Pub Date : 2023-08-25DOI: 10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-12
Dmytro Kondratuk, Olena Solona
Drying of mowed grass in the field during hay harvesting is accompanied by loss of not only moisture, but also nutrients by plants as a result of biochemical processes, vital activity of microorganisms, and leaching by precipitation. Moreover, the indicators of the specified losses increase as the length of stay of mown grass in the field increases. It is possible to reduce them due to intensification of drying. An effective way to reduce the drying time is to move the swaths and turn over the swaths of mowed grass. However, the performance of these operations is accompanied by mechanical losses of the dry matter of the grass. The bulk of mechanical losses are "tender", the most valuable parts of plants in terms of fodder - leaves, inflorescences, and other small vegetative organs of plants, which are easily bruised and irrevocably lost. This phenomenon is especially evident in legumes. Mechanical losses exceed all other types of losses and can be from 6 to 27% of the dry matter of the grass. It is possible to reduce them by creating new working bodies that are able to gently act on the grafted grass. One of such working bodies is an elastic working body, which is equipped with a ROS-1 single-rotor roll rotator. The purpose of the research was to conduct comparative laboratory tests of rake-movers, the working bodies of which are made in the form of double spring teeth and an elastic cone-shaped working body, to identify their advantages and disadvantages and to establish rational parameters and modes of operation. It was established that the elastic working body, in comparison with the working bodies made in the form of spring teeth, allows to reduce the upholstering of vegetative parts of plants by 1.20...1.25 times at a grass humidity of 33...35% and by 1.10...1, 18 times at a humidity of 47...50%. With a decrease in the moisture content of the grass, the elastic working body provides a more economical mode of cultivation, which is manifested in a decrease in the covering coefficient. Along with this, the working organs of the rake-movers, made in the form of spring teeth, act more intensively on the mowed grass, which leads to a 10-15% increase in the drying speed compared to the elastic working organ.
{"title":"THE INFLUENCE OF THE WORKING BODIES OF RAKE-SHIFTERS ON MECHANICAL LOSSES DURING HAY PROCUREMENT","authors":"Dmytro Kondratuk, Olena Solona","doi":"10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-12","url":null,"abstract":"Drying of mowed grass in the field during hay harvesting is accompanied by loss of not only moisture, but also nutrients by plants as a result of biochemical processes, vital activity of microorganisms, and leaching by precipitation. Moreover, the indicators of the specified losses increase as the length of stay of mown grass in the field increases. It is possible to reduce them due to intensification of drying. An effective way to reduce the drying time is to move the swaths and turn over the swaths of mowed grass. However, the performance of these operations is accompanied by mechanical losses of the dry matter of the grass. The bulk of mechanical losses are \"tender\", the most valuable parts of plants in terms of fodder - leaves, inflorescences, and other small vegetative organs of plants, which are easily bruised and irrevocably lost. This phenomenon is especially evident in legumes. Mechanical losses exceed all other types of losses and can be from 6 to 27% of the dry matter of the grass. It is possible to reduce them by creating new working bodies that are able to gently act on the grafted grass. One of such working bodies is an elastic working body, which is equipped with a ROS-1 single-rotor roll rotator. The purpose of the research was to conduct comparative laboratory tests of rake-movers, the working bodies of which are made in the form of double spring teeth and an elastic cone-shaped working body, to identify their advantages and disadvantages and to establish rational parameters and modes of operation. It was established that the elastic working body, in comparison with the working bodies made in the form of spring teeth, allows to reduce the upholstering of vegetative parts of plants by 1.20...1.25 times at a grass humidity of 33...35% and by 1.10...1, 18 times at a humidity of 47...50%. With a decrease in the moisture content of the grass, the elastic working body provides a more economical mode of cultivation, which is manifested in a decrease in the covering coefficient. Along with this, the working organs of the rake-movers, made in the form of spring teeth, act more intensively on the mowed grass, which leads to a 10-15% increase in the drying speed compared to the elastic working organ.","PeriodicalId":498855,"journal":{"name":"Tehnìka, energetika, transport APK","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134931075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-25DOI: 10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-7
Viktor Anisimov, Anatoliy Yelenych, Vadim Ryaboshapka
By the end of the 20th century, humanity faced the problem of the need to protect itself. The action of a number of complex interrelated factors has led to a violation of the biological balance in our world, in the system man - nature. The rapid development of scientific and industrial civilization, the demographic explosion, the insufficient requirements for environmental protection that were imposed on the developing industry in the past, the gradual reduction of free, uncultivated and forest territories, as well as the unplanned development of urban areas contributed to the disappearance of some forms of flora and fauna. Faced with the threat of gradual extinction, man finally understood that in order to protect the biological balance in nature, it is necessary to start a general war for the purity of air, water and land. In the international arena, this problem is recognized as one of the important ones. The appearance of smog was first recorded in Los Angeles in the late 1940s. Its cause was excessive air pollution by industrial and transport emissions. In 1952, the phenomenon of smog was observed in London. It caused catastrophic consequences - about 4,000 people became its victims, who died due to an increase in the number of respiratory diseases under the influence of smog. The exhaust gases produced by the combustion of the air-fuel mixture in the internal combustion engine contain pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons (HC) and particulate matter (PM), which are very harmful to humans and the environment. Nitrogen oxides, which are formed at high temperature and excess oxygen, are especially toxic. Both of these conditions are present in the process of fuel combustion in any engine, but especially a lot of them are formed in a diesel engine, since the air entering its cylinders is not throttled and there is always an excess of it. In addition, a high temperature occurs in the combustion chambers, and the higher it is, the more nitrogen oxides are formed. For these reasons, a diesel engine emits much more nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gases compared to a gasoline engine.
{"title":"ANALYSIS OF THE STATE AND SETTING OF THE TASK REGARDING OUTPUT ASSESSMENTNITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) WITH EXHAUST GASES TRACTOR ENGINES","authors":"Viktor Anisimov, Anatoliy Yelenych, Vadim Ryaboshapka","doi":"10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-7","url":null,"abstract":"By the end of the 20th century, humanity faced the problem of the need to protect itself. The action of a number of complex interrelated factors has led to a violation of the biological balance in our world, in the system man - nature. The rapid development of scientific and industrial civilization, the demographic explosion, the insufficient requirements for environmental protection that were imposed on the developing industry in the past, the gradual reduction of free, uncultivated and forest territories, as well as the unplanned development of urban areas contributed to the disappearance of some forms of flora and fauna. Faced with the threat of gradual extinction, man finally understood that in order to protect the biological balance in nature, it is necessary to start a general war for the purity of air, water and land. In the international arena, this problem is recognized as one of the important ones. The appearance of smog was first recorded in Los Angeles in the late 1940s. Its cause was excessive air pollution by industrial and transport emissions. In 1952, the phenomenon of smog was observed in London. It caused catastrophic consequences - about 4,000 people became its victims, who died due to an increase in the number of respiratory diseases under the influence of smog. The exhaust gases produced by the combustion of the air-fuel mixture in the internal combustion engine contain pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons (HC) and particulate matter (PM), which are very harmful to humans and the environment. Nitrogen oxides, which are formed at high temperature and excess oxygen, are especially toxic. Both of these conditions are present in the process of fuel combustion in any engine, but especially a lot of them are formed in a diesel engine, since the air entering its cylinders is not throttled and there is always an excess of it. In addition, a high temperature occurs in the combustion chambers, and the higher it is, the more nitrogen oxides are formed. For these reasons, a diesel engine emits much more nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gases compared to a gasoline engine.","PeriodicalId":498855,"journal":{"name":"Tehnìka, energetika, transport APK","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134930914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The work is dedicated to the investigation and analysis of the operation of the electromechanical system of an autonomous photovoltaic pumping station. Photovoltaic pumping stations are essential components of sustainable development, enabling efficient utilization of solar energy for independent water pumping. The study provides a detailed analysis of the structure and operation principles of the photovoltaic pumping station. Key components of the system, such as solar panels, electronic controllers, electromechanical pumps, and energy storage, were studied. Various methods for maximizing energy output from solar panels and optimizing the efficiency of pumping systems were examined. The research results revealed that the effective functioning of the photovoltaic pumping station depends on the precise balance of electromechanical components, optimal utilization of solar energy, and efficient management of electronic systems. Recommendations were put forth for improving the system's efficiency and reliability. Within the study, it was established that a crucial factor in the successful function of the photovoltaic pumping station is the selection of the optimal type of solar panels and their positioning to ensure maximum solar energy collection. The issue of storing excess energy to maintain system stability during periods of limited solar irradiation was also addressed. Moreover, the study included modeling and experimental research of various operational modes of the pumping station, including load variation and solar activity fluctuations. This provided crucial data regarding the dynamics and compliance of system operation with planned parameters. An important aspect of the research was evaluating the efficiency and economic viability of the photovoltaic pumping station in comparison with traditional energy sources for water supply. It was found that in some cases, the use of photovoltaic energy could be a more economically advantageous and environmentally cleaner solution. Overall, the results of this scientific work hold significant practical value for sustainable energy development and the utilization of renewable energy sources. The investigation of the operation of the electromechanical system of an autonomous photovoltaic pumping station contributes to a deeper understanding of the technological, economic, and environmental aspects of such systems. In conclusion, this research provides a deeper insight into the functioning principles of autonomous photovoltaic pumping stations and can serve as a foundation for further studies in the field of renewable energy utilization.
{"title":"RESEARCH ON THE OPERATION OF THE ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEM OF AN AUTONOMOUS PHOTOELECTRIC PUMPING STATION","authors":"Oleksandr Voznyak Oleksandr Voznyak, Andrii Shtuts, Andrii Bulyha","doi":"10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-15","url":null,"abstract":"The work is dedicated to the investigation and analysis of the operation of the electromechanical system of an autonomous photovoltaic pumping station. Photovoltaic pumping stations are essential components of sustainable development, enabling efficient utilization of solar energy for independent water pumping. The study provides a detailed analysis of the structure and operation principles of the photovoltaic pumping station. Key components of the system, such as solar panels, electronic controllers, electromechanical pumps, and energy storage, were studied. Various methods for maximizing energy output from solar panels and optimizing the efficiency of pumping systems were examined. The research results revealed that the effective functioning of the photovoltaic pumping station depends on the precise balance of electromechanical components, optimal utilization of solar energy, and efficient management of electronic systems. Recommendations were put forth for improving the system's efficiency and reliability. Within the study, it was established that a crucial factor in the successful function of the photovoltaic pumping station is the selection of the optimal type of solar panels and their positioning to ensure maximum solar energy collection. The issue of storing excess energy to maintain system stability during periods of limited solar irradiation was also addressed. Moreover, the study included modeling and experimental research of various operational modes of the pumping station, including load variation and solar activity fluctuations. This provided crucial data regarding the dynamics and compliance of system operation with planned parameters. An important aspect of the research was evaluating the efficiency and economic viability of the photovoltaic pumping station in comparison with traditional energy sources for water supply. It was found that in some cases, the use of photovoltaic energy could be a more economically advantageous and environmentally cleaner solution. Overall, the results of this scientific work hold significant practical value for sustainable energy development and the utilization of renewable energy sources. The investigation of the operation of the electromechanical system of an autonomous photovoltaic pumping station contributes to a deeper understanding of the technological, economic, and environmental aspects of such systems. In conclusion, this research provides a deeper insight into the functioning principles of autonomous photovoltaic pumping stations and can serve as a foundation for further studies in the field of renewable energy utilization.","PeriodicalId":498855,"journal":{"name":"Tehnìka, energetika, transport APK","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134931073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The process of removing moisture from vegetable agricultural raw materials is a diverse, but energy-consuming stage of production, regardless of the applied methods and methods of drying. For forecasting energy consumption and designing drying equipment, analysis and generalization of the kinetics and dynamics of drying of plant raw materials is an urgent task. Based on the results of the conducted research, the technological and constructive-technological scheme of the convective belt dryer for the fractional processing of leguminous herbs was theoretically justified. The dryer is made in the form of a chamber with horizontal belt conveyors, in the middle of which there are heaters with heated steam, and in the upper part of the chamber there are centrifugal fans. With the help of the Simcenter STAR-CCM+ software package, a simulation of the technological process of drying in the developed dryer was carried out. Visualizations of the particle flow velocity distribution of products of fractional processing of legumes and air flow in the area of the convective belt dryer in the form of scalar and vector data were obtained. The temperature distribution of the air flow in the area of the convective belt dryer was also determined in a scalar form, which made it possible to detect its influence on the temperature of the alfalfa particles moving along the belt conveyors. The obtained results of numerical modeling confirmed the analytical calculations. However, for a more complete evaluation and optimization of dryer parameters, it is recommended to conduct additional experimental studies of the drying process of products of fractional processing of leguminous herbs and empirically check the rational structural and technological parameters of the convective belt dryer.
{"title":"NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE DRYING PROCESS BY ACTIVE VENTILATION OF THE PRODUCTS OF FRACTIONAL PROCESSING OF LEGUMES IN A CONVECTIVE BELT DRYER","authors":"Grygorii Kaletnіk, Vitalii Yaropud, Yurii Polevoda","doi":"10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-1","url":null,"abstract":"The process of removing moisture from vegetable agricultural raw materials is a diverse, but energy-consuming stage of production, regardless of the applied methods and methods of drying. For forecasting energy consumption and designing drying equipment, analysis and generalization of the kinetics and dynamics of drying of plant raw materials is an urgent task. Based on the results of the conducted research, the technological and constructive-technological scheme of the convective belt dryer for the fractional processing of leguminous herbs was theoretically justified. The dryer is made in the form of a chamber with horizontal belt conveyors, in the middle of which there are heaters with heated steam, and in the upper part of the chamber there are centrifugal fans. With the help of the Simcenter STAR-CCM+ software package, a simulation of the technological process of drying in the developed dryer was carried out. Visualizations of the particle flow velocity distribution of products of fractional processing of legumes and air flow in the area of the convective belt dryer in the form of scalar and vector data were obtained. The temperature distribution of the air flow in the area of the convective belt dryer was also determined in a scalar form, which made it possible to detect its influence on the temperature of the alfalfa particles moving along the belt conveyors. The obtained results of numerical modeling confirmed the analytical calculations. However, for a more complete evaluation and optimization of dryer parameters, it is recommended to conduct additional experimental studies of the drying process of products of fractional processing of leguminous herbs and empirically check the rational structural and technological parameters of the convective belt dryer.","PeriodicalId":498855,"journal":{"name":"Tehnìka, energetika, transport APK","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134931775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Today, the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine determines the socio-economic development of the state, and is an integrated production and economic system, uniting a number of agricultural, industrial, scientific-production and educational sectors aimed at obtaining, transporting, storing, processing and selling agricultural products. However, at the current stage of development of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine, a significant obstacle to ensuring the appropriate level of competitiveness of enterprises and their products on the foreign market is the high level of energy consumption. A separate problem is the complete dependence on the electric power system, which mainly uses traditional fuel resources and has a number of disadvantages, which creates risks for the effective functioning of a strategically important sector of the state economy and substantiates the relevance of scientific research aimed at improving the optimization of the structure of energy consumption and energy supply, in that including due to the introduction of elements of alternative energy at enterprises of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine. Thus, by implementing DRG and RES, agro-industrial complex enterprises increase their capacities, which contributes to the attraction of investments and increases their competitiveness. This state of affairs leads to a review of the issue of the active introduction of RES into the electricity supply structures of agricultural enterprises, which is associated with negative effects on the electricity supply systems of electricity consumers. But the analysis of previous studies shows that with a certain combination of disturbances on the same and different harmonic components of energy processes of different types of generators, mutual compensation or mutual reinforcement of one or another harmonic component in loads may occur [1]. In addition, three-phase power transformers with a "star-zero-delta" group of connections are widely used in the power supply systems of agro-industrial complex enterprises to power electric machines and other powerful consumers. In this case, the supply voltage from distribution networks of 6-10 kV is supplied to the transformer windings connected by a delta, and consumers are connected to the low side of 0.4 kV, the windings of which are connected in star with neutral. However, recently, quite often generating power is installed on the low side of the transformer in the power supply system. These can be photovoltaic plants, biogas power plants or diesel generator plants, which began to be installed en masse after the power supply crisis associated with Russian aggression. The paper examines the advantages, problems and prospects of DRG based on renewable energy sources at Ukrainian agro-industrial complex enterprises, which proves its economic feasibility in power supply systems. The proposed approach is that the introduction of DRG based on renewable energy into the power supply system of agro-indu
{"title":"ASPECTS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SOURCES IN THE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY SYSTEM OF ENTERPRISES OF THE AGRICULTURAL COMPLEX","authors":"Serhii Boiko, Oleksii Zhukov, Andriy Koval, Dmytro Pechenyuk","doi":"10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-14","url":null,"abstract":"Today, the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine determines the socio-economic development of the state, and is an integrated production and economic system, uniting a number of agricultural, industrial, scientific-production and educational sectors aimed at obtaining, transporting, storing, processing and selling agricultural products. However, at the current stage of development of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine, a significant obstacle to ensuring the appropriate level of competitiveness of enterprises and their products on the foreign market is the high level of energy consumption. A separate problem is the complete dependence on the electric power system, which mainly uses traditional fuel resources and has a number of disadvantages, which creates risks for the effective functioning of a strategically important sector of the state economy and substantiates the relevance of scientific research aimed at improving the optimization of the structure of energy consumption and energy supply, in that including due to the introduction of elements of alternative energy at enterprises of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine. Thus, by implementing DRG and RES, agro-industrial complex enterprises increase their capacities, which contributes to the attraction of investments and increases their competitiveness. This state of affairs leads to a review of the issue of the active introduction of RES into the electricity supply structures of agricultural enterprises, which is associated with negative effects on the electricity supply systems of electricity consumers. But the analysis of previous studies shows that with a certain combination of disturbances on the same and different harmonic components of energy processes of different types of generators, mutual compensation or mutual reinforcement of one or another harmonic component in loads may occur [1]. In addition, three-phase power transformers with a \"star-zero-delta\" group of connections are widely used in the power supply systems of agro-industrial complex enterprises to power electric machines and other powerful consumers. In this case, the supply voltage from distribution networks of 6-10 kV is supplied to the transformer windings connected by a delta, and consumers are connected to the low side of 0.4 kV, the windings of which are connected in star with neutral. However, recently, quite often generating power is installed on the low side of the transformer in the power supply system. These can be photovoltaic plants, biogas power plants or diesel generator plants, which began to be installed en masse after the power supply crisis associated with Russian aggression. The paper examines the advantages, problems and prospects of DRG based on renewable energy sources at Ukrainian agro-industrial complex enterprises, which proves its economic feasibility in power supply systems. The proposed approach is that the introduction of DRG based on renewable energy into the power supply system of agro-indu","PeriodicalId":498855,"journal":{"name":"Tehnìka, energetika, transport APK","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134931071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-25DOI: 10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-13
Ludmila Shvets
Agricultural production is one of the main consumers of oil products. The enterprises of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine annually consume about 7 million tons of produced diesel fuel and about 1.0 million tons of motor oil. An average farm in the central zone consumes up to 1,200 tons of diesel fuel, 600 tons of gasoline, and 60 tons of curtain oils per year, of which at least 80% goes into the category of spent petroleum products of various groups. As a result of the intensive growth of the fleet of internal combustion engines, as well as increased attention to economic and environmental factors, the task of saving and rational use of fuel and energy, raw materials and other material resources is becoming increasingly acute for the national economy. It is known that one of the ways to increase the level of supply of agricultural production with motor oils is their repeated use after the restoration of some quality indicators that have deteriorated as a result of their use in the operation of auto-tractor equipment. The repeated use of oils allows you to increase their service life, reduce irreversible losses and reduce the shortage of oil supplies to farms. However, the rate of use of recovered oils remains at a low level. Thus, in the country as a whole, the annual discharge of used oils amounted to 0.9 million tons, and only 0.15 million tons were regenerated, which is about 16% of the collected volume. The proposed device can be used within the framework of the initiative topic "Investigation of ways to optimize the parameters of the technological process for the production of fatty acid esters for diesel biofuel" (state registration number: 0122U002187 dated 30.03.2022), and investigated under the initiative topic: "Investigation of the influence of the bioethanol component of the fuel mixture on the parameters operation of a gasoline injection engine" (state registration number: 0122U00213 dated 30.03.2022).
{"title":"INCREASING THE LUBRICANT RESOURCE BY DEVELOPING A DEVICE FOR ITS CLEANING","authors":"Ludmila Shvets","doi":"10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2023-2-13","url":null,"abstract":"Agricultural production is one of the main consumers of oil products. The enterprises of the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine annually consume about 7 million tons of produced diesel fuel and about 1.0 million tons of motor oil. An average farm in the central zone consumes up to 1,200 tons of diesel fuel, 600 tons of gasoline, and 60 tons of curtain oils per year, of which at least 80% goes into the category of spent petroleum products of various groups. As a result of the intensive growth of the fleet of internal combustion engines, as well as increased attention to economic and environmental factors, the task of saving and rational use of fuel and energy, raw materials and other material resources is becoming increasingly acute for the national economy. It is known that one of the ways to increase the level of supply of agricultural production with motor oils is their repeated use after the restoration of some quality indicators that have deteriorated as a result of their use in the operation of auto-tractor equipment. The repeated use of oils allows you to increase their service life, reduce irreversible losses and reduce the shortage of oil supplies to farms. However, the rate of use of recovered oils remains at a low level. Thus, in the country as a whole, the annual discharge of used oils amounted to 0.9 million tons, and only 0.15 million tons were regenerated, which is about 16% of the collected volume. The proposed device can be used within the framework of the initiative topic \"Investigation of ways to optimize the parameters of the technological process for the production of fatty acid esters for diesel biofuel\" (state registration number: 0122U002187 dated 30.03.2022), and investigated under the initiative topic: \"Investigation of the influence of the bioethanol component of the fuel mixture on the parameters operation of a gasoline injection engine\" (state registration number: 0122U00213 dated 30.03.2022).","PeriodicalId":498855,"journal":{"name":"Tehnìka, energetika, transport APK","volume":"152 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134931074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-01DOI: 10.37128/2520-6168-2023-1-4
Viktor Yemchyk, Anatoliy Yelenych
Leading firms and corporations - manufacturers of agricultural machinery (hereinafter referred to as companies) develop, produce, and then offer tractor models on the market in the form of construction series combining up to 40-55 models. The largest companies produce not only tractors, but also sets of agricultural machines for them, as well as entire technological complexes for processing and harvesting one or another crop. Thus, these companies act on the markets with their own product programs, which include the construction series of tractors as the most important component (Deere & Co, Case, New Holland, Massey Ferguson, etc.). Each construction series includes several (up to 10) series (families) of tractor models, identical in purpose, differing in engine power. The basis of each such family is unified aggregates and units - engines, transmissions, front and rear axles, hydraulic suspension systems, cabins, electrical equipment and other aggregates. The tractors of the construction series have a single stylistic solution of the cabin and external structure, which is a trademark. The construction series is characterized by a high saturation of models, especially in the range of small and medium capacities, which is explained by the increased demand for tractors of these capacities. The redundancy of models is especially noticeable in the design series of companies that were formed by merging companies that previously had their own design series (for example, the Case New Holland Company). Design series are built according to engine power and tractor weight, series - according to engine power, the gradation of which is determined by the number of engine cylinders and the possibility of forcing it with the help of low or high turbocharging. Often, the models of the series, and especially the series, have very little difference in engine power, which, with the redundancy of a number of models, allows companies to meet the demands of the maximum number of consumers for tractor performance and fuel consumption in competitive conditions.
领先的农业机械制造商(以下简称公司)开发，生产，然后以结构系列的形式向市场提供拖拉机型号，组合多达40-55种型号。最大的公司不仅生产拖拉机，还生产拖拉机配套的农业机械，以及加工和收获一种或另一种作物的整个技术综合体。因此，这些公司以自己的产品方案在市场上发挥作用，其中包括作为最重要组成部分的拖拉机建筑系列(Deere &Co, Case, New Holland, Massey Ferguson等)。每个结构系列包括几个(多达10)系列(家庭)拖拉机模型，相同的目的，不同的发动机功率。每一个这样的家庭的基础是统一的集料和单元——发动机、变速器、前轴和后轴、液压悬挂系统、舱室、电气设备和其他集料。建筑系列拖拉机的机舱和外部结构具有单一的风格解决方案，这是一个商标。建筑系列的特点是模型的高度饱和，特别是在中小型容量的范围内，这是对这些容量的拖拉机需求增加的原因。模型的冗余在设计系列公司中尤其明显，这些公司是由以前拥有自己设计系列的公司合并而成的(例如，Case New Holland Company)。设计系列是根据发动机功率和拖拉机重量建立的，系列是根据发动机功率建立的，其等级是由发动机气缸的数量和在低或高涡轮增压的帮助下强迫它的可能性决定的。通常，该系列的型号，特别是该系列，在发动机功率方面的差异很小，这与许多型号的冗余相结合，使公司能够在竞争条件下满足最大数量的消费者对拖拉机性能和燃油消耗的需求。
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