A. Cordero-Rivera, P. Ondina, A. Outeiro, R. Amaro, E. S. Miguel
ABSTRACT The freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) is one of the longest-lived invertebrate species in the world and one of the most threatened freshwater animals in Europe. Its southernmost populations, located in northwestern Spain, are in a critical conservation situation and are still understudied. Here we calibrate a non-invasive method for calculating the volume of the shell and use it to study the ontogenetic scaling of shell volume on shell length. We characterized ontogenetic growth and determined allometric relationships in 16 M. margaritifera northwestern Spain populations by using ordinary least squares regression, major axis and reduced major axis methods. We estimated topographic slopes of the sampling points using a GIS system, as a proxy of water speed. We measured 803 shells and found that the volume of the shell can precisely be estimated using three linear measurements. We found evidence for negative allometry of shell volume in the global sample and in 11 populations. We hypothesized that water speed would affect allometric patterns of local populations. Results suggest a negative relationship between the allometric slope and the topographic slope of the river section inhabited by M. margaritifera. We propose that when water speed is higher, larger mussels become proportionally flatter than in locations where water current is slower, allowing them to burrow more easily in the sediment. Our method will allow estimation of M. margaritifera biomass and ontogenetic growth without killing any specimens, which will contribute to conservation programs for this species.
{"title":"Allometry in the Freshwater Pearl Mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera L.): Mussels Tend to Grow Flatter at Higher Water Speed","authors":"A. Cordero-Rivera, P. Ondina, A. Outeiro, R. Amaro, E. S. Miguel","doi":"10.4002/040.064.0208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4002/040.064.0208","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) is one of the longest-lived invertebrate species in the world and one of the most threatened freshwater animals in Europe. Its southernmost populations, located in northwestern Spain, are in a critical conservation situation and are still understudied. Here we calibrate a non-invasive method for calculating the volume of the shell and use it to study the ontogenetic scaling of shell volume on shell length. We characterized ontogenetic growth and determined allometric relationships in 16 M. margaritifera northwestern Spain populations by using ordinary least squares regression, major axis and reduced major axis methods. We estimated topographic slopes of the sampling points using a GIS system, as a proxy of water speed. We measured 803 shells and found that the volume of the shell can precisely be estimated using three linear measurements. We found evidence for negative allometry of shell volume in the global sample and in 11 populations. We hypothesized that water speed would affect allometric patterns of local populations. Results suggest a negative relationship between the allometric slope and the topographic slope of the river section inhabited by M. margaritifera. We propose that when water speed is higher, larger mussels become proportionally flatter than in locations where water current is slower, allowing them to burrow more easily in the sediment. Our method will allow estimation of M. margaritifera biomass and ontogenetic growth without killing any specimens, which will contribute to conservation programs for this species.","PeriodicalId":49895,"journal":{"name":"Malacologia","volume":"64 1","pages":"257 - 267"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42210122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT The genus Rhinus Martens, 1860, is represented in Brazil by about twenty species, which are predominantly found in the Atlantic rainforest, an endangered ecosystem with extraordinary biodiversity and high endemism. There is a dearth of detailed morphological data for most species of the genus Rhinus, and the anatomy of only a few species has been described. Rhinus ciliatus, an endemic species from southwestern Brazil, is known by few conchological traits and scarce anatomical data from the reproductive system and pallial cavity. In this study, we redescribe the shell morphology and soft body anatomy of Rhinus ciliatus in detail and compare the new data with known traits of other closely related species. Rhinus ciliatus is diagnosed by the following features: (i) transition from protoconch to teleoconch well marked; (ii) shell ovate-conic, accuminate; (iii) aperture sub-ovate, lip simple; (iv) kidney with granulated lamellae; and (v) marginal teeth with blunt spatula-shaped mesocones. The record of spermatophores for the genus is provided here for the first time.
{"title":"Redescription of Rhinus ciliatus (Gastropoda: Simpulopsidae), An Endemic Species from the Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil","authors":"Anna C. A. Salles, C. Oliveira","doi":"10.4002/040.064.0206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4002/040.064.0206","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The genus Rhinus Martens, 1860, is represented in Brazil by about twenty species, which are predominantly found in the Atlantic rainforest, an endangered ecosystem with extraordinary biodiversity and high endemism. There is a dearth of detailed morphological data for most species of the genus Rhinus, and the anatomy of only a few species has been described. Rhinus ciliatus, an endemic species from southwestern Brazil, is known by few conchological traits and scarce anatomical data from the reproductive system and pallial cavity. In this study, we redescribe the shell morphology and soft body anatomy of Rhinus ciliatus in detail and compare the new data with known traits of other closely related species. Rhinus ciliatus is diagnosed by the following features: (i) transition from protoconch to teleoconch well marked; (ii) shell ovate-conic, accuminate; (iii) aperture sub-ovate, lip simple; (iv) kidney with granulated lamellae; and (v) marginal teeth with blunt spatula-shaped mesocones. The record of spermatophores for the genus is provided here for the first time.","PeriodicalId":49895,"journal":{"name":"Malacologia","volume":"64 1","pages":"231 - 240"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42427371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Krishnan, S. Sukumaran, Wilson Sebastian, A. Gopalakrishnan
ABSTRACT The phylogenetic relationships of inshore squid species in the family Loliginidae is still ambiguous owing to the lack of morphological and molecular data. In the present study, the taxonomic status of squid species Uroteuthis duvaucelii (Orbigny, 1848), Uroteuthis edulis (Hoyle, 1885), Uroteuthis singhalensis (Ortmann, 1891) and Loliolus hardwickei (Gray, 1849) from the Indian coast was elucidated by performing both morphological and genetic analyses. These Uroteuthis species showed marked differences in arm sucker teeth among species. Sharpness of tentacular sucker teeth was slightly increased in the order U. edulis < U. duvaucelii < U. singhalensis. Sexual dimorphism in tentacular teeth was observed in L. hardwickei. Uroteuthis singhalensis is morphologically very close to U. duvaucelii, as inferred by similar shape (broad, squared) and number (5–9) of arm teeth. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial COI (650 bp), Cyt b (900bp) and COI-Cyt b combined gene sequences re-established the concept of monophyly of Loliolini with the additional number of species U. singhalensis and L. hardwickei. Our reconstructed phylogeny strongly supports Uroteuthis as a paraphyletic taxon as all organisms belonging to the genus Loliolus, including L. hardwickei (subgenus: Loliolus) explicitly grouped with one of the Uroteuthis clades. Distinct subclades within U. duvaucelii and U. edulis from the Indian Ocean may represent cryptic species.
{"title":"Morphological and Molecular Investigations on Squids of the Genera Uroteuthis and Loliolus from the Indian Coast to Resolve Taxonomic Ambiguities","authors":"N. Krishnan, S. Sukumaran, Wilson Sebastian, A. Gopalakrishnan","doi":"10.4002/040.064.0205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4002/040.064.0205","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The phylogenetic relationships of inshore squid species in the family Loliginidae is still ambiguous owing to the lack of morphological and molecular data. In the present study, the taxonomic status of squid species Uroteuthis duvaucelii (Orbigny, 1848), Uroteuthis edulis (Hoyle, 1885), Uroteuthis singhalensis (Ortmann, 1891) and Loliolus hardwickei (Gray, 1849) from the Indian coast was elucidated by performing both morphological and genetic analyses. These Uroteuthis species showed marked differences in arm sucker teeth among species. Sharpness of tentacular sucker teeth was slightly increased in the order U. edulis < U. duvaucelii < U. singhalensis. Sexual dimorphism in tentacular teeth was observed in L. hardwickei. Uroteuthis singhalensis is morphologically very close to U. duvaucelii, as inferred by similar shape (broad, squared) and number (5–9) of arm teeth. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial COI (650 bp), Cyt b (900bp) and COI-Cyt b combined gene sequences re-established the concept of monophyly of Loliolini with the additional number of species U. singhalensis and L. hardwickei. Our reconstructed phylogeny strongly supports Uroteuthis as a paraphyletic taxon as all organisms belonging to the genus Loliolus, including L. hardwickei (subgenus: Loliolus) explicitly grouped with one of the Uroteuthis clades. Distinct subclades within U. duvaucelii and U. edulis from the Indian Ocean may represent cryptic species.","PeriodicalId":49895,"journal":{"name":"Malacologia","volume":"64 1","pages":"215 - 230"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46159385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Montory, O. Chaparro, L. P. Salas-Yanquin, J. Büchner-Miranda, J. Pechenik, V. Cubillos
ABSTRACT Intertidal animals experience reduced feeding times and differentiated respiratory capacity associated with aerial exposure, the duration of which depends on their location within the intertidal zone. Perumytilus purpuratus is a sessile mussel that forms dense mats in the rocky mid-intertidal in southern Chile. For this species, we documented the impact of different times of aerial exposure (3 and 6 h) on rates of oxygen consumption and feeding, according to their vertical location (upper and lower limits) within the intertidal zone. Mean oxygen consumption rates in air for individuals located in the upper intertidal zone were 52% higher than those of individuals located at the lower limits of their intertidal distribution. Additionally, individuals from the lower intertidal region always presented higher rates of oxygen consumption and particle clearance rates (58% higher and 18% higher, respectively) during immersion compared to individuals collected from the upper limit of their intertidal distribution, regardless of the duration of previous aerial exposure. Although we found no significant habitat-related differences in the relationship between shell length and gill surface area, individuals sampled from the lower intertidal zone were 8% heavier in dry tissue weight than individuals with the same shell lengths collected from of the upper limit of their intertidal distribution. Our results suggest that the individuals of this species near the upper limits of their intertidal distribution can probably compensate (e.g., higher absorption rate) for the reduced time that they have available for clearance, which might help them to avoid a major energetic disadvantage.
{"title":"Impact of Intertidal Distribution on the Physiological Performance of the Filter-Feeder Bivalve Perumytilus purpuratus (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) from Southern Chile","authors":"J. Montory, O. Chaparro, L. P. Salas-Yanquin, J. Büchner-Miranda, J. Pechenik, V. Cubillos","doi":"10.4002/040.064.0108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4002/040.064.0108","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Intertidal animals experience reduced feeding times and differentiated respiratory capacity associated with aerial exposure, the duration of which depends on their location within the intertidal zone. Perumytilus purpuratus is a sessile mussel that forms dense mats in the rocky mid-intertidal in southern Chile. For this species, we documented the impact of different times of aerial exposure (3 and 6 h) on rates of oxygen consumption and feeding, according to their vertical location (upper and lower limits) within the intertidal zone. Mean oxygen consumption rates in air for individuals located in the upper intertidal zone were 52% higher than those of individuals located at the lower limits of their intertidal distribution. Additionally, individuals from the lower intertidal region always presented higher rates of oxygen consumption and particle clearance rates (58% higher and 18% higher, respectively) during immersion compared to individuals collected from the upper limit of their intertidal distribution, regardless of the duration of previous aerial exposure. Although we found no significant habitat-related differences in the relationship between shell length and gill surface area, individuals sampled from the lower intertidal zone were 8% heavier in dry tissue weight than individuals with the same shell lengths collected from of the upper limit of their intertidal distribution. Our results suggest that the individuals of this species near the upper limits of their intertidal distribution can probably compensate (e.g., higher absorption rate) for the reduced time that they have available for clearance, which might help them to avoid a major energetic disadvantage.","PeriodicalId":49895,"journal":{"name":"Malacologia","volume":"64 1","pages":"137 - 147"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44314945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Letter from the Editor","authors":"윤나영, 김보경, 안성구","doi":"10.4002/040.064.0109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4002/040.064.0109","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49895,"journal":{"name":"Malacologia","volume":"64 1","pages":"151 - 152"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70086944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicolás Cetra, D. E. Gutiérrez Gregoric, Andrea Roche
ABSTRACT Heterobranch sea slugs exhibit a wide range of body shapes, sizes and color patterns. The genus Placida (Sacoglossa) includes cryptic species, and in 2019 four species were recovered through molecular studies. Specimens of Placida collected in the Argentinian Sea (San Matias Gulf, Patagonia) between 2016 and 2019 are shown to belong to an undescribed species using molecular and morphological evidence. Placida sudamericana n. sp. is described using external, radular, penial stylet and egg mass characters. The specimens were always found associated with the green algae Codium fragile. Placida sudamericana is the only Placida species in the South Atlantic waters of South America and was recorded in a molluscan biodiversity hotspot.
{"title":"A New Species of Placida (Gastropoda: Sacoglossa) from Southern South America","authors":"Nicolás Cetra, D. E. Gutiérrez Gregoric, Andrea Roche","doi":"10.4002/040.064.0106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4002/040.064.0106","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Heterobranch sea slugs exhibit a wide range of body shapes, sizes and color patterns. The genus Placida (Sacoglossa) includes cryptic species, and in 2019 four species were recovered through molecular studies. Specimens of Placida collected in the Argentinian Sea (San Matias Gulf, Patagonia) between 2016 and 2019 are shown to belong to an undescribed species using molecular and morphological evidence. Placida sudamericana n. sp. is described using external, radular, penial stylet and egg mass characters. The specimens were always found associated with the green algae Codium fragile. Placida sudamericana is the only Placida species in the South Atlantic waters of South America and was recorded in a molluscan biodiversity hotspot.","PeriodicalId":49895,"journal":{"name":"Malacologia","volume":"64 1","pages":"109 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45268914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Over the last ten years, the interpretation of the presence of vertebrate sex steroids in molluscs has changed dramatically. Evidence has been accumulating that CYP11A and CYP19A genes (encoding cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme and aromatase), that are crucial for the biosynthesis of sex steroids in vertebrates, as well as key functional sex steroid receptors, are missing in molluscan genomes. To provide further evidence, we sequenced the whole transcriptome of the central nervous system of the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) and screened it for sequences homologous to those used in the generally accepted vertebrate sex steroidogenesis pathway as well as the known sex steroid receptor-related genes (such as CYP11A, CYP19A, 3β-HSD, nPR, and nAR). Our screening confirmed the absence of several key sequences that are essential to accomplish a full sex steroid biosynthesis pathway similar to that of vertebrates. There was also no evidence for nuclear sex steroid receptors. Our findings support the contention that molluscan endocrinology differs from the well-characterized vertebrate endocrine system.
{"title":"Neuronal Transcriptome Analysis of a Widely Recognised Molluscan Model Organism Highlights the Absence of Key Proteins Involved in the De Novo Synthesis and Receptor-Mediation of Sex Steroids in Vertebrates","authors":"I. Fodor, J. Koene, Z. Pirger","doi":"10.4002/040.064.0103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4002/040.064.0103","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Over the last ten years, the interpretation of the presence of vertebrate sex steroids in molluscs has changed dramatically. Evidence has been accumulating that CYP11A and CYP19A genes (encoding cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme and aromatase), that are crucial for the biosynthesis of sex steroids in vertebrates, as well as key functional sex steroid receptors, are missing in molluscan genomes. To provide further evidence, we sequenced the whole transcriptome of the central nervous system of the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis) and screened it for sequences homologous to those used in the generally accepted vertebrate sex steroidogenesis pathway as well as the known sex steroid receptor-related genes (such as CYP11A, CYP19A, 3β-HSD, nPR, and nAR). Our screening confirmed the absence of several key sequences that are essential to accomplish a full sex steroid biosynthesis pathway similar to that of vertebrates. There was also no evidence for nuclear sex steroid receptors. Our findings support the contention that molluscan endocrinology differs from the well-characterized vertebrate endocrine system.","PeriodicalId":49895,"journal":{"name":"Malacologia","volume":"64 1","pages":"69 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46063712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Kukavica, Biljana Davidović-Plavšić, D. Dmitrović, G. Šukalo, A. Savić, V. Pešić
ABSTRACT This is the first study to document the seasonal dynamics of oxidative and antioxidative parameters in Sadleriana fluminensis (Küster, 1853). Sadleriana fluminensis mostly inhabits spring biotopes, which are threatened by anthropogenic activities. We reported changes in the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), total antioxidative capacity (TAC), and the qualitative and quantitative composition of the soluble proteins in S. fluminensis. We collected samples from four sites along the longitudinal profile of the Krupa River in three seasons (autumn, winter, and spring). The amount of total soluble proteins and the qualitative protein composition varied seasonally at all sites. Detected protein bands were in the range of 103.8–5.7 kDa in all three seasons, whereas protein bands in the range of 105–60 kDa and 5–10 kDa were not detected in autumn or in spring. In all three seasons, the highest level of MDA was observed upstream at site 1. The values of TAC varied with site and season and were positively correlated to the soluble protein content. SOD activities were highest in winter, followed by autumn and spring; CAT activities were highest in spring, followed by winter and autumn. Principal component analysis based on oxidative and antioxidative parameters revealed marked differences between seasons. The results of this study enhance our understanding of the seasonal dynamics in protein composition and cell redox status within S. fluminensis and will aid future studies. The approach used in this study could also be applied more generally in other ecosystems for the monitoring of bioindicators.
{"title":"Seasonal Dynamics of Oxidative and Antioxidative Parameters in Sadleriana fluminensis (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae)","authors":"B. Kukavica, Biljana Davidović-Plavšić, D. Dmitrović, G. Šukalo, A. Savić, V. Pešić","doi":"10.4002/040.064.0102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4002/040.064.0102","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This is the first study to document the seasonal dynamics of oxidative and antioxidative parameters in Sadleriana fluminensis (Küster, 1853). Sadleriana fluminensis mostly inhabits spring biotopes, which are threatened by anthropogenic activities. We reported changes in the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), total antioxidative capacity (TAC), and the qualitative and quantitative composition of the soluble proteins in S. fluminensis. We collected samples from four sites along the longitudinal profile of the Krupa River in three seasons (autumn, winter, and spring). The amount of total soluble proteins and the qualitative protein composition varied seasonally at all sites. Detected protein bands were in the range of 103.8–5.7 kDa in all three seasons, whereas protein bands in the range of 105–60 kDa and 5–10 kDa were not detected in autumn or in spring. In all three seasons, the highest level of MDA was observed upstream at site 1. The values of TAC varied with site and season and were positively correlated to the soluble protein content. SOD activities were highest in winter, followed by autumn and spring; CAT activities were highest in spring, followed by winter and autumn. Principal component analysis based on oxidative and antioxidative parameters revealed marked differences between seasons. The results of this study enhance our understanding of the seasonal dynamics in protein composition and cell redox status within S. fluminensis and will aid future studies. The approach used in this study could also be applied more generally in other ecosystems for the monitoring of bioindicators.","PeriodicalId":49895,"journal":{"name":"Malacologia","volume":"64 1","pages":"57 - 67"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44123014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT The American conchologist Isaac Lea had a long and productive career during which he introduced more than 1,800 names of molluscan species between 1827 and 1874, the majority North American land and freshwater species. His idiosyncratic way of publishing, by describing new taxa multiple times in duplicated and variously modified journal papers as well as in retitled collections of extracts, has led to considerable difficulties in determining accurate dates of his original descriptions. He considered the reading and presentation of a manuscript before a “learned society” as the date of its original publication and therefore his own recorded dates must be approached with caution. The problem of interpreting Lea's names was compounded by the fact that Lea frequently modified his own new taxonomic names in his subsequent publications, and often without providing justification for the change. The various name versions were inconsistently applied by subsequent authors. The current paper analyses Lea's substitutions and other modifications of his own names of molluscan species and discusses 131 of his publications in this context, for which attempts at precise dating were made. The status of these “replacements” of Lea's taxonomic names were evaluated under the current ICZN Code (1999). A few additional cases of changes of Lea's names by other authors are included; these are instances in which Lea had missed a primary homonym or a secondary homonym was discovered later. While some of the names here discussed are currently resting in synonymy, others are of greater current relevance as they are in use as valid names for taxa of conservation/management concern, including IUCN and U.S.-federally listed species. The following 98 discussions of often-complex name changes involve 348 species-group names and their subsequent spellings, 231 of which were introduced by Lea. Based on their current taxonomic status, the names belong to 4 bivalve and 11 gastropod families, with the vast majority concentrated in Unionidae and Pleuroceridae. Under the current ICZN Code, the investigated changes fall into many different categories, which impacts their nomenclatural availability: 35 names changed by Lea (plus 6 by other authors) are interpreted as substitute names for junior primary homonyms, 7 of which were unnecessary; 1 name (plus 6 by others) as substitute names for junior secondary homonyms, 1 of which was unnecessary; 13 names as justified emendations; 10 names (plus 1 by another) as unjustified emendations that have not entered prevailing usage; 1 name determined by his first reviser action; 37 names (plus many by others) as incorrect subsequent spellings that are not in prevailing usage; and 1 incorrect subsequent spelling that is shown to be in prevailing usage and thus considered a correct original spelling. The concept of “prevailing usage,” ill-defined under the current (1999) ICZN Code, is addressed in this context. The following names in current
{"title":"Isaac Lea's (1792–1886) Substitutions and Other Modifications of His Own Names of Molluscan Species","authors":"R. Bieler","doi":"10.4002/040.064.0101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4002/040.064.0101","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The American conchologist Isaac Lea had a long and productive career during which he introduced more than 1,800 names of molluscan species between 1827 and 1874, the majority North American land and freshwater species. His idiosyncratic way of publishing, by describing new taxa multiple times in duplicated and variously modified journal papers as well as in retitled collections of extracts, has led to considerable difficulties in determining accurate dates of his original descriptions. He considered the reading and presentation of a manuscript before a “learned society” as the date of its original publication and therefore his own recorded dates must be approached with caution. The problem of interpreting Lea's names was compounded by the fact that Lea frequently modified his own new taxonomic names in his subsequent publications, and often without providing justification for the change. The various name versions were inconsistently applied by subsequent authors. The current paper analyses Lea's substitutions and other modifications of his own names of molluscan species and discusses 131 of his publications in this context, for which attempts at precise dating were made. The status of these “replacements” of Lea's taxonomic names were evaluated under the current ICZN Code (1999). A few additional cases of changes of Lea's names by other authors are included; these are instances in which Lea had missed a primary homonym or a secondary homonym was discovered later. While some of the names here discussed are currently resting in synonymy, others are of greater current relevance as they are in use as valid names for taxa of conservation/management concern, including IUCN and U.S.-federally listed species. The following 98 discussions of often-complex name changes involve 348 species-group names and their subsequent spellings, 231 of which were introduced by Lea. Based on their current taxonomic status, the names belong to 4 bivalve and 11 gastropod families, with the vast majority concentrated in Unionidae and Pleuroceridae. Under the current ICZN Code, the investigated changes fall into many different categories, which impacts their nomenclatural availability: 35 names changed by Lea (plus 6 by other authors) are interpreted as substitute names for junior primary homonyms, 7 of which were unnecessary; 1 name (plus 6 by others) as substitute names for junior secondary homonyms, 1 of which was unnecessary; 13 names as justified emendations; 10 names (plus 1 by another) as unjustified emendations that have not entered prevailing usage; 1 name determined by his first reviser action; 37 names (plus many by others) as incorrect subsequent spellings that are not in prevailing usage; and 1 incorrect subsequent spelling that is shown to be in prevailing usage and thus considered a correct original spelling. The concept of “prevailing usage,” ill-defined under the current (1999) ICZN Code, is addressed in this context. The following names in current ","PeriodicalId":49895,"journal":{"name":"Malacologia","volume":"64 1","pages":"1 - 56"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44384788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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