Pub Date : 2012-03-28DOI: 10.1080/10440046.2012.672377
N. Volakakis, M. Eyre, E. Kabourakis
Olive fly activity in a commercial organic table olive orchard was monitored for 80 weeks using McPhail traps for two successive years, a fruiting and a non-fruiting year. Mass traps were employed from the end of May to limit fruit damage. In the fruiting year, fly activity increased steadily with a peak in June–July but there was very little activity after July for both years. The lack of activity from July onward was reflected in very low fruit infestation in the fruiting year. Mean maximum temperatures were generally 34–35oC from July to September. High mortality of olive fly adults, eggs, and larvae was likely because of sustained high temperatures. The trend in Mediterranean olive growing areas appears to be for increasing summer temperatures and olive fly control measures may have to take into account aspects of climate fluctuation.
{"title":"Olive Fly Bactrocera oleae (Diptera, Tephritidae) Activity and Fruit Infestation Under Mass Trapping in an Organic Table Olive Orchard in Crete, Greece","authors":"N. Volakakis, M. Eyre, E. Kabourakis","doi":"10.1080/10440046.2012.672377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2012.672377","url":null,"abstract":"Olive fly activity in a commercial organic table olive orchard was monitored for 80 weeks using McPhail traps for two successive years, a fruiting and a non-fruiting year. Mass traps were employed from the end of May to limit fruit damage. In the fruiting year, fly activity increased steadily with a peak in June–July but there was very little activity after July for both years. The lack of activity from July onward was reflected in very low fruit infestation in the fruiting year. Mean maximum temperatures were generally 34–35oC from July to September. High mortality of olive fly adults, eggs, and larvae was likely because of sustained high temperatures. The trend in Mediterranean olive growing areas appears to be for increasing summer temperatures and olive fly control measures may have to take into account aspects of climate fluctuation.","PeriodicalId":50032,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Agriculture","volume":"36 1","pages":"683 - 698"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10440046.2012.672377","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59669521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-21DOI: 10.1080/10440046.2011.648309
R. García-Ruiz, M. González de Molina, G. Guzmán, D. Soto, J. Infante-Amate
Changes in cropland intensification and extension and their socioeconomic consequences have been a topic mainly investigated by agrarian historians. Results of the nutrient balances of these historical agricultural systems with relatively closed nutrient cycles might have played an important role because long-term sustainability only is achieved when the replacement of nutrients match those harvested. Thus, the analysis of the nutrient balance of specific historical agricultural systems or management practices has been the focus of agrarian historians. However, many of these nutrient balances have failed to take into account specific processes of importance. In this study, we provide a guideline for constructing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium balances in historical agroecosystems at both crop and aggregated scales. A rationale for explaining the processes involved and the variables that must be taken into account is provided. We also apply the model for specific crops at a parish scale using a case study from 1752. In addition, we provide the basis for linking a specific outcome of the nutrient balance with the long-term sustainability of specific crops.
{"title":"Guidelines for Constructing Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Balances in Historical Agricultural Systems","authors":"R. García-Ruiz, M. González de Molina, G. Guzmán, D. Soto, J. Infante-Amate","doi":"10.1080/10440046.2011.648309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2011.648309","url":null,"abstract":"Changes in cropland intensification and extension and their socioeconomic consequences have been a topic mainly investigated by agrarian historians. Results of the nutrient balances of these historical agricultural systems with relatively closed nutrient cycles might have played an important role because long-term sustainability only is achieved when the replacement of nutrients match those harvested. Thus, the analysis of the nutrient balance of specific historical agricultural systems or management practices has been the focus of agrarian historians. However, many of these nutrient balances have failed to take into account specific processes of importance. In this study, we provide a guideline for constructing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium balances in historical agroecosystems at both crop and aggregated scales. A rationale for explaining the processes involved and the variables that must be taken into account is provided. We also apply the model for specific crops at a parish scale using a case study from 1752. In addition, we provide the basis for linking a specific outcome of the nutrient balance with the long-term sustainability of specific crops.","PeriodicalId":50032,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Agriculture","volume":"36 1","pages":"650 - 682"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10440046.2011.648309","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59669309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10440046.2012.656467
Ernesto Méndez, C. Bacon, S. Gliessman, Roseann Cohen, Michelle Glowa, Katherine E. Goodall, Meryl Olson, Gloria I. Guzmán-Casado, D. López, A. Alonso
The Journal of Sustainable Agriculture puts forth a special issue, entitled, “Agroecology and the Transformation of Agro-Food Systems: Transdisciplinary and Participatory Perspectives.” This issue will examine recent trends in agroecology that view the field as a transdisciplinary and participatory process, which seeks to actively engage social actors to transform the global agro-food system. This agroecological perspective looks to analyze and engage actors and social processes at different geopolitical scales. Much of the work aligned with this approach is characterized by the use of transdisciplinary and participatory action research (PAR). The first can be defined as an approach that integrates, not only different academic disciplines (especially the social with the natural sciences), but also values and includes different forms of knowledge and practice (e.g., experiential, cultural, spiritual, etc.).The second is a way of engaging all relevant actors in an effort to attain an equitable process of research, reflection, and engagement on areas of desirable social change. Agroecology is defined as the integration of science, practice, and social movements in food systems. To truly be agroecology, this integration is a necessity.
{"title":"Upcoming Special Issue on Agroecology: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture Volume 36","authors":"Ernesto Méndez, C. Bacon, S. Gliessman, Roseann Cohen, Michelle Glowa, Katherine E. Goodall, Meryl Olson, Gloria I. Guzmán-Casado, D. López, A. Alonso","doi":"10.1080/10440046.2012.656467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2012.656467","url":null,"abstract":"The Journal of Sustainable Agriculture puts forth a special issue, entitled, “Agroecology and the Transformation of Agro-Food Systems: Transdisciplinary and Participatory Perspectives.” This issue will examine recent trends in agroecology that view the field as a transdisciplinary and participatory process, which seeks to actively engage social actors to transform the global agro-food system. This agroecological perspective looks to analyze and engage actors and social processes at different geopolitical scales. Much of the work aligned with this approach is characterized by the use of transdisciplinary and participatory action research (PAR). The first can be defined as an approach that integrates, not only different academic disciplines (especially the social with the natural sciences), but also values and includes different forms of knowledge and practice (e.g., experiential, cultural, spiritual, etc.).The second is a way of engaging all relevant actors in an effort to attain an equitable process of research, reflection, and engagement on areas of desirable social change. Agroecology is defined as the integration of science, practice, and social movements in food systems. To truly be agroecology, this integration is a necessity.","PeriodicalId":50032,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Agriculture","volume":"36 1","pages":"378 - 379"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10440046.2012.656467","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59669413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10440046.2011.620227
E. Torquebiau, M. Dosso, F. Nakaggwa, O. Philippon
The integration of agriculture and biodiversity has become an acknowledged solution to concurrently address the development of sustainable food production systems and the preservation of natural resources. However, there are few alternative farming systems combining agricultural commodities with ecosystem services. We examined the farm and landscape dynamics of an area in South Africa which has been isolated from mainstream agriculture for several decades. We used a time series of aerial photographs as well as farm surveys and interviews to analyze how historical and present trends can explain land use features. Results show that today's landscape is the consequence of dramatic socioeconomic transformations that have turned original transhumant livestock keepers into sedentary farmers. Although poverty is widespread, we found a well-balanced landscape with a regularly increasing tree cover and a high biodiversity potential. Beyond farm and household size, the main landscape impact factors are herd size and management as well as soil fertility management practices, including fallowing. We show that these conditions represent a good potential toward a multifunctional landscape, provided the relationships between farmers' practices and biodiversity are better formalized and there are tangible benefits for farmers to opt for this approach.
{"title":"Biodiversity Conservation Through Farming: A Landscape Assessment in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","authors":"E. Torquebiau, M. Dosso, F. Nakaggwa, O. Philippon","doi":"10.1080/10440046.2011.620227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2011.620227","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of agriculture and biodiversity has become an acknowledged solution to concurrently address the development of sustainable food production systems and the preservation of natural resources. However, there are few alternative farming systems combining agricultural commodities with ecosystem services. We examined the farm and landscape dynamics of an area in South Africa which has been isolated from mainstream agriculture for several decades. We used a time series of aerial photographs as well as farm surveys and interviews to analyze how historical and present trends can explain land use features. Results show that today's landscape is the consequence of dramatic socioeconomic transformations that have turned original transhumant livestock keepers into sedentary farmers. Although poverty is widespread, we found a well-balanced landscape with a regularly increasing tree cover and a high biodiversity potential. Beyond farm and household size, the main landscape impact factors are herd size and management as well as soil fertility management practices, including fallowing. We show that these conditions represent a good potential toward a multifunctional landscape, provided the relationships between farmers' practices and biodiversity are better formalized and there are tangible benefits for farmers to opt for this approach.","PeriodicalId":50032,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Agriculture","volume":"36 1","pages":"296 - 318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10440046.2011.620227","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59669239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10440046.2011.654008
A. Sigwalt, G. Pain, Antoine Pancher, A. Vincent
The need to mainstream biodiversity into agricultural activities has been advocated for some time. Several approaches have been described, ranging from plot to farm or landscape scale and involving different practices. We studied the development of a biodiversity enhancing project in French vineyards based on agronomic and sociological data. We conducted interviews and farm surveys to analyze management practices influencing biodiversity both within fields and in adjacent areas not used for production. We studied farmers' motivations to join the winegrowers' association project and their perception of the importance of biodiversity in their own vineyard management. Results show that individual initiative and the farmers' association both played a key role in project development, even though people's perception of biodiversity matters and personal involvement had been extremely variable. Although the project can be considered a collective success, it remains difficult for winegrowers, individually, to take biodiversity into account in their agronomic practices.
{"title":"Collective Innovation Boosts Biodiversity in French Vineyards","authors":"A. Sigwalt, G. Pain, Antoine Pancher, A. Vincent","doi":"10.1080/10440046.2011.654008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2011.654008","url":null,"abstract":"The need to mainstream biodiversity into agricultural activities has been advocated for some time. Several approaches have been described, ranging from plot to farm or landscape scale and involving different practices. We studied the development of a biodiversity enhancing project in French vineyards based on agronomic and sociological data. We conducted interviews and farm surveys to analyze management practices influencing biodiversity both within fields and in adjacent areas not used for production. We studied farmers' motivations to join the winegrowers' association project and their perception of the importance of biodiversity in their own vineyard management. Results show that individual initiative and the farmers' association both played a key role in project development, even though people's perception of biodiversity matters and personal involvement had been extremely variable. Although the project can be considered a collective success, it remains difficult for winegrowers, individually, to take biodiversity into account in their agronomic practices.","PeriodicalId":50032,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Agriculture","volume":"36 1","pages":"337 - 352"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10440046.2011.654008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59669319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10440046.2011.611584
Munyaradzi Chitakira, E. Torquebiau, W. Ferguson
The world seeks to balance biodiversity protection and food production. Transfrontier conservation areas (TFCAs) provide unique opportunities for strategies that combine agriculture with biodiversity conservation at a landscape level, known as ecoagriculture. We identified and consulted ecoagriculture stakeholders in a smallholder farming community within a TFCA. Data were obtained through key informant interviews and questionnaire surveys. Eighty-eight percent of key informants indicated that planned ecoagriculture was feasible in the area and 95% of interviewed farmers positively considered to plan the integration of biodiversity conservation and farming. Potential conflicts of interest were revealed among stakeholders but to a large extent, stakeholder roles and interests were complementary, creating an environment conducive to effective coordinated ecoagriculture planning.
{"title":"Unique Combinations of Stakeholders in a Transfrontier Conservation Area Promote Biodiversity-Agriculture Integration","authors":"Munyaradzi Chitakira, E. Torquebiau, W. Ferguson","doi":"10.1080/10440046.2011.611584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2011.611584","url":null,"abstract":"The world seeks to balance biodiversity protection and food production. Transfrontier conservation areas (TFCAs) provide unique opportunities for strategies that combine agriculture with biodiversity conservation at a landscape level, known as ecoagriculture. We identified and consulted ecoagriculture stakeholders in a smallholder farming community within a TFCA. Data were obtained through key informant interviews and questionnaire surveys. Eighty-eight percent of key informants indicated that planned ecoagriculture was feasible in the area and 95% of interviewed farmers positively considered to plan the integration of biodiversity conservation and farming. Potential conflicts of interest were revealed among stakeholders but to a large extent, stakeholder roles and interests were complementary, creating an environment conducive to effective coordinated ecoagriculture planning.","PeriodicalId":50032,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Agriculture","volume":"36 1","pages":"275 - 295"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10440046.2011.611584","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59668922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10440046.2011.583719
V. Toledo, P. Moguel
Coffee is grown widely throughout the tropics on about 5 million farms from 85 countries. Several studies carried out during the last decade revealed the importance of traditional shaded coffee for biodiversity maintenance and protection. However, there is only biological and no interdisciplinary exploration of the multiple values and benefits of these agroforestry systems. We identify and review four kinds of nonbiological values, which complement its tested importance as a refuge for tropical biodiversity, as a contribution to the complete valuation of traditional shaded coffee. By briefly describing a case study in Mexico, we show how traditional shade-grown coffee is critical for areas where sustainable projects are being implemented. This article concludes by exploring three key dimensions of sustainability: economy, landscapes, and livelihoods.
{"title":"Coffee and Sustainability: The Multiple Values of Traditional Shaded Coffee","authors":"V. Toledo, P. Moguel","doi":"10.1080/10440046.2011.583719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2011.583719","url":null,"abstract":"Coffee is grown widely throughout the tropics on about 5 million farms from 85 countries. Several studies carried out during the last decade revealed the importance of traditional shaded coffee for biodiversity maintenance and protection. However, there is only biological and no interdisciplinary exploration of the multiple values and benefits of these agroforestry systems. We identify and review four kinds of nonbiological values, which complement its tested importance as a refuge for tropical biodiversity, as a contribution to the complete valuation of traditional shaded coffee. By briefly describing a case study in Mexico, we show how traditional shade-grown coffee is critical for areas where sustainable projects are being implemented. This article concludes by exploring three key dimensions of sustainability: economy, landscapes, and livelihoods.","PeriodicalId":50032,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Agriculture","volume":"36 1","pages":"353 - 377"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10440046.2011.583719","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59669001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10440046.2011.627988
E. Berthet, V. Bretagnolle, B. Segrestin
Effective solutions for integrating development of agriculture and conservation of biodiversity at a landscape scale remain to be identified. This article presents a case study on an intensively farmed French cereal plain, where the reintroduction of grasslands has been proposed to protect the Little Bustard, a threatened European bird species. Although this solution may seem trivial at first glance, we analyze the design reasoning from which it resulted in order to highlight the innovative paths it opened. We apply C-K theory, a design theory that distinguishes concepts (i.e., unknown proposals) from knowledge. Our analysis reveals the links between the production of scientific knowledge and the generation of various solutions. It also highlights that specifying the ecological functions of grasslands facilitates their management. In the cereal plain, some of these functions give grasslands the status of common goods. This consideration opens new possibilities for managing agricultural landscapes in a way that reconcile agriculture and conservation.
{"title":"Analyzing the Design Process of Farming Practices Ensuring Little Bustard Conservation: Lessons for Collective Landscape Management","authors":"E. Berthet, V. Bretagnolle, B. Segrestin","doi":"10.1080/10440046.2011.627988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2011.627988","url":null,"abstract":"Effective solutions for integrating development of agriculture and conservation of biodiversity at a landscape scale remain to be identified. This article presents a case study on an intensively farmed French cereal plain, where the reintroduction of grasslands has been proposed to protect the Little Bustard, a threatened European bird species. Although this solution may seem trivial at first glance, we analyze the design reasoning from which it resulted in order to highlight the innovative paths it opened. We apply C-K theory, a design theory that distinguishes concepts (i.e., unknown proposals) from knowledge. Our analysis reveals the links between the production of scientific knowledge and the generation of various solutions. It also highlights that specifying the ecological functions of grasslands facilitates their management. In the cereal plain, some of these functions give grasslands the status of common goods. This consideration opens new possibilities for managing agricultural landscapes in a way that reconcile agriculture and conservation.","PeriodicalId":50032,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Agriculture","volume":"36 1","pages":"319 - 336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10440046.2011.627988","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59669436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-03-01DOI: 10.1080/10440046.2012.654904
E. Torquebiau
The need to reconcile agriculture and the environment is widely shared by scholars and the subject of many papers in recent scientific literature. However, the means to reach this goal are varied. Some solutions offer minor adjustments to existing practices. Adjusting fertilizer use through precision agriculture techniques, for example, or substituting tillage with herbicides, like in conservation agriculture, are solutions that basically rely on the same conventional paradigm of modifying the environment, mainly through the use of external inputs. A recent paper in a widely respected journal (Foley et al. 2011) proposes strategies to address the twin challenges of food security and environmental sustainability by 1) stopping clearing new land for farming, 2) increasing yields, 3) increasing resource use efficiency (e.g. water, nutrients), and 4) increasing food delivery (shifting diets and reducing wastes). These approaches basically do not consider it possible to farm and at the same time protect and maintain a natural environment. It is either one or the other. They try to prevent problems and reduce risks (pollution, wastes, excessive irrigation, etc.) but do not propose alternatives. Such approaches may decrease agriculture's environmental footprint, but will certainly not get to the bottom of our food system problems. As Einstein once put it: "Problems can't be solved by applying the same ideas that created them." (Resume d'auteur)
协调农业和环境的必要性是学者们广泛认同的，也是最近科学文献中许多论文的主题。然而，实现这一目标的手段是多种多样的。一些解决方案提供了对现有实践的微小调整。例如，通过精确农业技术调整肥料的使用，或者像在保护性农业中那样用除草剂代替耕作，这些解决方案基本上依赖于主要通过使用外部投入来改变环境的相同传统范例。最近在一份广受尊敬的杂志上发表的一篇论文(Foley et al. 2011)提出了解决粮食安全和环境可持续性双重挑战的策略，包括:1)停止开垦新的耕地，2)提高产量，3)提高资源利用效率(如水、营养物质)，以及4)增加食品配送(改变饮食和减少浪费)。这些方法基本上不认为在耕作的同时保护和维持自然环境是可能的。不是一个就是另一个。他们试图防止问题和减少风险(污染，浪费，过度灌溉等)，但不提出替代方案。这些方法可能会减少农业的环境足迹，但肯定不会触及我们粮食系统问题的根本。正如爱因斯坦曾经说过的:“问题不能通过应用产生问题的相同想法来解决。”(简历d 'auteur)
{"title":"Introduction to the Special Issue: Reconciling Production and Conservation at the Landscape Scale","authors":"E. Torquebiau","doi":"10.1080/10440046.2012.654904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2012.654904","url":null,"abstract":"The need to reconcile agriculture and the environment is widely shared by scholars and the subject of many papers in recent scientific literature. However, the means to reach this goal are varied. Some solutions offer minor adjustments to existing practices. Adjusting fertilizer use through precision agriculture techniques, for example, or substituting tillage with herbicides, like in conservation agriculture, are solutions that basically rely on the same conventional paradigm of modifying the environment, mainly through the use of external inputs. A recent paper in a widely respected journal (Foley et al. 2011) proposes strategies to address the twin challenges of food security and environmental sustainability by 1) stopping clearing new land for farming, 2) increasing yields, 3) increasing resource use efficiency (e.g. water, nutrients), and 4) increasing food delivery (shifting diets and reducing wastes). These approaches basically do not consider it possible to farm and at the same time protect and maintain a natural environment. It is either one or the other. They try to prevent problems and reduce risks (pollution, wastes, excessive irrigation, etc.) but do not propose alternatives. Such approaches may decrease agriculture's environmental footprint, but will certainly not get to the bottom of our food system problems. As Einstein once put it: \"Problems can't be solved by applying the same ideas that created them.\" (Resume d'auteur)","PeriodicalId":50032,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Agriculture","volume":"36 1","pages":"271 - 274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10440046.2012.654904","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59669365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-01-23DOI: 10.1080/10440046.2011.620231
Saurabh Arora
In the context of widespread agrarian distress in rural India, finding ways to secure livelihood sustainability of small farmers have become urgent concerns. Agroecological methods (AEMs) are considered by some to be effective in solving structural problems with farmers' production processes engendered by the use of resource-intensive technologies. AEMs generally require extensive participation by farmers for further development through on-farm experimentation and collective learning. This article studies learning through the lens of knowledge circulation between farmers and “experts” in a local innovation system. In particular, it analyzes farmers' participation in knowledge circulation using network data on problem-solving knowledge flows to and from an innovative south Indian village. The findings suggest that farmers' participation was restricted by formal and informal institutions governing the knowledge interactions between the development organizations that promoted AEM and the farmers. Any new ways of working (technological and institutional innovations) are argued to be filtered through the sediments of extant techno-institutional context, leading to the profusion of hybrid forms of technology and organization. However, despite this profusion, or perhaps because of it, epistemological and sociocultural hierarchies continue to operate in avowedly participatory projects organized to promote AEMs based on farmers' “traditional knowledge.”
{"title":"Farmers' Participation in Knowledge Circulation and the Promotion of Agroecological Methods in South India","authors":"Saurabh Arora","doi":"10.1080/10440046.2011.620231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2011.620231","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of widespread agrarian distress in rural India, finding ways to secure livelihood sustainability of small farmers have become urgent concerns. Agroecological methods (AEMs) are considered by some to be effective in solving structural problems with farmers' production processes engendered by the use of resource-intensive technologies. AEMs generally require extensive participation by farmers for further development through on-farm experimentation and collective learning. This article studies learning through the lens of knowledge circulation between farmers and “experts” in a local innovation system. In particular, it analyzes farmers' participation in knowledge circulation using network data on problem-solving knowledge flows to and from an innovative south Indian village. The findings suggest that farmers' participation was restricted by formal and informal institutions governing the knowledge interactions between the development organizations that promoted AEM and the farmers. Any new ways of working (technological and institutional innovations) are argued to be filtered through the sediments of extant techno-institutional context, leading to the profusion of hybrid forms of technology and organization. However, despite this profusion, or perhaps because of it, epistemological and sociocultural hierarchies continue to operate in avowedly participatory projects organized to promote AEMs based on farmers' “traditional knowledge.”","PeriodicalId":50032,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sustainable Agriculture","volume":"36 1","pages":"207 - 235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10440046.2011.620231","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59669357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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