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Effect of Cover Crops on Aphids, Whiteflies, and Their Associated Natural Enemies in Organic Squash 覆盖作物对有机南瓜蚜虫、粉虱及其伴生天敌的影响
Pub Date : 2012-04-01 DOI: 10.1080/10440046.2011.611586
C. A. Mcneill, O. Liburd, C. Chase
Field experiments conducted in fall 2006 and 2007 evaluated the effects of monoculture and diculture cover crops on aphids, whiteflies and beneficials in organic squash. Insect populations were assessed using in situ and leaf disc counts, blue pan traps and unbaited yellow sticky traps. High levels of parasitoids and coccinellids were found in sorghum sudangrass (SSG) plots. The grass monoculture pearl millet had lower aphid populations than other treatments in 2006. The diculture sunnhemp/pearl millet treatment and the grass cover crop SSG had low whitefly populations in 2006. Therefore, the potential use of cover crops in organic agriculture is discussed.
2006年和2007年秋季进行的田间试验评估了单作和双作覆盖作物对有机南瓜蚜虫、粉虱和有益植物的影响。采用原位和叶盘计数、蓝盘诱捕器和无饵黄粘诱捕器对昆虫种群进行了评估。在高粱苏丹草(SSG)样地发现了高水平的寄生蜂和瓢虫。2006年禾草单作珍珠粟的蚜虫数量低于其他处理。2006年,双栽麻/珍珠粟处理和禾草覆盖作物SSG的粉虱种群数量较低。因此,讨论了覆盖作物在有机农业中的潜在应用。
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引用次数: 6
Evaluating Yam-Based Cropping Systems Using Herbaceous Leguminous Plants in the Savannah Transitional Agroecological Zone of Benin 贝宁萨凡纳农业生态过渡带以薯类植物为主的豆科植物种植系统评价
Pub Date : 2012-04-01 DOI: 10.1080/10440046.2011.646352
R. Maliki, B. Sinsin, A. Floquet
Traditional yam cropping systems are based on shifting cultivation and slash and burn which lead to deforestation and soil degradation. The objective of this study was to determine the productivity of cropping sequences with herbaceous legumes and their effects on the profitability of subsequent yam. We compared smallholders' traditional cropping sequences (one-year fallow of Andropogonon gayanus, maize) with those using herbaceous legumes (maize-Aeschynomene histrix, maize-Mucuna pruriens var utilis) during 2002–2005. Highest dry mater, nutrients recycled, and net nitrogen contribution were found with Mucuna preceding yam (P < 0.001). Highest net revenue and return on investment were achieved in yam-based with legumes.
传统的山药种植系统以轮作和刀耕火种为基础,导致森林砍伐和土壤退化。本研究的目的是确定草本豆科作物种植序列的生产力及其对后续薯蓣盈利能力的影响。在2002-2005年期间,我们比较了小农的传统种植序列(一年休耕,玉米)和使用禾本科豆科作物(玉米- aeschynomene histrix,玉米- mucuna pruriens var utilis)。干物质、养分回收量和净氮贡献均以甘薯为优先(P < 0.001)。以薯类为主的豆科作物实现了最高的净收入和投资回报。
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引用次数: 6
Cover Crops in Mono- and Biculture for Accumulation of Biomass and Soil Organic Carbon 单、双栽培覆盖作物对生物量和土壤有机碳积累的影响
Pub Date : 2012-04-01 DOI: 10.1080/10440046.2011.627991
Qingren Wang, Yuncong C. Li, A. Alva
Plant biomass production associated with soil organic carbon (C) accumulation is a critical challenge for sustainable agriculture development because soil quality degradation and organic carbon pool depletion have become a concern under some circumstances. To elucidate cover crops and their synergetic effects in biomass production and soil organic C improvement, legume and non-legume winter/summer cover crops, in mono- and biculture (mixture of legume/non-legume) were evaluated in the field and controlled (growth chamber) conditions. Under field conditions, biculture of sunn hemp and sorghum sudangrass produced 24.1 Mg ha−1 in contrast to 20.1 and 2.9 Mg ha−1 for each one alone; and biculture of okra and cowpea reached as much as 11.5 Mg ha−1 in contrast to 2.0 and 5.3 Mg ha−1 for each one in monoculture. After the growth of winter followed by summer cover crops, the soil organic C content increased with substantial quantities of plant biomass returned to the soil. The results suggest that both summer and winter cover crops demonstrate a promising potential in biomass C accumulation, thereby, can play an important role in soil fertility improvement to benefit the sustainable development of agriculture when appropriate types and combinations are selected.
与土壤有机碳积累相关的植物生物量生产是农业可持续发展的关键挑战,因为在某些情况下,土壤质量退化和有机碳库枯竭已成为人们关注的问题。为了阐明覆盖作物及其在生物量生产和土壤有机碳改善方面的协同效应,在田间和对照(生长室)条件下,对单作和双作(豆科/非豆科混合)条件下的豆科和非豆科冬/夏覆盖作物进行了评价。在田间条件下,两种作物的产量分别为24.1 Mg ha - 1和20.1 Mg ha - 1;秋葵和豇豆双栽培最高可达11.5 Mg ha - 1,而单栽培分别为2.0和5.3 Mg ha - 1。冬复夏覆盖作物生长后,土壤有机碳含量增加,大量植物生物量返回土壤。综上所述,夏季和冬季覆盖作物均具有良好的生物量C积累潜力,选择合适的类型和组合,可在土壤肥力改善中发挥重要作用,有利于农业的可持续发展。
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引用次数: 10
Comparison of Organic and Conventional Pest Management Practices Among California Citrus Growers 加州柑橘种植户有机与常规有害生物管理方法的比较
Pub Date : 2012-04-01 DOI: 10.1080/10440046.2011.646353
K. Grogan
This article compares the pest management practices of organic and conventional citrus growers in California, using a 2010 survey of growers. The survey results indicate that, on average, organic growers make less use of biological and cultural controls than conventional growers. This result is surprising because organic growers often rely heavily on these types of controls due to organic restrictions on chemical control. For some organic growers, a lack of farming experience, the smaller scale of their operations, and less financial reliance on citrus production may explain these results.
本文利用2010年对种植者的调查,比较了加州有机和传统柑橘种植者的虫害管理做法。调查结果表明,平均而言,有机种植者比传统种植者更少使用生物和文化控制。这一结果令人惊讶,因为有机种植者往往严重依赖这些类型的控制,由于有机限制化学控制。对于一些有机种植者来说,缺乏农业经验,经营规模较小,对柑橘生产的经济依赖较少,可能解释了这些结果。
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引用次数: 4
Alternative Strategies for Transitioning to Organic Production in Direct-Seeded Grain Systems in Eastern Washington II: Nitrogen Fertility 华盛顿东部直接播种粮食系统向有机生产过渡的替代战略II:氮肥力
Pub Date : 2012-04-01 DOI: 10.1080/10440046.2011.646354
Kristy Borrelli, R. Koenig, R. Gallagher, Dennis Pittmann, Amanda Snyder, I. Burke, L. Hoagland, E. Fuerst
The nitrogen (N) dynamics of nine rotation systems designed to transition dryland cereal to organic production in eastern Washington State were examined. Systems combined cereal and legumes for grain, forage (FOR), and green manure (GRM). Few differences in N balances and soil inorganic N levels were found among transition systems when poor spring crop establishment resulted in competition from weeds. However, FOR and winter GRM crops produced adequate stands that were competitive with weeds and increased residual soil inorganic N in the final year of the transition. Winter legumes and continuous FOR systems demonstrated the greatest potential to provide a sustainable inorganic N source to subsequent organic cereal crops.
研究了华盛顿州东部旱地谷物向有机作物过渡的9个轮作系统的氮素动态。系统结合谷物和豆类粮食,饲料(for),和绿肥(GRM)。春季作物种植不足导致杂草竞争时,不同过渡系统间氮素平衡和土壤无机氮水平差异不大。然而,旱作和冬小麦作物产生了足够的林分,与杂草竞争,并在过渡的最后一年增加了残余土壤无机氮。冬季豆科作物和连续FOR系统显示出为后续有机谷类作物提供可持续无机氮源的最大潜力。
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引用次数: 9
Improving Sustainable Production of Maize on Upland Soils of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea 改善朝鲜民主主义人民共和国旱地玉米的可持续生产
Pub Date : 2012-04-01 DOI: 10.1080/10440046.2011.620228
J. Evans, J. Jo, M. Conyers, Y. G. Mun, P. Eberbach, S. Paek, Y. Ri, S. Ko, B. Orchard, Y. Ryang, D. Jong, T. R. Kim, E. Wolfe
Maize production in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea is limited by soil infertility. Trials were established at two cooperative farms to quantify the yield response of maize to fertilizer and to vetch green manure. Crop land is precious so the vetch had to be integrated either by a short growth period prior to the crop in spring, or risking an autumn sowing for growth over winter. Maize grain yield was linearly related to the amount of vetch incorporated before maize at an annualized rate of 77–121 kg grain per fresh weight ton of vetch manure. The N fertilizer substitution value was about 60 kg N ha−1 as urea. This response may be increased by adopting more cold-tolerant vetch (or alternative legumes), and safeguarding vetch from villager's livestock.
朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的玉米生产受到土壤不孕症的限制。在两个合作农场建立了试验,以量化玉米对肥料和紫杉绿肥的产量响应。农作物的土地是宝贵的,所以紫薇要么在春季作物之前有一个短暂的生长期,要么冒着秋天播种的风险在冬天生长。玉米籽粒产量与玉米前施用紫薇的数量呈线性相关,年化率为77 ~ 121公斤/鲜重吨紫薇粪肥。氮肥替代值约为60 kg N ha - 1。通过采用更多耐寒的野豌豆(或替代豆科植物)和保护野豌豆免受村民牲畜的侵害,可以提高这种反应。
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引用次数: 2
Redesigning Agroecosystems 重新设计农业生态系统
Pub Date : 2012-04-01 DOI: 10.1080/10440046.2012.662583
S. Gliessman
An important premise of agroecology is that, in order to transition toward sustainability, it is necessary to redesign agroecosystems so that they can function on the basis of a different set of ecological principles. These principles are grounded in interaction, complementarity, and relationships in systems that give the ability to resist the problems that industrial agriculture controls with an impressive array of inputs and practices. Even organic systems depending primarily on the substitution of these inputs and practices with those accepted by organic certification organizations encounter the same set of problems, especially when the cropping system is reduced in diversity. Increase the size and scale of the operation, as has become the case for some commercial organic monocultures, and input intensity goes up even more as problems become more difficult to manage. Working collaboratively, teams of farmers and agroecologists have begun to test these different designs and, in the process, are gathering scientific data and practical experience that provide examples of how the redesign process can work. The research experiences presented in this issue of JSA are some of these examples. By adding covercrops, associated and intercropped species, or alternative rotations, there is a chance for some of the complexity needed for ecosystem processes to be successful. Be it for pest management, disease control, or fertility maintenance, these processes internalize input management and reduce the dependence of the agroecosystem on external sources. JSA hopes that more farmer and researcher teams will continue to test more complexity and interactions, and that the journal can be a place to report their results.
农业生态学的一个重要前提是,为了向可持续性过渡,有必要重新设计农业生态系统,使它们能够在一套不同的生态原则的基础上发挥作用。这些原则建立在系统的相互作用、互补性和关系的基础上,这些系统赋予了抵抗工业化农业通过一系列令人印象深刻的投入和实践控制的问题的能力。即使是主要依靠用有机认证组织所接受的投入物和做法来替代这些投入物和做法的有机系统,也会遇到同样的问题,特别是当种植系统的多样性减少时。增加经营的规模和规模,就像一些商业性有机单一栽培的情况一样,投入强度甚至会增加,因为问题变得更加难以管理。农民和农业生态学家组成的团队通力合作,已经开始测试这些不同的设计,并在此过程中收集科学数据和实践经验,为重新设计过程如何发挥作用提供实例。本期《JSA》所介绍的研究经验就是其中的一些例子。通过增加覆盖作物、伴生和间作物种,或交替轮作,就有可能使生态系统过程取得成功所需的一些复杂性。无论是虫害管理、疾病控制还是维持生育力,这些过程都使投入管理内部化,减少了农业生态系统对外部资源的依赖。JSA希望更多的农民和研究团队将继续测试更多的复杂性和相互作用,并且该杂志可以成为报告他们结果的地方。
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引用次数: 1
Are Smallholder Zambian Farmers Economists? A Dual-Analysis of Farmers’ Expenditure in Conservation and Conventional Agriculture Systems 赞比亚小农是经济学家吗?保护性农业与传统农业农民支出的双重分析
Pub Date : 2012-03-28 DOI: 10.1080/10440046.2012.661700
B. B. Umar, J. Aune, F. Johnsen, I. Lungu
This article presents the results of a comparative study on conservation and conventional agriculture among smallholder farmers in Zambia. It shows that conservation agriculture in Zambia, as currently practiced, does not reduce labor required during critical periods of the farming cycle. We argue that smallholder farmer decisions on whether or not to adopt conservation agriculture goes beyond its agronomic and economic superiority over conventional practice. The farmers also consider its labor demands, crops to be grown, and cultural norms. We show that farmers calculate their costs differently from conventional economic analysis. We conclude that promotion of conservation agriculture should be informed by local and contextual factors.
本文介绍了一项对赞比亚小农保护农业和传统农业进行比较研究的结果。它表明,赞比亚目前实行的保护性农业并没有减少农业周期关键时期所需的劳动力。我们认为,小农决定是否采用保护性农业,不仅仅是因为其在农艺和经济上优于传统做法。农民还会考虑劳动力需求、要种植的作物和文化规范。我们表明,农民计算他们的成本与传统的经济分析不同。我们的结论是,保护农业的推广应考虑当地和环境因素。
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引用次数: 35
Comparison of Twelve Organic and Conventional Farming Systems: A Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Perspective 12种有机和传统农业系统的比较:生命周期温室气体排放的视角
Pub Date : 2012-03-28 DOI: 10.1080/10440046.2012.672378
K. Venkat
Given the growing importance of organic food production, there is a pressing need to understand the relative environmental impacts of organic and conventional farming methods. This study applies standards-based life cycle assessment to compare the cradle-to-farm gate greenhouse gas emissions of 12 crop products grown in California using both organic and conventional methods. In addition to analyzing steady-state scenarios in which the soil organic carbon stocks are at equilibrium, this study models a hypothetical scenario of converting each conventional farming system to a corresponding organic system and examines the impact of soil carbon sequestration during the transition. The results show that steady-state organic production has higher emissions per kilogram than conventional production in seven out of the 12 cases (10.6% higher overall, excluding one outlier). Transitional organic production performs better, generating lower emissions than conventional production in seven cases (17.7% lower overall) and 22.3% lower emissions than steady-state organic. The results demonstrate that converting additional cropland to organic production may offer significant GHG reduction opportunities over the next few decades by way of increasing the soil organic carbon stocks during the transition. Nonorganic systems could also improve their environmental performance by adopting management practices to increase soil organic carbon stocks.
鉴于有机食品生产的重要性日益增加,我们迫切需要了解有机和传统耕作方法对环境的相对影响。本研究采用基于标准的生命周期评估来比较加州使用有机和传统方法种植的12种作物产品从摇篮到农场的温室气体排放。除了分析土壤有机碳储量处于平衡状态的稳态情景外,本研究还模拟了将每种传统耕作系统转换为相应的有机系统的假设情景,并考察了过渡过程中土壤固碳的影响。结果表明,在12个案例中,有7个案例的稳态有机生产每公斤的排放量高于传统生产(总体高出10.6%,不包括一个异常值)。过渡有机生产表现更好,在7种情况下比传统生产产生更低的排放(总体降低17.7%),比稳定有机生产低22.3%。结果表明,在转型过程中,通过增加土壤有机碳储量,将额外的农田转化为有机生产可能在未来几十年内提供显著的温室气体减排机会。通过采取增加土壤有机碳储量的管理措施,非有机系统也可以改善其环境绩效。
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引用次数: 128
Open-Pollinated Seed Exchange: Renewed Ozark Tradition as Agricultural Biodiversity Conservation 开放授粉种子交换:作为农业生物多样性保护的奥扎克传统的更新
Pub Date : 2012-03-28 DOI: 10.1080/10440046.2011.630776
B. Campbell
In situ conservation refers to the perpetuation of genetic resources in their original cultural and biophysical habitats and to the diverse strategies employed to sustain crop genetic diversity and the cultural milieus that support and maintain it. This article reviews in situ agrobiodiversity conservation in the Arkansas Ozarks, in the United States over a four-year period (2006–2010) through applied ethnographic and agroecological research. I examine the (re)introduction of “seed swaps” in the Ozark region as an in situ conservation strategy to connect diverse Ozark inhabitants, (re)institute a dynamic flow of agroecological knowledge, and conserve agricultural biodiversity in the region.
原地保护是指遗传资源在其原有的文化和生物物理生境中永续存在,以及为维持作物遗传多样性和支持和维持这种多样性的文化环境所采用的各种策略。本文通过应用民族志和农业生态学研究,回顾了美国阿肯色州奥扎克地区4年(2006-2010年)的农业生物多样性就地保护工作。我研究了(重新)在奥扎克地区引入“种子交换”作为一种原位保护策略,以联系不同的奥扎克居民,(重新)建立农业生态知识的动态流动,并保护该地区的农业生物多样性。
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引用次数: 21
期刊
Journal of Sustainable Agriculture
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