Pub Date : 2022-08-24DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2022.2100288
D. Pérez, Mariel Ferrari, M. Ezcurra
The taxonomic content of the genus Calliotropis and the systematic positions of the fossil species referred to this genus have been under debate because of the striking resemblance they bear to their extant counterparts in terms of general shell morphology and ornament pattern. In a recent contribution, two subgenera of Calliotropis were preliminarily distinguished and considered to be a result of ecomorphological variation translated into evolutionary changes: shallow-reef ecomorphotypes, representing the fossil species of Calliotropis (Riselloidea), and deep-water ecomorphotypes, grouping the living forms of Calliotropis (Calliotropis). However, this division of Calliotropis species was based on qualitative grounds, lacking a quantitative phylogenetic analysis sampling both modern and fossil taxa. The present research aims to comprehensively revisit this systematic scheme after a morphological delimitation of calliotropid lineages. We use a quantitative phylogenetic analysis to shed light on the evolutionary history of this group of gastropods. Our results indicate that the Mesozoic genus ‘Calliotropis’ is not monophyletic, but living species comprise a monophyletic group with a Pliocene–Recent distribution. Fossil ‘Calliotropis’ species represent a paraphyletic assemblage composed of different clades: the monophyletic Riselloidea (Cossmann) including only Jurassic species; a Palaeogene group represented by the new genus Arachnotropis gen. nov.; and a monophyletic Triassic group that matches the content of the previously described genus Trochonodus Nützel et al., 2003. The genus Ambercyclus Ferrari et al., 2014 is monophyletic and also related to the above-mentioned taxa. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0BF29053-3D67-41A4-923D-5621D448AD61
Calliotropis属的分类内容和属于该属的化石物种的系统位置一直存在争议，因为它们在一般的壳形态和装饰图案方面与现存的同类具有惊人的相似性。在最近的一篇文章中，初步区分出了石斛属的两个亚属，并认为它们是生态形态变化转化为进化变化的结果:浅礁生态型，代表石斛属(Riselloidea)的化石物种;深水生态型，分组了石斛属(Calliotropis)的生活形式。然而，这一划分是基于定性的依据，缺乏对现代和化石分类群进行定量的系统发育分析。本研究的目的是全面重新审视这一系统方案后形态学划分的类足跖骨谱系。我们使用定量的系统发育分析来阐明这组腹足动物的进化史。结果表明，中生代的Calliotropis属不是单系的，而是一个分布在上新世-近代的单系群。化石“Calliotropis”物种代表了由不同进化枝组成的副进化组合:单系的risello总科(Cossmann)只包括侏罗纪物种;以Arachnotropis gen. 11 .新属为代表的古近系群;以及与先前描述的Trochonodus n tzel et al.， 2003年的内容相匹配的单系三叠纪群。Ambercyclus Ferrari et al.， 2014属单系，与上述分类群也有亲缘关系。http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0BF29053-3D67-41A4-923D-5621D448AD61
{"title":"Phylogenetic analysis of the gastropod genus Calliotropis Seguenza, 1902 (Vetigastropoda: Calliotropidae), including fossil and living species","authors":"D. Pérez, Mariel Ferrari, M. Ezcurra","doi":"10.1080/14772019.2022.2100288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2022.2100288","url":null,"abstract":"The taxonomic content of the genus Calliotropis and the systematic positions of the fossil species referred to this genus have been under debate because of the striking resemblance they bear to their extant counterparts in terms of general shell morphology and ornament pattern. In a recent contribution, two subgenera of Calliotropis were preliminarily distinguished and considered to be a result of ecomorphological variation translated into evolutionary changes: shallow-reef ecomorphotypes, representing the fossil species of Calliotropis (Riselloidea), and deep-water ecomorphotypes, grouping the living forms of Calliotropis (Calliotropis). However, this division of Calliotropis species was based on qualitative grounds, lacking a quantitative phylogenetic analysis sampling both modern and fossil taxa. The present research aims to comprehensively revisit this systematic scheme after a morphological delimitation of calliotropid lineages. We use a quantitative phylogenetic analysis to shed light on the evolutionary history of this group of gastropods. Our results indicate that the Mesozoic genus ‘Calliotropis’ is not monophyletic, but living species comprise a monophyletic group with a Pliocene–Recent distribution. Fossil ‘Calliotropis’ species represent a paraphyletic assemblage composed of different clades: the monophyletic Riselloidea (Cossmann) including only Jurassic species; a Palaeogene group represented by the new genus Arachnotropis gen. nov.; and a monophyletic Triassic group that matches the content of the previously described genus Trochonodus Nützel et al., 2003. The genus Ambercyclus Ferrari et al., 2014 is monophyletic and also related to the above-mentioned taxa. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0BF29053-3D67-41A4-923D-5621D448AD61","PeriodicalId":50028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Systematic Palaeontology","volume":"20 1","pages":"1 - 18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43532556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-24DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2022.2082890
M. Viglino, M. Buono, Yoshihiro Tanaka, J. Cuitiño, R. Fordyce
Platanistoidea remains one of the most evolutionarily intriguing lineages of toothed whales (Odontoceti). The clade comprises mostly extinct species from the late Oligocene–early Miocene onward and a single extant riverine genus (Platanista). There is an ongoing debate as to the membership of Platanistoidea and the causes of their near extinction. In Patagonia (Argentina), the most abundant platanistoid recorded in the lower Miocene Gaiman Formation is Notocetus vanbenedeni, first described by Moreno in 1892 based on two individuals. The goal of the present contribution is to conduct an updated anatomical, palaeobiological and phylogenetic analyses of Notocetus vanbenedeni and hence contribute to an understanding of the evolutionary history of the Platanistoidea. Our analyses, including at least 26 individuals (12 undescribed), show that Notocetus vanbenedeni is a valid platanistoid taxon, recovered as part of a new clade. Among its most outstanding features, this taxon has an elevated dorsal tubercular supraorbital crest formed mainly by the frontal, the precursor of the pneumatized crest of the extant Platanista. Notocetus vanbenedeni also shows initial stages of the plesiomorphic bony connection between the earbones and skull as in Platanista, although the functional implications for hearing remain elusive. The nasal sac system, pterygoid sinus system and morphology of the earbones suggest that this species was able to hear high-frequency sounds and echolocate underwater, similar to extant odontocetes. Thus, Notocetus vanbenedeni presents a mosaic of features that suggest an intermediate platanistoid morphotype. Anatomical differences and phylogenetic analyses suggest that Peruvian specimens could not be referred to this species. The feeding apparatus of Notocetus vanbenedeni makes it the only combination suction-feeder recorded in the early Miocene of Patagonia and among the smallest odontocetes. Finally, the abundant records of Notocetus vanbenedeni in an inner shelf environment with freshwater influence suggest a possible early preference for such protected habitats.
{"title":"Unravelling the identity of the platanistoid Notocetus vanbenedeni Moreno, 1892 (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the early Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina)","authors":"M. Viglino, M. Buono, Yoshihiro Tanaka, J. Cuitiño, R. Fordyce","doi":"10.1080/14772019.2022.2082890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2022.2082890","url":null,"abstract":"Platanistoidea remains one of the most evolutionarily intriguing lineages of toothed whales (Odontoceti). The clade comprises mostly extinct species from the late Oligocene–early Miocene onward and a single extant riverine genus (Platanista). There is an ongoing debate as to the membership of Platanistoidea and the causes of their near extinction. In Patagonia (Argentina), the most abundant platanistoid recorded in the lower Miocene Gaiman Formation is Notocetus vanbenedeni, first described by Moreno in 1892 based on two individuals. The goal of the present contribution is to conduct an updated anatomical, palaeobiological and phylogenetic analyses of Notocetus vanbenedeni and hence contribute to an understanding of the evolutionary history of the Platanistoidea. Our analyses, including at least 26 individuals (12 undescribed), show that Notocetus vanbenedeni is a valid platanistoid taxon, recovered as part of a new clade. Among its most outstanding features, this taxon has an elevated dorsal tubercular supraorbital crest formed mainly by the frontal, the precursor of the pneumatized crest of the extant Platanista. Notocetus vanbenedeni also shows initial stages of the plesiomorphic bony connection between the earbones and skull as in Platanista, although the functional implications for hearing remain elusive. The nasal sac system, pterygoid sinus system and morphology of the earbones suggest that this species was able to hear high-frequency sounds and echolocate underwater, similar to extant odontocetes. Thus, Notocetus vanbenedeni presents a mosaic of features that suggest an intermediate platanistoid morphotype. Anatomical differences and phylogenetic analyses suggest that Peruvian specimens could not be referred to this species. The feeding apparatus of Notocetus vanbenedeni makes it the only combination suction-feeder recorded in the early Miocene of Patagonia and among the smallest odontocetes. Finally, the abundant records of Notocetus vanbenedeni in an inner shelf environment with freshwater influence suggest a possible early preference for such protected habitats.","PeriodicalId":50028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Systematic Palaeontology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44131506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-19DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2022.2091959
Carlos De Gracia, A. Correa-Metrio, M. Carvalho, J. Vélez‐Juarbe, T. Přikryl, C. Jaramillo, J. Kriwet
Extant istiophorids are open ocean apex predators that are extensively studied due to their ecological importance and high values for fisheries. Nevertheless, little is known about their evolution because of a fragmentary fossil record and extremely difficult taxonomy of fossil species. Here, we present a new phylogenetic hypothesis covering fossil and living istiophorids. Our results demonstrate that istiophorid richness is larger than previously assumed, comprising eight genera with 20 species. The phylogenetic analysis shows that istiophorids are grouped into four clades: the Istiophorus clade, which includes the sailfish; the Machairostra clade, which comprises Makaira spp., including two new species from the late Miocene (†Makaira colonense sp. nov. and †Makaira fierstini sp. nov.); the Gracilorostra clade, which comprise all remaining istiophorids with exception of spearfishes and includes two new genera and one new species (†Morgula donosochagrense gen. et sp. nov. and †Spathochoira calvertense gen. et. comb. nov.); and the Tetrapturomorpha clade is composed of the spearfishes and the extinct †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. The family Istiophoridae shows an evolutionary trend toward reduction of the premaxillary thickness and increasing the extension of narial cavities. This reduction is related to an increase of adipose tissues in the rostrum base probably driven by the presence of the oleofera gland, an organ involved in feeding, healing, endothermy and hydrophobic functions. Our phylogeny shows a direct relationship between the rostral and cranial shape explained by body size and feeding behaviour. The larger istiophorids have lateral apophysis and the larger spines of the vertebral column. The spearfishes represent the smaller species of the family, with the extant Tetrapturus spp. first appearing in the late Pliocene. The clade Tetrapturomorpha shows an extreme size reduction over time when compared with species of their sister clade Gracilorostra, demonstrating an evolutionary trend towards size reduction. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D3D3B15B-36FA-42EB-98AD-FAF369D989EB
现存的异蝇类是开放海洋的顶端捕食者，由于其生态重要性和渔业价值而被广泛研究。然而，由于化石记录的残缺和化石物种的分类极其困难，人们对它们的进化知之甚少。在此，我们提出了一个新的系统发育假说，涵盖了化石和现存的异虫。结果表明，该植物的丰富度大于之前的假设，包括8属20种。系统发育分析表明，旗鱼纲可分为四个分支:旗鱼纲分支包括旗鱼;macharostra进化支，包括Makaira sp.，包括两个来自晚中新世的新种(†Makaira colonense sp. 11 .和†Makaira fierstini sp. 11 .);长尾鱼枝，包括除矛鱼外所有现存的剑鱼纲，包括两个新属和一个新种(†Morgula donosochagrense gen. et sp. 11和†Spathochoira calvertense gen. et. comb)。11月);四元形亚纲由矛鱼和已灭绝的†Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb组成。11 . Istiophoridae科表现出上颌前厚度减少和鼻腔扩展增加的进化趋势。这种减少与基底脂肪组织的增加有关，这可能是由油膜腺的存在所驱动的，油膜腺是一种参与进食、愈合、恒温和疏水功能的器官。我们的系统发育表明，喙部和颅骨形状之间存在直接关系，这可以通过体型和摄食行为来解释。较大的坐骨体具有侧突和较大的脊柱棘。鱼叉鱼代表了这个家族中较小的物种，现存的四爪鱼最早出现在上新世晚期。随着时间的推移，与姐妹分支Gracilorostra相比，四元形进化支显示出极度缩小的尺寸，表明了尺寸缩小的进化趋势。http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D3D3B15B-36FA-42EB-98AD-FAF369D989EB
{"title":"Towards a unifying systematic scheme of fossil and living billfishes (Teleostei, Istiophoridae)","authors":"Carlos De Gracia, A. Correa-Metrio, M. Carvalho, J. Vélez‐Juarbe, T. Přikryl, C. Jaramillo, J. Kriwet","doi":"10.1080/14772019.2022.2091959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2022.2091959","url":null,"abstract":"Extant istiophorids are open ocean apex predators that are extensively studied due to their ecological importance and high values for fisheries. Nevertheless, little is known about their evolution because of a fragmentary fossil record and extremely difficult taxonomy of fossil species. Here, we present a new phylogenetic hypothesis covering fossil and living istiophorids. Our results demonstrate that istiophorid richness is larger than previously assumed, comprising eight genera with 20 species. The phylogenetic analysis shows that istiophorids are grouped into four clades: the Istiophorus clade, which includes the sailfish; the Machairostra clade, which comprises Makaira spp., including two new species from the late Miocene (†Makaira colonense sp. nov. and †Makaira fierstini sp. nov.); the Gracilorostra clade, which comprise all remaining istiophorids with exception of spearfishes and includes two new genera and one new species (†Morgula donosochagrense gen. et sp. nov. and †Spathochoira calvertense gen. et. comb. nov.); and the Tetrapturomorpha clade is composed of the spearfishes and the extinct †Prototetrapturus courcelli gen. et. comb. nov. The family Istiophoridae shows an evolutionary trend toward reduction of the premaxillary thickness and increasing the extension of narial cavities. This reduction is related to an increase of adipose tissues in the rostrum base probably driven by the presence of the oleofera gland, an organ involved in feeding, healing, endothermy and hydrophobic functions. Our phylogeny shows a direct relationship between the rostral and cranial shape explained by body size and feeding behaviour. The larger istiophorids have lateral apophysis and the larger spines of the vertebral column. The spearfishes represent the smaller species of the family, with the extant Tetrapturus spp. first appearing in the late Pliocene. The clade Tetrapturomorpha shows an extreme size reduction over time when compared with species of their sister clade Gracilorostra, demonstrating an evolutionary trend towards size reduction. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D3D3B15B-36FA-42EB-98AD-FAF369D989EB","PeriodicalId":50028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Systematic Palaeontology","volume":"20 1","pages":"1 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46360902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-19DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2022.2097021
Fangyuan Mao, Philippa Brewer, J. Hooker, Jin Meng
We report new allotherian tooth specimens from the Middle Jurassic White Limestone Formation at Woodeaton Quarry (Oxfordshire), United Kingdom. Two teeth are assigned to Kermackodon (=Eleutherodon) oxfordensis, a taxon whose original generic name (Eleutherodon) was preoccupied and is here assigned to Kermackodon to form a new binomial combination for the species name. Butlerodon quadratus gen. et sp. nov. (family Kermackodontidae), based on 13 cheek teeth and incisors, shows dental features intermediate between K. oxfordensis and the Late Triassic “haramiyidans” (Haramiyavia and Thomasia). Woodeatonia parva gen. et sp. nov. (family indeterminate), based on three teeth, is characterized by its small size. A second upper molar from a multituberculate is identified as Hahnotherium cf. H. antiquum, which possesses characters typical for multituberculates but distinctive from “haramiyidans”. The allotherian teeth from the Forest Marble Formation, previously assigned to the haramiyidans “Eleutherodon”, “Millsodon” and “Kirtlingtonia”, and the multituberculate Kermackodon, are reinterpreted as teeth from different upper or lower dental loci of the same haramiyidan species K. oxfordensis, which result in significant taxonomical modification of these allotherians (“haramiyidans” and multituberculates). Given that Kermackodon has been regarded as a transitional form between multituberculates and “haramiyidans”, these taxonomical modifications would affect interpretation of early evolution of allotherians. In a comparison of molars in known “haramiyidans”, we delve into their occlusal patterns and cusp homologies that have been controversial but pivotal for understanding evolution of allotherians. We further conduct the first phylogenetic analysis of haramiyidan species. The European Late Triassic species form the stem-ward taxa of “haramiyidans” and the Jurassic species from the United Kingdom are grouped with arboroharamiyids from the Yanliao Biota, China, and nested in “haramiyidans”. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:38F1FB5A-17A2-498F-B1FD-38D975548201 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FF5ADA10-C044-4541-ADA6-54448F17C673 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6E59071A-56DF-43D2-A140-2860465BFECA http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CA2EE3CF-951C-450A-879D-2AE438F6BB2A http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6B26D9C3-9FC3-4517-A1EF-51822067F970
我们报道了来自英国Woodeaton采石场（牛津郡）侏罗纪中期白石灰岩地层的新的异基因牙齿标本。oxfordensis的Kermackodon（=Eleutherodon）有两颗牙齿，这是一个分类单元，其原始属名（Eleutheroton）被占据，在这里被分配给Kermackoton，以形成一个新的物种名称的二项式组合。Butlerodon quadratus gen.et sp.nov.（Kermackodontidae科）以13颗颊齿和门牙为基础，显示出介于牛津K.oxfordensis和晚三叠纪“haramiyidans”（Haramiyavia和Thomasia）之间的牙齿特征。Woodeatonia parva gen.et sp.nov.（不确定家族）以三颗牙齿为基础，其特征是体积小。多结核杆菌的第二个上臼齿被鉴定为Hahnotherium（参见H.antiquum），它具有多结核杆菌特有的特征，但与“haramiyidans”不同。来自森林大理石组的异基因牙齿，以前被分配给哈拉米伊丹“Eleutherodon”、“Millsodon”和“Kirtlingtonia”，以及多结核Kermackodon，被重新解释为来自同一哈拉米伊丹科物种K.oxfordensis的不同上部或下部牙齿位点的牙齿，这导致了这些同种异体（“haramiyidans”和多结核菌）的显著分类修饰。考虑到Kermackodon被认为是多结核菌和“haramiyidans”之间的过渡形式，这些分类单元的修改将影响对异基因早期进化的解释。在对已知“haramiyidans”臼齿的比较中，我们深入研究了它们的咬合模式和尖端同源性，这些模式和同源性一直存在争议，但对理解异基因进化至关重要。我们进一步对原米伊丹种进行了首次系统发育分析。欧洲晚三叠世物种组成了“haramiyidans”的茎向分类群，英国侏罗纪物种与中国延辽生物群的乔木类haramiyids组合，并嵌套在“haramiyi dans”中。http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:38F1FB5A-17A2-498F-B1FD-38D975548201http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FF5ADA10-C044-4541-ADA6-54448F17C673http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6E59071A-56DF-43D2-A140-2860465BFECAhttp://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:CA2EE3CF-951C-450A-879D-2AE438F6BB2Ahttp://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6B26D9C3-9FC3-4517-A1EF-51822067F970
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Pub Date : 2022-08-05DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2022.2084701
R. Patnaik, N. P. Singh, K. M. Sharma, N. A. Singh, Deepak Choudhary, Y. P. Singh, Rohit Kumar, W. A. Wazir, A. Sahni
The Miocene ape (Sivapithecus) locality of Tapar in Kutch (Gujarat, India) has yielded a diverse rodent assemblage that includes: a new murine Progonomys prasadi sp. nov., a new gerbilline Myocricetodon gujaratensis sp. nov., a new rhizomyne Kanisamys kutchensis sp. nov. and a new sciurine Tamias gilaharee sp. nov., beside additional remains of Progonomys morganae, Dakkamys asiaticus, Prokanisamys sp., Sayimys sivalensis and Democricetodon fejfari. Morphometric and PAUP based phylogenetic analyses place Progonomys prasadi sp. nov. within the Progonomys lineage. The cladogram obtained for the Siwalik murines suggest that Progonomys was ancestral to all the modern and one extinct murine genera recovered from the Siwaliks. The advanced features of Myocricetodon gujaratensis sp. nov. indicate that it was an immigrant to the subcontinent in the late Miocene. The cladistic analysis performed on Kanisamys kutchensis sp. nov. shows that it shared several advanced characters with contemporaneous Kanisamys nagrii and Kanisamys sivalensis. Based on the biostratigraphical ranges of Siwalik rodents and the co-occurrence of advanced forms of new and already reported murines, a new gerbilline and a new sciurine, we propose an age of ∼10 Ma to the primate-bearing Tapar locality. Already reported stable isotope data on murines, and ecological preferences of modern counterparts of the fossil rodents and associated sharks and rays from Tapar locality, indicate that the Miocene ape Sivapithecus may have lived in a subtropical monsoonal forest close to the coast, very different from the present day arid conditions. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:12CE1B44-22A0-450F-9588-6C7F25242771
{"title":"New rodents shed light on the age and ecology of late Miocene ape locality of Tapar (Gujarat, India)","authors":"R. Patnaik, N. P. Singh, K. M. Sharma, N. A. Singh, Deepak Choudhary, Y. P. Singh, Rohit Kumar, W. A. Wazir, A. Sahni","doi":"10.1080/14772019.2022.2084701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2022.2084701","url":null,"abstract":"The Miocene ape (Sivapithecus) locality of Tapar in Kutch (Gujarat, India) has yielded a diverse rodent assemblage that includes: a new murine Progonomys prasadi sp. nov., a new gerbilline Myocricetodon gujaratensis sp. nov., a new rhizomyne Kanisamys kutchensis sp. nov. and a new sciurine Tamias gilaharee sp. nov., beside additional remains of Progonomys morganae, Dakkamys asiaticus, Prokanisamys sp., Sayimys sivalensis and Democricetodon fejfari. Morphometric and PAUP based phylogenetic analyses place Progonomys prasadi sp. nov. within the Progonomys lineage. The cladogram obtained for the Siwalik murines suggest that Progonomys was ancestral to all the modern and one extinct murine genera recovered from the Siwaliks. The advanced features of Myocricetodon gujaratensis sp. nov. indicate that it was an immigrant to the subcontinent in the late Miocene. The cladistic analysis performed on Kanisamys kutchensis sp. nov. shows that it shared several advanced characters with contemporaneous Kanisamys nagrii and Kanisamys sivalensis. Based on the biostratigraphical ranges of Siwalik rodents and the co-occurrence of advanced forms of new and already reported murines, a new gerbilline and a new sciurine, we propose an age of ∼10 Ma to the primate-bearing Tapar locality. Already reported stable isotope data on murines, and ecological preferences of modern counterparts of the fossil rodents and associated sharks and rays from Tapar locality, indicate that the Miocene ape Sivapithecus may have lived in a subtropical monsoonal forest close to the coast, very different from the present day arid conditions. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:12CE1B44-22A0-450F-9588-6C7F25242771","PeriodicalId":50028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Systematic Palaeontology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48387038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-25DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2022.2081939
M. S. de la Fuente, Ignacio J. Maniel, Pedro Parraguez Ruiz, J. Ledesma, M. V. Deraco, C. D. del Papa, C. Herrera
We report a new small podocnemidid, Gestemys powelli gen. et sp. nov., based on one nearly complete skull, lower jaw, two shells, and remains of the appendicular skeleton belonging to two specimens from the Eocene Geste Formation of the San Antonio de la Cobres Basin, Salta Province, north-western Argentina. As in other podocnemidid genera, Gestemys exhibits a fully developed and medially extensive cavum pterygoidei, an incisura columellae auris enclosing the stapes and Eustachian tube, and lacks an exoccipital quadrate contact. Gestemys powelli bears a huge foramen palatinum posterius and a short pterygoid flange that does not reach the basisphenoid suture, exposing the cavum pterygoid. Phylogenetic analyses place Gestemys powelli as a member of Podocnemididae more closely related to Erymnochelyinae than Podocnemidinae. In regards to the palaeoenvironmental settings of the Palaeogene formations (Maíz Gordo and Geste) of north-western Argentina, at least two features differentiate the palaeoenvironment where G. powelli was recovered and those of other podocnemidid turtles from the Maíz Gordo Formation: 1) G. powelli was found in situ with very little re-working; and 2) in contrast to the muddy rocks indicating the marginal lacustrine setting and humid climate of the Maíz Gordo Formation, G. powelli is associated with a coarse-grained floodplain setting and a dry, temperate climate. Such differences highlight the contrasting environmental dynamics in which podocnemidid turtles lived during the Palaeogene. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0E631DA2-053F-4BD6-91BD-2401F34A5777
本文报道了阿根廷西北部萨尔塔省圣安东尼奥盆地始新世Geste组的两个标本的一个几乎完整的头骨、下颚、两个贝壳和尾骨残骸，发现了一种新的小型足跖恐龙，Gestemys powelli gen. et sp. nov.。与其他足足动物属一样，Gestemys具有发育完全且向内侧延伸的翼状窝，封闭镫骨和耳咽管的耳小柱切孔，缺乏枕骨外方体接触。巨齿蝶具有巨大的腭后孔和短的翼缘，翼缘不能到达基底突缝线，暴露出翼突腔。系统发育分析表明，与足鼠亚科相比，足鼠亚科与足鼠亚科的亲缘关系更为密切。就阿根廷西北部古近系(Maíz Gordo和Geste)组的古环境背景而言，至少有两个特征可以区分出powelli龟与Maíz Gordo组其他足爪龟的古环境:1)powelli龟是原位发现的，几乎没有再加工;2)与表明Maíz Gordo组边缘湖相环境和湿润气候的泥岩相比，G. powelli与粗粒洪泛平原环境和干燥温带气候有关。这些差异突出了古近纪足爪龟生活的环境动力学的对比。http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0E631DA2-053F-4BD6-91BD-2401F34A5777
{"title":"A new podocnemidid (Pleurodira: Pelomedusoides) from the Eocene of north-western Argentina, with comments on its evolutionary relationships and palaeoenvironmental settings","authors":"M. S. de la Fuente, Ignacio J. Maniel, Pedro Parraguez Ruiz, J. Ledesma, M. V. Deraco, C. D. del Papa, C. Herrera","doi":"10.1080/14772019.2022.2081939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2022.2081939","url":null,"abstract":"We report a new small podocnemidid, Gestemys powelli gen. et sp. nov., based on one nearly complete skull, lower jaw, two shells, and remains of the appendicular skeleton belonging to two specimens from the Eocene Geste Formation of the San Antonio de la Cobres Basin, Salta Province, north-western Argentina. As in other podocnemidid genera, Gestemys exhibits a fully developed and medially extensive cavum pterygoidei, an incisura columellae auris enclosing the stapes and Eustachian tube, and lacks an exoccipital quadrate contact. Gestemys powelli bears a huge foramen palatinum posterius and a short pterygoid flange that does not reach the basisphenoid suture, exposing the cavum pterygoid. Phylogenetic analyses place Gestemys powelli as a member of Podocnemididae more closely related to Erymnochelyinae than Podocnemidinae. In regards to the palaeoenvironmental settings of the Palaeogene formations (Maíz Gordo and Geste) of north-western Argentina, at least two features differentiate the palaeoenvironment where G. powelli was recovered and those of other podocnemidid turtles from the Maíz Gordo Formation: 1) G. powelli was found in situ with very little re-working; and 2) in contrast to the muddy rocks indicating the marginal lacustrine setting and humid climate of the Maíz Gordo Formation, G. powelli is associated with a coarse-grained floodplain setting and a dry, temperate climate. Such differences highlight the contrasting environmental dynamics in which podocnemidid turtles lived during the Palaeogene. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0E631DA2-053F-4BD6-91BD-2401F34A5777","PeriodicalId":50028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Systematic Palaeontology","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43519976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2022.2050824
L. A. Barcelos, Diego Almeida-Silva, C. M. D. Santos, V. K. Verdade
The Neotropical frog family Ceratophryidae is composed of wide-mouthed frogs with stout bodies. Living species of the family are consistently recovered as a monophyletic group, but with disparities among analyses regarding internal relationships. Ceratophryidae presents one of the richest fossil records in Anura. Nevertheless, phylogenetic analyses including both extant and extinct species are still scarce, and the position of fossils is persistently debated. In this sense, the systematics of the family has changed considerably in the last decade with the exclusion of Baurubatrachus pricei (Late Cretaceous), Beelzebufo ampinga (Late Cretaceous) and Wawelia gerholdi (early Miocene). Herein, a morphologically based phylogeny for Ceratophryidae, including living species (11 spp.) and fossil specimens (10 spp.), is used as a background to discuss the evolutionary history of the family and its classification. We phylogenetically placed Baurubatrachus pricei, Beelzebufo ampinga and Wawelia gerholdi as non-ceratophryids. We recovered a monophyletic Ceratophryidae: Lepidobatrachus and Ceratophrys form a clade, with Chacophrys as its sister group. Our analysis corroborates the C. cornuta and C. aurita groups. Among fossils, L. australis and C. sagani were recovered as valid species based on autapomorphies, and C. rusconii was found to be the sister of all Ceratophrys. Ceratophrys ensenadensis, C. ameghinorum, C. aurita NHMUK PV OR18895/6 and C. sagani belong to the C. aurita group. We also discuss homoplasies in Ceratophryidae, divergence-time estimates, and the evolution of ploidy and a dorsal shield in the family.
{"title":"Phylogenetic analysis of Ceratophryidae (Anura: Hyloidea) including extant and extinct species","authors":"L. A. Barcelos, Diego Almeida-Silva, C. M. D. Santos, V. K. Verdade","doi":"10.1080/14772019.2022.2050824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2022.2050824","url":null,"abstract":"The Neotropical frog family Ceratophryidae is composed of wide-mouthed frogs with stout bodies. Living species of the family are consistently recovered as a monophyletic group, but with disparities among analyses regarding internal relationships. Ceratophryidae presents one of the richest fossil records in Anura. Nevertheless, phylogenetic analyses including both extant and extinct species are still scarce, and the position of fossils is persistently debated. In this sense, the systematics of the family has changed considerably in the last decade with the exclusion of Baurubatrachus pricei (Late Cretaceous), Beelzebufo ampinga (Late Cretaceous) and Wawelia gerholdi (early Miocene). Herein, a morphologically based phylogeny for Ceratophryidae, including living species (11 spp.) and fossil specimens (10 spp.), is used as a background to discuss the evolutionary history of the family and its classification. We phylogenetically placed Baurubatrachus pricei, Beelzebufo ampinga and Wawelia gerholdi as non-ceratophryids. We recovered a monophyletic Ceratophryidae: Lepidobatrachus and Ceratophrys form a clade, with Chacophrys as its sister group. Our analysis corroborates the C. cornuta and C. aurita groups. Among fossils, L. australis and C. sagani were recovered as valid species based on autapomorphies, and C. rusconii was found to be the sister of all Ceratophrys. Ceratophrys ensenadensis, C. ameghinorum, C. aurita NHMUK PV OR18895/6 and C. sagani belong to the C. aurita group. We also discuss homoplasies in Ceratophryidae, divergence-time estimates, and the evolution of ploidy and a dorsal shield in the family.","PeriodicalId":50028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Systematic Palaeontology","volume":"19 1","pages":"1449 - 1466"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43411251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-14DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2022.2042408
J. Thompson, L. Cotton, Y. Candela, M. Kutscher, M. Reich, D. Bottjer
The echinoids of the order Bothriocidaroida represent the initial burst of sea urchin diversification. They were the first echinoids to achieve widespread biogeographical dispersal and achieved high levels of species richness compared to other clades of stem group echinoids. Following long-standing controversy regarding their phylogenetic affinities within the phylum Echinodermata, bothriocidaroids are now regarded as echinoids. The species- and genus-level phylogenetic relationships of the bothriocidaroids, are, however, less clearly known. We herein compile a database of bothriocidaroid occurrences, undertake detailed phylogenetic analyses of all named species within the Bothriocidaroida, and provide updated diagnoses for all species. Our phylogenetic analysis includes species belonging to three genera: Bothriocidaris, Unibothriocidaris and Neobothriocidaris. Furthermore, we describe a new species, Neobothriocidaris pentlandensis sp. nov., from the Silurian of Scotland and Sweden, using micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy. This species has implications for understanding the diversity dynamics of bothriocidaroids before and after the Late Ordovician mass extinction and the palaeobiogeographical distribution of bothriocidaroids in the Silurian. Using Bayesian and parsimony-based phylogenetics, we demonstrate that Neobothriocidaris is a distinct clade, and depending upon the analytical technique, Unibothrioidaris and Bothriocidaris are also resolved as monophyletic. Unibothriocidaris appears to have become extinct in the Sandbian, while Neobothriocidaris and Bothriocidaris survived the Late Ordovician extinction events and lasted at least until the Ludlow. Furthermore, we performed statistical time-calibration of our phylogenetic trees and show that bothriocidaroids originated in the Dapingian or Darriwilian, diversifying in the Darriwilian to Sandbian and reaching peak diversity in the Sandbian and Katian. This Sandbian and Katian peak is similar to that observed in other echinoderm clades, as well as other animal groups during the Ordovician radiation, and may be linked to heightened sea level and expansive tropical shelves present in the Upper Ordovician, and to new inhabitable environments linked with Ordovician oxygenation. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B55D0B22-D4AB-474A-80B9-D19BB43107F0
{"title":"The Ordovician diversification of sea urchins: systematics of the Bothriocidaroida (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)","authors":"J. Thompson, L. Cotton, Y. Candela, M. Kutscher, M. Reich, D. Bottjer","doi":"10.1080/14772019.2022.2042408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2022.2042408","url":null,"abstract":"The echinoids of the order Bothriocidaroida represent the initial burst of sea urchin diversification. They were the first echinoids to achieve widespread biogeographical dispersal and achieved high levels of species richness compared to other clades of stem group echinoids. Following long-standing controversy regarding their phylogenetic affinities within the phylum Echinodermata, bothriocidaroids are now regarded as echinoids. The species- and genus-level phylogenetic relationships of the bothriocidaroids, are, however, less clearly known. We herein compile a database of bothriocidaroid occurrences, undertake detailed phylogenetic analyses of all named species within the Bothriocidaroida, and provide updated diagnoses for all species. Our phylogenetic analysis includes species belonging to three genera: Bothriocidaris, Unibothriocidaris and Neobothriocidaris. Furthermore, we describe a new species, Neobothriocidaris pentlandensis sp. nov., from the Silurian of Scotland and Sweden, using micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy. This species has implications for understanding the diversity dynamics of bothriocidaroids before and after the Late Ordovician mass extinction and the palaeobiogeographical distribution of bothriocidaroids in the Silurian. Using Bayesian and parsimony-based phylogenetics, we demonstrate that Neobothriocidaris is a distinct clade, and depending upon the analytical technique, Unibothrioidaris and Bothriocidaris are also resolved as monophyletic. Unibothriocidaris appears to have become extinct in the Sandbian, while Neobothriocidaris and Bothriocidaris survived the Late Ordovician extinction events and lasted at least until the Ludlow. Furthermore, we performed statistical time-calibration of our phylogenetic trees and show that bothriocidaroids originated in the Dapingian or Darriwilian, diversifying in the Darriwilian to Sandbian and reaching peak diversity in the Sandbian and Katian. This Sandbian and Katian peak is similar to that observed in other echinoderm clades, as well as other animal groups during the Ordovician radiation, and may be linked to heightened sea level and expansive tropical shelves present in the Upper Ordovician, and to new inhabitable environments linked with Ordovician oxygenation. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B55D0B22-D4AB-474A-80B9-D19BB43107F0","PeriodicalId":50028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Systematic Palaeontology","volume":"19 1","pages":"1395 - 1448"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59822589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-17DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2022.2057820
M. Ezcurra, H. Sues
Most Triassic terrestrial diapsids belong to two clades, Lepidosauromorpha or (the more diverse) Archosauromorpha. Nevertheless, the phylogenetic relationships of some Triassic diapsids have remained uncertain for decades because of the lack of preservation of phylogenetically relevant anatomical regions or because of unusual combinations of features. One of these enigmatic forms is the small-sized Sphodrosaurus pennsylvanicus from the Upper Triassic Hammer Creek Formation of the Newark Supergroup in Pennsylvania (USA). It was first identified as a procolophonid parareptile, later as a probable rhynchosaur archosauromorph, and more recently as an indeterminate neodiapsid. Here we revise the anatomy of Sphodrosaurus pennsylvanicus in order to include it for the first time in a quantitative phylogenetic analysis, which is focused on Permo–Triassic neodiapsids. Sphodrosaurus pennsylvanicus is recovered in this analysis as a doswelliid proterochampsian within Archosauromorpha. As a result, this taxon is added to the list of doswelliids known from the Carnian–Norian of the eastern and south-western USA. Previous authors recognized that the most unusual feature of Sphodrosaurus pennsylvanicus is its proportionally very large skull. Phylogenetic generalized least squares regressions confirmed that Sphodrosaurus pennsylvanicus has a larger skull than the vast majority of Permo–Triassic diapsids. Optimization in the phylogeny of the skull width to presacral length ratio shows the most likely scenario is that the extremely broad skull of Sphodrosaurus pennsylvanicus is autapomorphic, but it is not unique among archosauromorphs, being paralleled by hyperodapedontine rhynchosaurs and the proterochampsian Proterochampsa barrionuevoi. Exploration of a morphospace of linear measurements shows that Sphodrosaurus pennsylvanicus shares strong similarities with the probably semi-aquatic Proterochampsa barrionuevoi, suggesting that the former species may have had a similar mode of life. A linear discriminant analysis of ungual functional categories found that the only preserved ungual of Sphodrosaurus pennsylvanicus was suitable for digging or some other way of substrate processing.
{"title":"A re-assessment of the osteology and phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic, large-headed reptile Sphodrosaurus pennsylvanicus (Late Triassic, Pennsylvania, USA) indicates archosauriform affinities","authors":"M. Ezcurra, H. Sues","doi":"10.1080/14772019.2022.2057820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2022.2057820","url":null,"abstract":"Most Triassic terrestrial diapsids belong to two clades, Lepidosauromorpha or (the more diverse) Archosauromorpha. Nevertheless, the phylogenetic relationships of some Triassic diapsids have remained uncertain for decades because of the lack of preservation of phylogenetically relevant anatomical regions or because of unusual combinations of features. One of these enigmatic forms is the small-sized Sphodrosaurus pennsylvanicus from the Upper Triassic Hammer Creek Formation of the Newark Supergroup in Pennsylvania (USA). It was first identified as a procolophonid parareptile, later as a probable rhynchosaur archosauromorph, and more recently as an indeterminate neodiapsid. Here we revise the anatomy of Sphodrosaurus pennsylvanicus in order to include it for the first time in a quantitative phylogenetic analysis, which is focused on Permo–Triassic neodiapsids. Sphodrosaurus pennsylvanicus is recovered in this analysis as a doswelliid proterochampsian within Archosauromorpha. As a result, this taxon is added to the list of doswelliids known from the Carnian–Norian of the eastern and south-western USA. Previous authors recognized that the most unusual feature of Sphodrosaurus pennsylvanicus is its proportionally very large skull. Phylogenetic generalized least squares regressions confirmed that Sphodrosaurus pennsylvanicus has a larger skull than the vast majority of Permo–Triassic diapsids. Optimization in the phylogeny of the skull width to presacral length ratio shows the most likely scenario is that the extremely broad skull of Sphodrosaurus pennsylvanicus is autapomorphic, but it is not unique among archosauromorphs, being paralleled by hyperodapedontine rhynchosaurs and the proterochampsian Proterochampsa barrionuevoi. Exploration of a morphospace of linear measurements shows that Sphodrosaurus pennsylvanicus shares strong similarities with the probably semi-aquatic Proterochampsa barrionuevoi, suggesting that the former species may have had a similar mode of life. A linear discriminant analysis of ungual functional categories found that the only preserved ungual of Sphodrosaurus pennsylvanicus was suitable for digging or some other way of substrate processing.","PeriodicalId":50028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Systematic Palaeontology","volume":"19 1","pages":"1643 - 1677"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46613133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-17DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2022.2070717
G. A. Ballen, J. Moreno-Bernal, C. Jaramillo
The family Cynodontidae is composed of freshwater fishes inhabiting drainages east of the Andes in South America. Its fossil record is mostly represented by isolated teeth that are difficult to identify. Here we describe fossil cranial remains of the extant species Hydrolycus scomberoides as well as isolated teeth that were identified as Hydrolycus and cf. Rhaphiodon in sediments of the late Pliocene Ware Formation in the Guajira Peninsula, west of the Andes. Novel, phylogenetically informative characters were found including the number of symphysial teeth, the plane of insertion of the leading teeth onto the dentary, the presence of accessory posterior dentigerous patches, and depressions and outline of the dentary. We performed a phylogenetic analysis combining morphological and molecular characters including both extant and extinct specimens, producing a well-resolved topology that recovers a novel sister-group relationship between the genera Hydrolycus and Cynodon, while the genus Rhaphiodon falls to the base of this clade. This contradicts earlier studies recovering Hydrolycus and Rhaphiodon as sister taxa. The phylogenetic position of Hydrolycus wallacei was found to be unstable. The occurrence of H. scomberoides in the late Pliocene of Guajira is a puzzle that could be explained by different mechanisms, including a persistent drainage connection across the Andes during the late Pliocene, and/or the result of severe drying and subsequent extinction.
{"title":"The fossil record of sabre-tooth characins (Teleostei: Characiformes: Cynodontinae), their phylogenetic relationships and palaeobiogeographical implications","authors":"G. A. Ballen, J. Moreno-Bernal, C. Jaramillo","doi":"10.1080/14772019.2022.2070717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2022.2070717","url":null,"abstract":"The family Cynodontidae is composed of freshwater fishes inhabiting drainages east of the Andes in South America. Its fossil record is mostly represented by isolated teeth that are difficult to identify. Here we describe fossil cranial remains of the extant species Hydrolycus scomberoides as well as isolated teeth that were identified as Hydrolycus and cf. Rhaphiodon in sediments of the late Pliocene Ware Formation in the Guajira Peninsula, west of the Andes. Novel, phylogenetically informative characters were found including the number of symphysial teeth, the plane of insertion of the leading teeth onto the dentary, the presence of accessory posterior dentigerous patches, and depressions and outline of the dentary. We performed a phylogenetic analysis combining morphological and molecular characters including both extant and extinct specimens, producing a well-resolved topology that recovers a novel sister-group relationship between the genera Hydrolycus and Cynodon, while the genus Rhaphiodon falls to the base of this clade. This contradicts earlier studies recovering Hydrolycus and Rhaphiodon as sister taxa. The phylogenetic position of Hydrolycus wallacei was found to be unstable. The occurrence of H. scomberoides in the late Pliocene of Guajira is a puzzle that could be explained by different mechanisms, including a persistent drainage connection across the Andes during the late Pliocene, and/or the result of severe drying and subsequent extinction.","PeriodicalId":50028,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Systematic Palaeontology","volume":"19 1","pages":"1679 - 1692"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43144922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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