverdokhlib, Ihor Kupchuk, Ihor Bevz","doi":"10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-8","url":null,"abstract":"Functional-cost analysis is a method that has a heuristic nature and is used to identify opportunities to reduce costs and improve the quality of an object, which is considered as a system with a functional orientation at all stages of its life cycle. This article considers the application of functional cost analysis for the anti-lock braking system of cars. As part of this study, a functional model of the car's anti-lock braking system was developed and its functions were classified. The classification of functions within the framework of the functional model of the anti-lock braking system of cars was also carried out. To determine the utility coefficients of this system, a matrix of priorities was built using a known calculation method. When designing technical or production systems, the general cost criterion takes into account costs at all stages of the system's life cycle. For this evaluation, a matrix of anti-lock braking system of cars was created, which allows to compensate the cost factor. The results of the study are the construction of a diagram of the utility of the functions of the anti-lock braking system of cars, a diagram of the location of the system functions taking into account the utility factor, a functional cost diagram of the system, a diagram of the costs of the system functions, a diagram of the location of the system functions taking into account the cost factor, a diagram of the value of the indicator of the functional cost of the system functions, and diagrams of the location of system functions with the calculation of the functional cost indicator. Based on the analysis of this diagram, the functions of the anti-lock braking system of the car were determined, which have a positive functional value indicator and the highest rating among the functional functions. operations or functions that have the highest functional value indicator and rank.","PeriodicalId":498855,"journal":{"name":"Tehnìka, energetika, transport APK","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134931077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-25DOI: 10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-6
Elchyn Aliiev, Petro Bezverkhniy
The purpose of the research is to establish the factors of deterioration of sowing accuracy by pneumatic seeders (using the John Deere 90 Series precision seeding seeder as an example) as a result of observations of their operation during numerical modeling and field experimental studies. Observation of the operation of the sowing section of the pneumatic precision seed drill was carried out in two stages: numerical modeling and field experimental studies. Numerical simulation involved the use of the Simcenter STAR-CCM+ software package and created 3D models of the main elements of the seeding section of the John Deere 90 Series precision sowing machine. Field experimental studies were carried out on grain-steam crop rotation on the territory of AFG "Olvia". Peas were sown with a John Deere 90 Series planter. The row spacing was 0.19 m, the sowing depth was 0.05 m. The sowing rate was 1.2 million units/ha. As a result of the numerical simulation of the operation of the seeding section of the precision seeding pneumatic seeder, a visualization of the distribution of soil aggregates and their velocities was obtained. Comparing the obtained values of the indicators with the normalized ones, it was established that the distribution of seeds along the x-axis meets the specified requirements. Along the seeding depth (z-axis), the distribution of seeds is quite high, which exceeds the normalized values. Thus, the obtained average value of sowing depth is 0.041 ± 0.03 m, and the normalized value is 0.05 ± 0.01. Visual analysis shows that some seeds do not even fall into the seed layer (0.04–0.08 m) of the arable horizon. A smaller value of the distance between seeds (< 0.029 m) explains the occurrence of "twins", and a larger value (> 0.059 m) - the occurrence of "skips". As a result of field experimental studies of the seeding section of the precision seeding pneumatic seeder, photographs were taken of the moment the seeds fly out of the seedbed for various designs of the seed pacifier using an action camera. After receiving seedlings of sown pea seeds, the distances between plants were determined and the corresponding statistical indicators were calculated: minimum value - 0.005 m, maximum value - 0.124 m, limit - 0.0595 m, root mean square deviation - 0.031 m, average value 0.045 m, coefficient of variation - 0.688 . Comparing the obtained experimental data with the results of numerical simulation, there is a sufficiently high agreement of the data (94%), which confirms the numerical model developed in the Simcenter STAR-CCM+ software package. As a result of observations of the operation of the seeding section of the John Deere 90 Series pneumatic seeder in the course of numerical modeling and field experimental studies, the factors of deterioration of seeding accuracy were established (high speed of the air flow and, accordingly, seeds, imperfect shape of the seed channel of the sowing shoe, imperfect shape of the seed stabilizer). Increasing the eff
{"title":"STUDY OF THE FACTORS OF THE DETERIORATION OF SOWING ACCURACY WITH PNEUMATIC SEEDERS","authors":"Elchyn Aliiev, Petro Bezverkhniy","doi":"10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-6","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the research is to establish the factors of deterioration of sowing accuracy by pneumatic seeders (using the John Deere 90 Series precision seeding seeder as an example) as a result of observations of their operation during numerical modeling and field experimental studies. Observation of the operation of the sowing section of the pneumatic precision seed drill was carried out in two stages: numerical modeling and field experimental studies. Numerical simulation involved the use of the Simcenter STAR-CCM+ software package and created 3D models of the main elements of the seeding section of the John Deere 90 Series precision sowing machine. Field experimental studies were carried out on grain-steam crop rotation on the territory of AFG \"Olvia\". Peas were sown with a John Deere 90 Series planter. The row spacing was 0.19 m, the sowing depth was 0.05 m. The sowing rate was 1.2 million units/ha. As a result of the numerical simulation of the operation of the seeding section of the precision seeding pneumatic seeder, a visualization of the distribution of soil aggregates and their velocities was obtained. Comparing the obtained values of the indicators with the normalized ones, it was established that the distribution of seeds along the x-axis meets the specified requirements. Along the seeding depth (z-axis), the distribution of seeds is quite high, which exceeds the normalized values. Thus, the obtained average value of sowing depth is 0.041 ± 0.03 m, and the normalized value is 0.05 ± 0.01. Visual analysis shows that some seeds do not even fall into the seed layer (0.04–0.08 m) of the arable horizon. A smaller value of the distance between seeds (< 0.029 m) explains the occurrence of \"twins\", and a larger value (> 0.059 m) - the occurrence of \"skips\". As a result of field experimental studies of the seeding section of the precision seeding pneumatic seeder, photographs were taken of the moment the seeds fly out of the seedbed for various designs of the seed pacifier using an action camera. After receiving seedlings of sown pea seeds, the distances between plants were determined and the corresponding statistical indicators were calculated: minimum value - 0.005 m, maximum value - 0.124 m, limit - 0.0595 m, root mean square deviation - 0.031 m, average value 0.045 m, coefficient of variation - 0.688 . Comparing the obtained experimental data with the results of numerical simulation, there is a sufficiently high agreement of the data (94%), which confirms the numerical model developed in the Simcenter STAR-CCM+ software package. As a result of observations of the operation of the seeding section of the John Deere 90 Series pneumatic seeder in the course of numerical modeling and field experimental studies, the factors of deterioration of seeding accuracy were established (high speed of the air flow and, accordingly, seeds, imperfect shape of the seed channel of the sowing shoe, imperfect shape of the seed stabilizer). Increasing the eff","PeriodicalId":498855,"journal":{"name":"Tehnìka, energetika, transport APK","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134931078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Turbulent fluid mixing is an important aspect of many industrial and technological processes where efficient mixing of various components is of paramount importance to achieve the desired results. Optimal mixing can improve product quality, ensure the unity of complex reactions, and reduce process lead times. In this regard, the study and understanding of the influence of the geometry of the mixer on the characteristics of the turbulent flow becomes an urgent task of scientific research. The relevance of the study is explained by the wide application of mixers in industrial and technological processes, where the efficiency of mixing is crucial for achieving optimal results. The work used methods of experimental and numerical modeling of turbulent flow in various geometric configurations of blade mixers. Indicators such as turbulence intensity, pressure gradient, and fluid mixing ratio were used to quantify the turbulent characteristics. The obtained results demonstrate that the geometric configuration of the blade mixer has a significant effect on the formation of the turbulent flow. Some geometric parameters of the mixer can contribute to increasing the intensity of liquid mixing, while others can reduce its efficiency. Scientific results can be useful for designing optimal paddle mixers for specific industrial tasks that require intensive liquid mixing. The use of optimized mixers can help increase process productivity, save energy resources, and improve product quality.
{"title":"ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE GEOMETRY OF THE BLADE MIXER ON THE TURBULENCE AND INTENSITY OF LIQUID MIXING","authors":"Serhii Burlaka, Ihor Kupchuk, Serhii Shapovaliuk, Mykola Chernysh","doi":"10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-2","url":null,"abstract":"Turbulent fluid mixing is an important aspect of many industrial and technological processes where efficient mixing of various components is of paramount importance to achieve the desired results. Optimal mixing can improve product quality, ensure the unity of complex reactions, and reduce process lead times. In this regard, the study and understanding of the influence of the geometry of the mixer on the characteristics of the turbulent flow becomes an urgent task of scientific research. The relevance of the study is explained by the wide application of mixers in industrial and technological processes, where the efficiency of mixing is crucial for achieving optimal results. The work used methods of experimental and numerical modeling of turbulent flow in various geometric configurations of blade mixers. Indicators such as turbulence intensity, pressure gradient, and fluid mixing ratio were used to quantify the turbulent characteristics. The obtained results demonstrate that the geometric configuration of the blade mixer has a significant effect on the formation of the turbulent flow. Some geometric parameters of the mixer can contribute to increasing the intensity of liquid mixing, while others can reduce its efficiency. Scientific results can be useful for designing optimal paddle mixers for specific industrial tasks that require intensive liquid mixing. The use of optimized mixers can help increase process productivity, save energy resources, and improve product quality.","PeriodicalId":498855,"journal":{"name":"Tehnìka, energetika, transport APK","volume":"152 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134931776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-25DOI: 10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-4
Oleksii Tokarchuk, Liudmila Sosnovska
Every year, there is more and more waste on our planet. This leads to soil, water and air pollution, which negatively affects people’s health and quality of life. Therefore, the task of reducing production and consumption waste, as well as choosing effective directions for their use, becomes urgent. During the production of food products, waste is mainly of plant and animal origin. The main types of waste generated at processing and food enterprises have been determined: in the fruit and vegetable and canning industry – apple, berry and vegetable pomace, as well as vegetables and fruits that cannot be processed as the main product; in the grain processing industry – wheat bran; in the sugar industry – molasses, pulp; in the dairy industry – whey; in the oil and fat industry – husks, cakes, etc. It is noted that the most valuable waste is sold abroad or processed into food products. The list of products by areas of use (food, medicine, chemical industry, fertilizers, cosmetic industry, animal feed, fertilizer, energy) that can be obtained from organic waste is given. The types of waste, which are valuable raw materials for chemical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic production, and energy production, have been determined. It is substantiated that in modern conditions in Ukraine it is necessary to intensify the use of waste from processing and food industries as energy carriers – for the production of solid biofuel (briquettes, pellets), biogas, etc. This will help compensate for the lack of energy resources due to damage to traditional energy facilities during Russia's hostilities against Ukraine. However, there is still a large amount of waste in Ukraine that is buried or poured into the sewers, which causes pollution of water bodies, soils and emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. With a comprehensive approach and a joint solution to the problem of waste management of various industries, it is possible to ensure the saving of raw materials, the creation of new jobs, and the protection and improvement of the environment.
{"title":"DIRECTIONS OF USE OF FOOD AND PROCESSING INDUSTRY WASTE","authors":"Oleksii Tokarchuk, Liudmila Sosnovska","doi":"10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-4","url":null,"abstract":"Every year, there is more and more waste on our planet. This leads to soil, water and air pollution, which negatively affects people’s health and quality of life. Therefore, the task of reducing production and consumption waste, as well as choosing effective directions for their use, becomes urgent. During the production of food products, waste is mainly of plant and animal origin. The main types of waste generated at processing and food enterprises have been determined: in the fruit and vegetable and canning industry – apple, berry and vegetable pomace, as well as vegetables and fruits that cannot be processed as the main product; in the grain processing industry – wheat bran; in the sugar industry – molasses, pulp; in the dairy industry – whey; in the oil and fat industry – husks, cakes, etc. It is noted that the most valuable waste is sold abroad or processed into food products. The list of products by areas of use (food, medicine, chemical industry, fertilizers, cosmetic industry, animal feed, fertilizer, energy) that can be obtained from organic waste is given. The types of waste, which are valuable raw materials for chemical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic production, and energy production, have been determined. It is substantiated that in modern conditions in Ukraine it is necessary to intensify the use of waste from processing and food industries as energy carriers – for the production of solid biofuel (briquettes, pellets), biogas, etc. This will help compensate for the lack of energy resources due to damage to traditional energy facilities during Russia's hostilities against Ukraine. However, there is still a large amount of waste in Ukraine that is buried or poured into the sewers, which causes pollution of water bodies, soils and emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. With a comprehensive approach and a joint solution to the problem of waste management of various industries, it is possible to ensure the saving of raw materials, the creation of new jobs, and the protection and improvement of the environment.","PeriodicalId":498855,"journal":{"name":"Tehnìka, energetika, transport APK","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134930504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-25DOI: 10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-10
Mykhailo Ivaniuta
It is well known that one of the significant disadvantages of the development of modern technological processes is the use of aspects of thinking associated with the use of already used design positions. From a practical point of view, there is no single optimal solution for tillage in agriculture. The methodology for solving complex, multipolar problems of quality and efficiency of technology must take into account a significant number of factors and be presented in an accessible form for the response of the working bodies of tillage machines. Precision tillage has great potential. The result of tillage operations can be improved depending on the optimal solution of construction working bodies and technological parameters of cultivating, which, in addition, can be adapted to the tillage technology depending on the local agro-climatic conditions. The article presents the results of the synthesis of the system of adaptive control of soil cultivation by creating a complex technological system with modeling of the structural-matrix schemes and on-stream technological influences of working bodies of machines and external agro-climatic conditions on the agrophysical state of the soil. The research methods are methods of analysis of structural schemes of technological process control systems; system-analog modeling of tillage control systems; structural analysis and synthesis of technological changes in agrophysical indicators of soil tillage. The main results are the structural diagram of the on-stream adaptive control system of the tillage unit for the requirements of precise agriculture; matrix diagram of the imaging and generalized system of equations of on-stream adaptive control of working bodies of tillage machines; system-analog model of the machine-tractor unit with the adaptive control system of working bodies.
{"title":"MODELING OF THE FLOW ADAPTIVE SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING THE SOIL TILLAGE","authors":"Mykhailo Ivaniuta","doi":"10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-10","url":null,"abstract":"It is well known that one of the significant disadvantages of the development of modern technological processes is the use of aspects of thinking associated with the use of already used design positions. From a practical point of view, there is no single optimal solution for tillage in agriculture. The methodology for solving complex, multipolar problems of quality and efficiency of technology must take into account a significant number of factors and be presented in an accessible form for the response of the working bodies of tillage machines. Precision tillage has great potential. The result of tillage operations can be improved depending on the optimal solution of construction working bodies and technological parameters of cultivating, which, in addition, can be adapted to the tillage technology depending on the local agro-climatic conditions. The article presents the results of the synthesis of the system of adaptive control of soil cultivation by creating a complex technological system with modeling of the structural-matrix schemes and on-stream technological influences of working bodies of machines and external agro-climatic conditions on the agrophysical state of the soil. The research methods are methods of analysis of structural schemes of technological process control systems; system-analog modeling of tillage control systems; structural analysis and synthesis of technological changes in agrophysical indicators of soil tillage. The main results are the structural diagram of the on-stream adaptive control system of the tillage unit for the requirements of precise agriculture; matrix diagram of the imaging and generalized system of equations of on-stream adaptive control of working bodies of tillage machines; system-analog model of the machine-tractor unit with the adaptive control system of working bodies.","PeriodicalId":498855,"journal":{"name":"Tehnìka, energetika, transport APK","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134930915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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