Journal of Structural Geology最新文献

{"title":"Effects of pre-existing fractures on dike propagation: new insights from field data and numerical modelling","authors":"A. Luppino ,&nbsp;F.L. Bonali ,&nbsp;A. Gudmundsson ,&nbsp;A. Tibaldi","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To better understand the conditions and mechanisms under which dikes interact with pre-existing vertical fractures, we analyzed the fracture swarm and volcanic vents developed during the 1947 eruption (North-East Rift, Etna), and reconstructed the pre-1947 fracture field by historical aerial photos. Then we developed Finite Element Method numerical models, varying the number, spacing, width and vertical and lateral distance of pre-existing fractures with respect to a dike, as well as the dike overpressure. Although in general the 1947 dike followed the path of a previous dike, at a more detailed scale the 1947 vents are shifted up to 11 m laterally with respect to the nearest pre-existing fracture. In areas where few fractures were already present, a significant number of new fractures developed during the 1947 event, whereas if several fractures pre-existed, a few new ones formed. In the case of a pre-existent single fracture, numerical models suggest two scenarios: nucleation of a new fracture bending toward the pre-existing one, possibly followed by dike deflection, or the vertical propagation of the dike. The latter is facilitated by close pre-existing fractures, because dike/fracture interaction enhances tensile stress above the dike tip. This stress increase is sensitive to horizontal fracture spacing, dike/fracture depth difference, and dike overpressure. Stress concentration towards the dike tip and fracture base means a lower probability of new fractures formation at the surface if pre-existing fractures are already widespread. A dike located nearby, or in the middle, of already existing fractures, receives a stress “booster” enhancing its probability of further propagation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105563"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145425876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What do flexural normal faults tell us about fold-and-thrust belts and foredeep flexures? Cantabrian zone (Ibero-Armorican Orocline core) examples","authors":"Mayte Bulnes ,&nbsp;Hodei Uzkeda ,&nbsp;Josep Poblet ,&nbsp;Iván García Zuazua","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105564","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work describes how flexural normal faults related to a flexure produced in the foredeep of a fold-and-thrust belt develop, how they can be recognized, especially when they formed in early or intermediate stages of development of the fold-and-thrust belt, what information provide about the fold-and-thrust belt and the foredeep flexure, and different procedures to obtain it. The application of these methodologies to a natural example is shown through the detailed analysis of normal faults preceding the folds and thrusts in the western part of the Cantabrian Zone, the foreland fold-and-thrust belt of the Variscan Orogen in the northwest portion of the Iberian Peninsula. These faults are interpreted as flexural normal faults formed during the fold-and-thrust belt development. The strike of the longitudinal flexural normal faults illustrates the orientation of the old fold-and-thrust belt front, resulting in an arcuate distribution consistent with the geometry of the Ibero-Armorican or Asturian Arc. The low fracturing intensity due to the longitudinal faults indicates that the flexure curvature and the flexure inclined-limb dip were very gentle, and that the flexure interlimb angle was very high. This may suggest that the fold-and-thrust belt weight was low at that time. The timing of these flexural normal faults indicate that the thrusts propagated following a forward-breaking or “piggy-back” sequence, as deduced by other authors employing different methods. Finally, the transverse flexural normal faults are interpreted as a result of large oblique/lateral thrust ramps in some thrust sheets located in the southern part of the Cantabrian Zone.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105564"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145369810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A catalogue of extensional and contractional structures generated along gravity-driven detachments","authors":"G.I. Alsop ,&nbsp;S. Marco ,&nbsp;R. Weinberger ,&nbsp;T. Levi","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105561","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Although detachments form an integral component of gravity-driven downslope movement, their largely bed-parallel nature can make them difficult to identify in both seismic and outcrop studies. Sediments above bed-parallel detachments (BPDs) associated with intra-stratal deformation are carried passively downslope and therefore represent a form of mass transport deposit (MTD). Using outcrop examples of MTDs created in late-Pleistocene lacustrine sediments around the Dead Sea, we present a catalogue of exceptional extensional and contractional structures generated along BPDs. Detachments may form individual structures that locally ramp to higher structural levels, creating extensional ramps in the upslope direction and contractional ramps further downslope. Alternatively, detachments may comprise multiple strands that kinematically interact with one another via ‘soft-linkage’, or are geometrically coupled via connecting faults to create a ‘hard-linkage’. Lower detachments involving multiple slip surfaces interact with one another to create localised extensional and contractional duplexes, whilst collectively forming the base of the slide sheet. Upper detachments may consist of several strands, or alternatively form ‘soft-linked detachments’ where deformation is distributed across units with no discrete slip surface. Thrusts above detachments frequently follow a ‘piggyback’ sequence with younger shallower thrusts displaying less overall shortening forming downslope of older steeper imbricates. This suggests that they are formed during downslope migration of the duplex rather than upslope propagation of compressive strain during ‘locking up’ of gravity-driven deformation. The fields of extensional and contractional strain may expand and change location during evolution of the slide, leading to normal faults and thrust faults locally overprinting one another. In addition, thrust and normal faults may operate coevally, or locally reactivate one another during positive and negative inversion of individual structures. Transfer of BPD displacement to different levels is achieved by local ramping across older normal and thrust faults, resulting in significant changes to the stratigraphic position of BPDs, together with notable variations in heave across fault zones. Movement on the BPDs is facilitated by high fluid pressures that create sediment injections along the slide planes, especially where normal faults intersect the lower detachment. Where multiple BPDs are formed along the lower detachment, sediment injections cut the upper detachment, suggesting that deformation and movement was longer-lived along the lowermost BPD in a system. Overall, the observation that all measured BPDs (N &gt; 170) consistently display a top-towards the basin sense of displacement suggests that they were sequentially developed through the sediment pile during numerous slope failures, rather than forming synchronously in a single major event that could lead to loca","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"202 ","pages":"Article 105561"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145425877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural and geochronological studies of the Cona detachment and Cona Rift: Implications for the Miocene evolution of the Cona region","authors":"Zhuo Tang ,&nbsp;Hanwen Dong ,&nbsp;Rongze Fei ,&nbsp;Linghao Zhao ,&nbsp;Li'e Gao ,&nbsp;Yaying Wang ,&nbsp;Lilong Yan ,&nbsp;Lingsen Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The upper-crustal extensional structures developed in the Himalayan orogen record deep dynamics, that have played significant roles in the Himalayan tectonic evolution. This study presents new detailed field investigations, microstructures, quartz [c] axis crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) patterns, kinematic vorticity, deformation temperatures, zircon U-Pb, and mica ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology data of the two sets of intersecting extensional structures in the Cona area of the eastern Himalayan orogen. The results suggest that the Cona Detachment (CD) is mainly in simple shear deformation and the ductile deformation temperature ranges from 280 °C to 517 °C. It was active between 19 and 16 Ma, and ceased at 15 Ma. However, the Cona Rift (CR) is mainly in pure shear deformation and its top-down-to-the-E ductile deformation is recorded at temperatures from 500 °C to 608 °C. It initiated at ∼16 Ma, and ceased activity before 10 Ma. During the transition from N-S to E-W extension, the change in dynamic mechanism led to coupled fluid injection and crustal heating. This study indicates that the N-S and E-W extensional structures in the Cona area exhibited overlapping deformation histories during 16–15 Ma.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105562"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145361647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoding microstructures of fault carbonate rocks with X-ray microtomography: A deep learning approach to fabric classification and analysis","authors":"Marco Voltolini ,&nbsp;Luca Smeraglia ,&nbsp;Andrea Billi ,&nbsp;Eugenio Carminati ,&nbsp;Flavio Cognigni ,&nbsp;Marco Rossi ,&nbsp;Michele Zucali","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fault zones in carbonate rocks exhibit distinct microstructural fabrics that develop different microstructures with increasing deformation, going from the outer zone towards the fault core. These fabrics can be effectively characterized using X-ray micro-computed tomography (XRμCT), a powerful imaging technique that supports a wide range of analyses, from morphometric measurements (e.g., pore size distribution, fractures orientation) to digital rock physics (i.e., virtual experiments on 3D volumes). However, the need for an automated, user-independent tool to classify these microstructures is crucial for large-scale studies. Furthermore, a fully quantitative classification of fault rock fabrics provides valuable insights into the extent and nature of deformation within these rocks. In this study, we present a deep learning-based supervised neural network designed to automate the classification of fault rock microstructures. This system offers rapid, quantitative, and scalable analysis of XRμCT data, facilitating the identification and classification of fabrics of brittle fault limestone rocks with high precision. The network was trained and validated on purpose collected datasets representing specific fabrics, then it was successfully used on different limestone fault rocks collected from the same area or obtained from the literature. The results show that the software can reliably classify fault rock fabrics affected by brittle deformation into three primary categories, each representing a distinct stage of deformation: fractured limestone, breccia, and cataclasite. The network assigns identification probabilities to each image, which can then be visualized in a ternary diagram for intuitive comparison and interpretation. This classification system streamlines fabric analysis and provides a quantitative measure of the degree of deformation within the rock. This automated classification tool paves the way for advanced studies on the anisotropic properties of fault rocks, enabling high-throughput analysis and enhancing our understanding of fault zone mechanics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105559"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145227243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Boundary curvature as a first-order control on strain localization in arcuate shear zone: Insights from field observations, analogue and numerical modelling","authors":"Nandini Choudhury ,&nbsp;Suman Guha ,&nbsp;Mark D. Lindsay ,&nbsp;Atin Kumar Mitra","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105557","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105557","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Curved shear zones are common in orogenic systems, yet the role of boundary curvature in governing strain localization remains underexplored. Using the Singhbhum Shear Zone (SSZ) in eastern India as a natural analogue, we develop an integrated approach combining analytical Couette flow theory, physical analogue modelling with Newtonian viscous Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and finite element simulations. The results consistently reveal a non-monotonic velocity profile with a neutral radius where flow reverses direction, creating distinct zones of localized shear. Strain markers in the experiment deform most intensely near the inner arc and progressively less outward, mirroring field evidence from the SSZ, where high-strain mylonites and strong non-cylindrical folds transition into overprinting crenulations and open folds. This convergence between model predictions and field observations demonstrates that the boundary curvature alone, absent of mechanical or lithological heterogeneity can explain strain partitioning, flow reversal, and fold overprinting in a ductile regime. The study provides a transferable kinematic framework for interpreting curved tectonic interfaces and underscores the often-underestimated role of geometry in shaping deformation. (Words: 168)</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105557"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strain localization and rheological weakening along mid-crustal anisotropies as recorded in the Itapetim and Tendó shear zones (northeastern Brazil)","authors":"Raylline Silva ,&nbsp;Rhander Taufner ,&nbsp;Gustavo Viegas ,&nbsp;Claudia Trepmann ,&nbsp;Lauro Montefalco ,&nbsp;Carlos J. Archanjo ,&nbsp;Tiago Lyra ,&nbsp;Thais Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Central Borborema Province (CBP) in NE Brazil hosts well-preserved mid-crustal shear zones that formed during the Pan-African orogeny in a strike-slip tectonic setting. These structures are key to investigate the strength-controlling processes in high-temperature continental shear zones, which are often obliterated from the geological record during late exhumation. We have analyzed mylonites and ultramylonites from the Itapetim and Tendó shear zones (ISZ and TSZ), two major NE-trending shear zones in the CBP, using a combination of field mapping, microfabric analysis and mineral chemistry. Both the ISZ and TSZ are primarily composed of granitic mylonites with discrete, thin ultramylonitic layers. In mylonites, K-feldspar porphyroclasts form a load-bearing framework that deforms through microfracturing, dislocation-glide-controlled deformation and grain boundary migration. Plastic strain is preferentially accommodated in discontinuous monomineralic quartz ribbons alternating with plagioclase-rich layers. The ultramylonitic layers are spatially and genetically associated with quartz veins and aplitic dykes, in which fluid-rock interactions induce strain softening. This process leads to the development of myrmekite-derived K-feldspar neoblasts and biotite-rich layers, further enhancing rheological weakening. The data gathered in this study suggest that strain is preferentially localized along lithological boundaries, resulting in the development of sinistral shear zones that conform to the overall tectonic setting of the central block of the Borborema Province. Our findings demonstrate strain compatibility between these NE-trending sinistral shear zones and the major E-W dextral lineaments that bound them, offering valuable insights into the mechanisms of rheological weakening in the post-collisional stage of continental orogens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105558"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145106205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative characterization of fracture network in large sheath-fold: field and UAV-based digital outcrop model analysis (Ligurian Alps, Italy)","authors":"Michele Perozzo ,&nbsp;Niccolò Menegoni ,&nbsp;Laura Crispini ,&nbsp;Laura Federico ,&nbsp;Silvio Seno ,&nbsp;Matteo Maino","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105551","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105551","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Predictive models for the origin and distribution of tectonic fractures in regions with multiple and heterogeneous deformation events are still considered as characterized by a high degree of uncertainty. In fact, it is known that fracture networks development is dependent by many factors, such as composition, diagenesis, structural position, fold bending and changes in the tectonic stress history. However, several studies noted that the high-curvature regions of large folds often show a good correlation between the measured and theoretical geometry of the fracture sets. This paper presents a field- and digital outcrop model-based structural investigation of refolded km-scale sheath fold (Caprazoppa fold) and associated fractures host in a metamorphic carbonate sequence (Ligurian Briançonnais, Western Alps) that experienced multiple regional deformation phases. The orientation of the fracture sets along the 3D fold structure are broadly consistent with the network theoretically expected as due by the main sheath fold curvature. The subsequent, less intense ductile phase produced significant change of the structural patterns only in the schistose lithologies, whereas the more competent rocks mostly recycled the early foliations and fracture sets. Even the post-metamorphic brittle faulting/fracturing selectively reactivated the pre-existing fractures favorably oriented. We infer that, when strain is high, the strongly curved sheath folds exert a major control in the development of the fracture network, the geometry of which is preserved through the subsequent ductile/brittle deformation stages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105551"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Out-of-sequence recent thrusting revealed by surface and subsurface data under the Po Plain, Italy","authors":"A. Tibaldi ,&nbsp;D. Barrera ,&nbsp;F.L. Bonali ,&nbsp;N. Corti ,&nbsp;G. Toscani","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105556","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105556","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recognizing recent activity at buried out-of-sequence thrusts is a complex task but has important implications for seismic hazard and risk assessment. Here we propose an example of methodology that includes subtle geomorphological and hydrological observations at the surface correlated with upper crustal 3D reconstruction by seismic sections and stratigraphic logs. The densely inhabited Po Plain (Italy) hides the front of the Northern Apennines fold-and-thrust belt, buried under a thick succession of Plio-Pleistocene deposits. The Emilia Arc, located in the center of this front, is composed of a series of folds and south-dipping thrusts. Hindward of the thrust front, at the surface, high resolution Digital Elevation Models and GPS measurements allowed to discover topographic anomalies that denounce recent uplift and broad tilting. These have been accompanied by ample late Pleistocene-Holocene migration of the river network, and river over-excavation. In correspondence of these features, subsurface data show north-verging folds and reverse faults involving Pleistocene deposits. From this integration, a scenario where two out-of-sequence thrust zones contributed to modulate shortening during the late Pleistocene and, possibly, Holocene, emerges. Hinterland migration of deformation has been favored by the higher sedimentation load above the outer thrusts and their close confrontation with the thickened Southern Alps buried fronts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105556"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145057155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graph-based fracture network analysis to integrate structural geology properties and identify preferential flow pathways in the aquifer system of Tsanfleuron, Swiss Alps","authors":"Ana Paula Burgoa Tanaka ,&nbsp;Philippe Renard ,&nbsp;Jefter Natan de Moraes Caldeira ,&nbsp;Celia Trunz","doi":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105543","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsg.2025.105543","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Graph theory has emerged as a promising method for analyzing fracture networks and complementing traditional geometrical descriptions. It emphasizes the network’s topological aspects, highlighting the importance that fractures have in enhancing permeability and influencing flow anisotropy. However, integrating different structural geology analyses in a single framework remains a challenge. We propose a graph-based fracture network analysis combining geometry, topology, kinematics, age relationships, and geomechanics to identify the most important connections within a network. We apply it to the karstic aquifer system of Tsanfleuron, in the Western Helvetic Alps domain, where fractures play a crucial role in groundwater circulation and karstification. We acquired new structural data from a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM), a 3D point cloud digital outcrop model (DOM), fieldwork, and one scanline. We interpreted and measured lineaments in 1:2.500 (DEM) and measured attitudes (DOM). Verification was done in the field, adding more measurements and the kinematics. The fracture network was transformed into a graph, and measurements were stored as attributes. Four main subvertical fracture sets were identified in chronological order, for the study site: E-W (85°), NE-SW (57°), N-S (176°), and NW-SE (117°). Censored fractures were identified to unbiased length, and abutting relationships were defined for pairs of sets to define age relationships. The E-W and NE-SW are the most persistent and longer fractures through all the site. The N-S set is localized in the central area, and the set NW-SE superimposes the others. The displacement is mostly dextral for the NE-SW and E-W faults, and sinistral for the N-S and NW-SE sets. Paleo tensor analysis results in NW-SE directed maximum compression. Fractures are opened and often enlarged by dissolution. Connectivity is moderate in terms of percolation. Betweenness and percolation centralities highlight the preferential water flow towards NE, ENE, and E.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Structural Geology","volume":"201 ","pages":"Article 105543"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145050130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}