Pub Date : 2025-01-18DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2025.106454
Yi Xiao, Rong Huang, Weiliang Xiong, Binbin Liu, Qinghua Zhou, Tao Jiang, Vanessa N.L. Wong, Jiang Liu, Yingjie Wu, Youlin Luo, Qiquan Li, Qiang Xu, Ting Lan, Changquan Wang, Bing Li
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a complicated soluble organic composite in soils that is known to be linked to carbon turnover, nutrient cycling, and climate change. However, uncertainties exist about the potential influence of soil Fe and Mn oxides on DOM characteristics in paddy soil profiles following the application of inorganic and organic fertilizers. We investigated the DOM characteristics in a paddy soil profile (0–40 cm) treated with inorganic and organic fertilizers and the relationships between DOM and Fe and Mn oxides. The paddy soils were subjected to four fertilizer treatments: a control with no fertilizer (CK), inorganic fertilizer only (NPK), 50 % chemical N substituted with organic fertilizer (NPKM), and 100 % chemical N substituted with organic fertilizer (M). Ultravioletvisible (UVVis) spectroscopy and fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectrophotometry were integrated to explore the vertical variation in the DOM. There were no significant differences in the DOM content between the surface soil (0–20 cm) and the subsurface soil (20–40 cm) under the CK, NPK, and NPKM treatments. However, the DOM content significantly increased with soil depth under the M treatment. The application of organic fertilizer resulted in a significant reduction in the aromaticity and hydrophobic components of the DOM, as well as the fluorescence intensity of the humic-like and protein-like components with increasing soil depth; the content of easily reducible Fe significantly increased, whereas the total Mn and reducible Mn contents significantly decreased with increasing soil depth. The addition of organic fertilizer increased the vertical variation in the DOM characteristics of the paddy soil profiles. The consistency and correlation analysis of the DOM and Fe and Mn oxide contents in the profile indicated that Fe and Mn oxides might be the main influencing factors of DOM vertical heterogeneity, which was mediated by the weakening of mineral protection and the increase in the degree of mineral dissimilar reduction with increasing soil depth.
{"title":"Organic fertilizer intensifies the vertical heterogeneity of DOM in paddy fields through interactions with soil minerals","authors":"Yi Xiao, Rong Huang, Weiliang Xiong, Binbin Liu, Qinghua Zhou, Tao Jiang, Vanessa N.L. Wong, Jiang Liu, Yingjie Wu, Youlin Luo, Qiquan Li, Qiang Xu, Ting Lan, Changquan Wang, Bing Li","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2025.106454","url":null,"abstract":"Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a complicated soluble organic composite in soils that is known to be linked to carbon turnover, nutrient cycling, and climate change. However, uncertainties exist about the potential influence of soil Fe and Mn oxides on DOM characteristics in paddy soil profiles following the application of inorganic and organic fertilizers. We investigated the DOM characteristics in a paddy soil profile (0–40 cm) treated with inorganic and organic fertilizers and the relationships between DOM and Fe and Mn oxides. The paddy soils were subjected to four fertilizer treatments: a control with no fertilizer (CK), inorganic fertilizer only (NPK), 50 % chemical N substituted with organic fertilizer (NPKM), and 100 % chemical N substituted with organic fertilizer (M). Ultraviolet<ce:glyph name=\"sbnd\"></ce:glyph>visible (UV<ce:glyph name=\"sbnd\"></ce:glyph>Vis) spectroscopy and fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectrophotometry were integrated to explore the vertical variation in the DOM. There were no significant differences in the DOM content between the surface soil (0–20 cm) and the subsurface soil (20–40 cm) under the CK, NPK, and NPKM treatments. However, the DOM content significantly increased with soil depth under the M treatment. The application of organic fertilizer resulted in a significant reduction in the aromaticity and hydrophobic components of the DOM, as well as the fluorescence intensity of the humic-like and protein-like components with increasing soil depth; the content of easily reducible Fe significantly increased, whereas the total Mn and reducible Mn contents significantly decreased with increasing soil depth. The addition of organic fertilizer increased the vertical variation in the DOM characteristics of the paddy soil profiles. The consistency and correlation analysis of the DOM and Fe and Mn oxide contents in the profile indicated that Fe and Mn oxides might be the main influencing factors of DOM vertical heterogeneity, which was mediated by the weakening of mineral protection and the increase in the degree of mineral dissimilar reduction with increasing soil depth.","PeriodicalId":501007,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Tillage Research","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142989523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-18DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2025.106461
Haitao Liu, Min Jin, Chunhui Li, Jiayu Wang, Haiyan Wang, Weidong Xie, Haixing Cui, Yong Li, Zhenlin Wang
Huang-Huai-Hai region of China is characterized by saline soils with high Na+ concentrations, which result from seawater intrusion and groundwater evaporation. The high mobility of Na⁺ complicates soil amendment and limits crop yields by osmotic imbalances. To address high Na+ challenge, we conducted a two-year field experiment in the saline soil of the Huang-Huai-Hai region, designing no conditioner (C0) as the control and three types of conditioners (2.10 × 103 kg ha−1): 100 % silica-calcium-potassium-magnesium alkaline soil conditioner (SCPM), 70 % SCPM + 30 % zeolite (SCPM + ZP), and 99 % SCPM + 1 % polyacrylamide (SCPM + PAM) to explore possible ways to reduce Na⁺. SCPM + ZP reduced Compared to C0, SCPM + ZP reduced Na⁺ by 748.92–834.79 mg kg−1 through Ca²⁺ substitution and physical zeolite adsorption, lowered pH by 0.24–0.60, and alleviated salt stress. Modifications to soil colloids increased binding sites for metal ions and organic carbon, which improved soil aggregation (34.78 % increase in > 0.25 mm aggregates), reduced bulk density (15.20 %), boosted porosity (19.51 %), and raised moisture content (42.39 %). These changes were accompanied by elevated enzyme activities (e.g., alkaline phosphatase, sucrase) and greater availability of nutrients like phosphorus and organic carbon in the root-soil system. Ultimately, a 96.12 % increase in spike number led to an 84.42 % rise in winter wheat yield. The combined reduction of Na+, enhancement of soil properties, and yield improvement achieved with SCPM + ZP offers a practical and theoretical framework for reclaiming high-Na+ saline soils in Huang-Huai-Hai region.
{"title":"Ca2 + substitution synergises zeolite physisorption accelerated Na+ substitution to improve saline soils","authors":"Haitao Liu, Min Jin, Chunhui Li, Jiayu Wang, Haiyan Wang, Weidong Xie, Haixing Cui, Yong Li, Zhenlin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2025.106461","url":null,"abstract":"Huang-Huai-Hai region of China is characterized by saline soils with high Na<ce:sup loc=\"post\">+</ce:sup> concentrations, which result from seawater intrusion and groundwater evaporation. The high mobility of Na⁺ complicates soil amendment and limits crop yields by osmotic imbalances. To address high Na<ce:sup loc=\"post\">+</ce:sup> challenge, we conducted a two-year field experiment in the saline soil of the Huang-Huai-Hai region, designing no conditioner (C0) as the control and three types of conditioners (2.10 × 10<ce:sup loc=\"post\">3</ce:sup> kg ha<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup>): 100 % silica-calcium-potassium-magnesium alkaline soil conditioner (SCPM), 70 % SCPM + 30 % zeolite (SCPM + ZP), and 99 % SCPM + 1 % polyacrylamide (SCPM + PAM) to explore possible ways to reduce Na⁺. SCPM + ZP reduced Compared to C0, SCPM + ZP reduced Na⁺ by 748.92–834.79 mg kg<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup> through Ca²⁺ substitution and physical zeolite adsorption, lowered pH by 0.24–0.60, and alleviated salt stress. Modifications to soil colloids increased binding sites for metal ions and organic carbon, which improved soil aggregation (34.78 % increase in > 0.25 mm aggregates), reduced bulk density (15.20 %), boosted porosity (19.51 %), and raised moisture content (42.39 %). These changes were accompanied by elevated enzyme activities (e.g., alkaline phosphatase, sucrase) and greater availability of nutrients like phosphorus and organic carbon in the root-soil system. Ultimately, a 96.12 % increase in spike number led to an 84.42 % rise in winter wheat yield. The combined reduction of Na<ce:sup loc=\"post\">+</ce:sup>, enhancement of soil properties, and yield improvement achieved with SCPM + ZP offers a practical and theoretical framework for reclaiming high-Na<ce:sup loc=\"post\">+</ce:sup> saline soils in Huang-Huai-Hai region.","PeriodicalId":501007,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Tillage Research","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142988984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-15DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2024.106429
Jinhua Yuan, E. Shengzhe, Xinnan Zhao
The hexamminecobalt trichloride ([Co(NH3)6]Cl3) method extracts exchangeable (exch.) base cations needing 60 min. For soils containing calcium carbonate, a calcite saturated [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 solution is used to determine the exch. Ca. The preparing time of calcite saturated [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 solution requires to set overnight. This study evaluated the equivalence of [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 method using stirring modification. The proposed modification can vastly save time and the whole extraction time can be shortened to 3–5 min. The preparing calcite saturated [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 solution procedure can be omitted when measured soils containing calcium carbonate. For acidic soil, the measured CEC was below the certified range, the exch. Ca, Na and K were all in the certified value range; the exch. Mg above the certified range. For neural soil, the measured CEC, exch. Ca, Mg, Na and K were all in the certified range. For alkaline soil, the measured CEC was above the certified range, the exch. Ca, Mg, Na and K were all in the certified range. For saline soil, the measured CEC was above the certified range, the exch. Mg and K below the certified range; accurate exch. Ca and Na could not be achieved even in such a short extraction time because of the dissolution of gypsum and sodium salts. For sodic soil, the measured CEC was above the certified range, the exch. Mg and K below the certified range; the extracted Ca can be assumed the exch. Ca; the exch. Na can be calculated as CEC－(exch. Ca + exch. Mg + exch. K). The difference of CEC between measured and certified values were mainly because of the discrepancy of extractant pHs. The addition of CaCO3 (≤ 80 %) had no effect on CEC or exch. base cations’ determinations. The CaCO3 and CaSO4∙2 H2O combination only affected the determination of exch. Ca.
{"title":"Improved determination efficiency of the cation exchange capacity and exchangeable base cations in soil using stirring and extraction modifications","authors":"Jinhua Yuan, E. Shengzhe, Xinnan Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2024.106429","url":null,"abstract":"The hexamminecobalt trichloride ([Co(NH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>)<ce:inf loc=\"post\">6</ce:inf>]Cl<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>) method extracts exchangeable (exch.) base cations needing 60 min. For soils containing calcium carbonate, a calcite saturated [Co(NH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>)<ce:inf loc=\"post\">6</ce:inf>]Cl<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf> solution is used to determine the exch. Ca. The preparing time of calcite saturated [Co(NH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>)<ce:inf loc=\"post\">6</ce:inf>]Cl<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf> solution requires to set overnight. This study evaluated the equivalence of [Co(NH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>)<ce:inf loc=\"post\">6</ce:inf>]Cl<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf> method using stirring modification. The proposed modification can vastly save time and the whole extraction time can be shortened to 3–5 min. The preparing calcite saturated [Co(NH<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf>)<ce:inf loc=\"post\">6</ce:inf>]Cl<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf> solution procedure can be omitted when measured soils containing calcium carbonate. For acidic soil, the measured CEC was below the certified range, the exch. Ca, Na and K were all in the certified value range; the exch. Mg above the certified range. For neural soil, the measured CEC, exch. Ca, Mg, Na and K were all in the certified range. For alkaline soil, the measured CEC was above the certified range, the exch. Ca, Mg, Na and K were all in the certified range. For saline soil, the measured CEC was above the certified range, the exch. Mg and K below the certified range; accurate exch. Ca and Na could not be achieved even in such a short extraction time because of the dissolution of gypsum and sodium salts. For sodic soil, the measured CEC was above the certified range, the exch. Mg and K below the certified range; the extracted Ca can be assumed the exch. Ca; the exch. Na can be calculated as CEC－(exch. Ca + exch. Mg + exch. K). The difference of CEC between measured and certified values were mainly because of the discrepancy of extractant pHs. The addition of CaCO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf> (≤ 80 %) had no effect on CEC or exch. base cations’ determinations. The CaCO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">3</ce:inf> and CaSO<ce:inf loc=\"post\">4</ce:inf>∙2 H<ce:inf loc=\"post\">2</ce:inf>O combination only affected the determination of exch. Ca.","PeriodicalId":501007,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Tillage Research","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142989037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The drainage of peatlands increases peat decomposition, promoting the release of phosphorus (P) to soil pore water and the eventual leaching to water bodies. The P retention capacity in the soil layers affects the likelihood of subsequent P leaching to the drainage network. We aimed to study the retention patterns of P and to assess the risk of P leaching in the soil profiles of variably managed peatlands, including cultivated peatland of variable peat thickness, peatland forest, abandoned peat field, and pristine peatland in northern Finland. We studied the total concentrations of P and the P-sorbing elements iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), and calcium (Ca), P speciation in soil profiles using sequential chemical extraction, and the degree of P saturation (DPS) using ammonium oxalate extraction. Our results show that fertilization and peat decomposition have caused elevated element concentrations in cultivated sites. Other managed peatlands are rich in Fe and P, but poor in Ca compared to similar sites reported in the literature. In peat layers, P is mainly bound by organic compounds and Fe. Newly added P is likely retained by Fe and Al, although Ca-P still exists in mineral subsoils. We conclude that the heavy dependence on Fe in P sorption and low Fe:P and Al:P ratios indicate a potential of P leaching from decomposed peat when reducing conditions occur (e.g., due to water saturation), while a sufficient Al content may reduce P leaching in such conditions. Mineral subsoil above subsurface drainage has a higher P retention capacity than peat, though prevailing P saturation should be further studied in sites with a long fertilization history. Our results highlight the need to consider P leaching risk when planning peatland management and directly support the practical management of peatlands and water protection.
泥炭地排水会加剧泥炭分解，促进磷（P）向土壤孔隙水释放，并最终沥滤到水体中。土壤层中的磷滞留能力会影响磷随后沥滤到排水管网的可能性。我们的目的是研究芬兰北部不同管理方式泥炭地（包括泥炭厚度可变的耕作泥炭地、泥炭地森林、废弃泥炭田和原始泥炭地）土壤剖面中 P 的保留模式，并评估 P 沥滤的风险。我们利用顺序化学萃取法研究了土壤剖面中的钾和钾吸附元素铁（Fe）、铝（Al）和钙（Ca）的总浓度、钾的种类，并利用草酸铵萃取法研究了钾饱和度（DPS）。我们的研究结果表明，施肥和泥炭分解导致耕地中的元素浓度升高。与文献报道的类似地点相比，其他管理泥炭地的铁和磷含量丰富，但钙含量较低。在泥炭层中，磷主要由有机化合物和铁结合。新添加的磷很可能被铁和铝所保留，尽管矿物底土中仍存在钙-磷。我们的结论是，钾吸附对铁的严重依赖以及较低的铁-钾和铝-钾比率表明，当出现还原条件时（例如，由于水饱和），钾有可能从分解的泥炭中沥滤出来，而足够的铝含量可能会在这种条件下减少钾的沥滤。地下排水系统上方的矿质底土比泥炭具有更高的钾保持能力，但在施肥历史较长的地点，应进一步研究普遍的钾饱和度。我们的研究结果强调了在规划泥炭地管理时考虑钾沥滤风险的必要性，并直接支持泥炭地的实际管理和水资源保护。
{"title":"Soil chemical properties to retain phosphorus in managed boreal peatlands in northern Finland","authors":"Iida Höyhtyä, Anna-Kaisa Ronkanen, Maarit Liimatainen, Maarit Hyvärinen, Bjørn Kløve, Hannu Marttila","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2025.106452","url":null,"abstract":"The drainage of peatlands increases peat decomposition, promoting the release of phosphorus (P) to soil pore water and the eventual leaching to water bodies. The P retention capacity in the soil layers affects the likelihood of subsequent P leaching to the drainage network. We aimed to study the retention patterns of P and to assess the risk of P leaching in the soil profiles of variably managed peatlands, including cultivated peatland of variable peat thickness, peatland forest, abandoned peat field, and pristine peatland in northern Finland. We studied the total concentrations of P and the P-sorbing elements iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), and calcium (Ca), P speciation in soil profiles using sequential chemical extraction, and the degree of P saturation (DPS) using ammonium oxalate extraction. Our results show that fertilization and peat decomposition have caused elevated element concentrations in cultivated sites. Other managed peatlands are rich in Fe and P, but poor in Ca compared to similar sites reported in the literature. In peat layers, P is mainly bound by organic compounds and Fe. Newly added P is likely retained by Fe and Al, although Ca-P still exists in mineral subsoils. We conclude that the heavy dependence on Fe in P sorption and low Fe:P and Al:P ratios indicate a potential of P leaching from decomposed peat when reducing conditions occur (e.g., due to water saturation), while a sufficient Al content may reduce P leaching in such conditions. Mineral subsoil above subsurface drainage has a higher P retention capacity than peat, though prevailing P saturation should be further studied in sites with a long fertilization history. Our results highlight the need to consider P leaching risk when planning peatland management and directly support the practical management of peatlands and water protection.","PeriodicalId":501007,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Tillage Research","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142989044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Paddy-upland rotations are promising methods to improve land utilization and grain production and play crucial roles in sustainable agricultural development. However, their effects on soil conditions, rice development, and economic benefits have not yet been systematically investigated. In this study, we investigated the effects of 7 years (2016–2022) of continuous rotation of rice fallow (R-F), rice-rapeseed transplanting (R-tRS), rice-wheat (R-W), and rice-rapeseed direct seeding (R-dRS) on: 1) rice production; 2) key enzymes and genes related to grain starch biosynthesis during the filling stages; 3) paddy soil physiochemical properties, soil enzyme activities, and microbes; and 4) annual economic benefits. Our results showed that 7 years of continuous rotations, especially rice-rapeseed rotations, helped improve soil quality by increasing the organic matter, total nitrogen content, soil sucrase, phosphatase, urease, dehydrogenase, and cellulase, and inhibiting the decrease in pH, available nitrogen, and phosphorous contents. Benefitted by the improved soil conditions, R-dRS showed the highest rice yield of 7800.3 kg·ha−1, revealing increases of 14.3, 4.8, and 6.3 % compared with R-F, R-tRS, and R-W, respectively, mainly owing to the increase of effective panicle numbers. Moreover, the grain starch contents also increased owing to the increase of starch-biosynthesis-related enzymes activities and gene expression in the filling stages; consequently, R-dRS resulted in the most gross margins of 1676.5 dollars·ha−1, with increases of 74.9 %, 14.9 %, and 19.7 % compared with R-F, R-tRS, and R-W. Furthermore, key microbes closely related to soil properties and traits of rice yield were identified using the liner discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) and Mantel methods after bacterial 16S and fungal ITS sequencing. In conclusion, we validated the advantages of paddy-upland rotation, especially R-dRS, in terms of soil improvement, plant growth, and economic benefits. The longitudinal variation trends of annual soil physiochemical properties, key microbes, and the influence of improved soil conditions on rice grain filling were identified, providing a theoretical basis for food security and sustainability.
{"title":"Comprehensive illustration of the improvement of soil conditions and rice production through paddy-upland rotations for sustainable agricultural development","authors":"Pengfei Hao, Baogang Lin, Kaige Yi, Bowen Xue, Shuijin Hua","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2025.106453","url":null,"abstract":"Paddy-upland rotations are promising methods to improve land utilization and grain production and play crucial roles in sustainable agricultural development. However, their effects on soil conditions, rice development, and economic benefits have not yet been systematically investigated. In this study, we investigated the effects of 7 years (2016–2022) of continuous rotation of rice fallow (R-F), rice-rapeseed transplanting (R-tRS), rice-wheat (R-W), and rice-rapeseed direct seeding (R-dRS) on: 1) rice production; 2) key enzymes and genes related to grain starch biosynthesis during the filling stages; 3) paddy soil physiochemical properties, soil enzyme activities, and microbes; and 4) annual economic benefits. Our results showed that 7 years of continuous rotations, especially rice-rapeseed rotations, helped improve soil quality by increasing the organic matter, total nitrogen content, soil sucrase, phosphatase, urease, dehydrogenase, and cellulase, and inhibiting the decrease in pH, available nitrogen, and phosphorous contents. Benefitted by the improved soil conditions, R-dRS showed the highest rice yield of 7800.3 kg·ha<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup>, revealing increases of 14.3, 4.8, and 6.3 % compared with R-F, R-tRS, and R-W, respectively, mainly owing to the increase of effective panicle numbers. Moreover, the grain starch contents also increased owing to the increase of starch-biosynthesis-related enzymes activities and gene expression in the filling stages; consequently, R-dRS resulted in the most gross margins of 1676.5 dollars·ha<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup>, with increases of 74.9 %, 14.9 %, and 19.7 % compared with R-F, R-tRS, and R-W. Furthermore, key microbes closely related to soil properties and traits of rice yield were identified using the liner discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) and Mantel methods after bacterial 16S and fungal ITS sequencing. In conclusion, we validated the advantages of paddy-upland rotation, especially R-dRS, in terms of soil improvement, plant growth, and economic benefits. The longitudinal variation trends of annual soil physiochemical properties, key microbes, and the influence of improved soil conditions on rice grain filling were identified, providing a theoretical basis for food security and sustainability.","PeriodicalId":501007,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Tillage Research","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142989038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-11DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2024.106442
Indrajit Chowdhuri, Subodh Chandra Pal
Food insecurity will pose a grave global concern due to biodiversity imbalances, ecosystem degradation, and threats to human survival. However, implementing enhanced practices to address issues like droughts, floods, advancements in fertilizer and pesticide use technology and soil management can increase food production, thereby improving food security. As the global population rises, ensuring food security through sustainable agriculture practices has become imperative to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs). This research endeavours to add to the discourse surrounding the obstacles and possibilities in shifting towards sustainable agriculture globally, exploring the roles of SDGs and traditional farming practices. This systematic review (SR) examines the challenges faced by contemporary agricultural systems and soil management in achieving sustainability, with a focus on crop production. We reviewed scientific peer-reviewed literature and global data to reflect the vision of agriculture sustainability and sustainable soil management to achieve food security, focusing on policy intervention and probable pathways for different sectors to reach their objectives, the challenges related to sustainable pathways, and possible approaches to attaining climatic hazard and improving agricultural efficiency. The review identifies and evaluates potential pathways and innovations that offer promising solutions for transitioning toward sustainable agriculture. These pathways include agroecological approaches, sustainable intensification, precision farming technologies, integrated pest management, conservation agriculture (CA), soil management, and sustainable water management practices. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of policy interventions, stakeholder engagement, and knowledge dissemination in fostering the adoption of sustainable practices across diverse agricultural landscapes. This SR aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted challenges agricultural systems face. It offers a comprehensive overview of viable pathways for achieving sustainable crop production. The findings underscore the urgent need for a holistic and integrated approach that aligns with the SDGs, fostering resilience, environmental stewardship, and equitable development within the global agricultural sector.
{"title":"Challenges and potential pathways towards sustainable agriculture crop production: A systematic review to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs)","authors":"Indrajit Chowdhuri, Subodh Chandra Pal","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2024.106442","url":null,"abstract":"Food insecurity will pose a grave global concern due to biodiversity imbalances, ecosystem degradation, and threats to human survival. However, implementing enhanced practices to address issues like droughts, floods, advancements in fertilizer and pesticide use technology and soil management can increase food production, thereby improving food security. As the global population rises, ensuring food security through sustainable agriculture practices has become imperative to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs). This research endeavours to add to the discourse surrounding the obstacles and possibilities in shifting towards sustainable agriculture globally, exploring the roles of SDGs and traditional farming practices. This systematic review (SR) examines the challenges faced by contemporary agricultural systems and soil management in achieving sustainability, with a focus on crop production. We reviewed scientific peer-reviewed literature and global data to reflect the vision of agriculture sustainability and sustainable soil management to achieve food security, focusing on policy intervention and probable pathways for different sectors to reach their objectives, the challenges related to sustainable pathways, and possible approaches to attaining climatic hazard and improving agricultural efficiency. The review identifies and evaluates potential pathways and innovations that offer promising solutions for transitioning toward sustainable agriculture. These pathways include agroecological approaches, sustainable intensification, precision farming technologies, integrated pest management, conservation agriculture (CA), soil management, and sustainable water management practices. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of policy interventions, stakeholder engagement, and knowledge dissemination in fostering the adoption of sustainable practices across diverse agricultural landscapes. This SR aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted challenges agricultural systems face. It offers a comprehensive overview of viable pathways for achieving sustainable crop production. The findings underscore the urgent need for a holistic and integrated approach that aligns with the SDGs, fostering resilience, environmental stewardship, and equitable development within the global agricultural sector.","PeriodicalId":501007,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Tillage Research","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142967798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-11DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2024.106444
Galina Yakubova, Aleksandr Kavetskiy, Stephen A. Prior, H. Allen Torbert
All currently applied methods for soil moisture measurement and mapping in agricultural fields are labor-intensive and time-consuming. The Pulsed Fast Thermal Neutron Analysis (PFTNA) method, described in this article, can provide in situ soil moisture distribution data across agricultural fields by field scanning with a mobile PFTNA system in a reasonably short time. This method is based on acquiring soil gamma ray responses when irradiated by fast neutrons. The response gamma spectra [thermal neutron capture (TNC) gamma spectra] contain the gamma ray peak related to hydrogen present in soil. Since the majority of hydrogen is contained in soil water, soil moisture can be determined from the value of the hydrogen peak area in TNC spectra. A power dependency with a non-zero constant term was used to convert the hydrogen peak area to soil moisture content. To create this dependency, the hydrogen peak area in the TNC spectra was plotted against moisture data obtained using other methods (gravimetric, time domain reflectometry, nuclear radiation transmission) in the same agricultural fields. Developed methods for PFTNA field scanning and data processing provided data for moisture mapping; this scanning method involved moving at 5 km h−1, simultaneously recording GPS coordinates and TNC gamma spectra every 30 s, and scanning paths that uniformly covered surveyed fields. Comparison of these maps with those created using data from traditional soil moisture measurement methods (gravimetric, time domain reflectometry, nuclear radiation transmission) demonstrated good agreement. Note that PFTNA scanning of a 20-hectare field can acquire the data needed for mapping in approximately one hour. Thus, PFTNA scanning can be recommended as a more efficient method for measuring and mapping soil moisture in agricultural fields.
目前在农业领域应用的土壤水分测量和制图方法都是劳动密集型和耗时的。本文介绍的脉冲快热中子分析（PFTNA）方法可以在相当短的时间内通过移动PFTNA系统进行现场扫描，提供农田土壤水分分布数据。该方法的基础是获取快中子照射土壤时的伽马射线响应。响应伽马谱[热中子捕获（TNC）伽马谱]包含与土壤中存在的氢有关的伽马射线峰。由于土壤水分中含有大部分氢，因此可以通过TNC光谱中氢峰面积的大小来确定土壤水分。利用非零常数项的功率依赖关系将氢峰面积转换为土壤含水量。为了建立这种依赖关系，将TNC光谱中的氢峰面积与使用其他方法（重力法、时域反射法、核辐射透射法）在同一农田中获得的水分数据进行了对比。开发了PFTNA现场扫描和数据处理方法，为水分制图提供了数据；该扫描方法以5 km h−1的速度移动，每30 s同时记录GPS坐标和TNC伽马谱，扫描路径均匀覆盖被测场。将这些地图与使用传统土壤湿度测量方法（重力测量、时域反射法、核辐射透射法）的数据绘制的地图进行比较，结果显示出良好的一致性。请注意，PFTNA扫描20公顷的田地可以在大约一个小时内获得测绘所需的数据。因此，可以推荐PFTNA扫描作为一种更有效的测量和绘制农田土壤湿度的方法。
{"title":"Measuring and mapping moisture content in agricultural fields by neutron-gamma analysis","authors":"Galina Yakubova, Aleksandr Kavetskiy, Stephen A. Prior, H. Allen Torbert","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2024.106444","url":null,"abstract":"All currently applied methods for soil moisture measurement and mapping in agricultural fields are labor-intensive and time-consuming. The Pulsed Fast Thermal Neutron Analysis (PFTNA) method, described in this article, can provide in situ soil moisture distribution data across agricultural fields by field scanning with a mobile PFTNA system in a reasonably short time. This method is based on acquiring soil gamma ray responses when irradiated by fast neutrons. The response gamma spectra [thermal neutron capture (TNC) gamma spectra] contain the gamma ray peak related to hydrogen present in soil. Since the majority of hydrogen is contained in soil water, soil moisture can be determined from the value of the hydrogen peak area in TNC spectra. A power dependency with a non-zero constant term was used to convert the hydrogen peak area to soil moisture content. To create this dependency, the hydrogen peak area in the TNC spectra was plotted against moisture data obtained using other methods (gravimetric, time domain reflectometry, nuclear radiation transmission) in the same agricultural fields. Developed methods for PFTNA field scanning and data processing provided data for moisture mapping; this scanning method involved moving at 5 km h<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup>, simultaneously recording GPS coordinates and TNC gamma spectra every 30 s, and scanning paths that uniformly covered surveyed fields. Comparison of these maps with those created using data from traditional soil moisture measurement methods (gravimetric, time domain reflectometry, nuclear radiation transmission) demonstrated good agreement. Note that PFTNA scanning of a 20-hectare field can acquire the data needed for mapping in approximately one hour. Thus, PFTNA scanning can be recommended as a more efficient method for measuring and mapping soil moisture in agricultural fields.","PeriodicalId":501007,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Tillage Research","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142967789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-11DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2025.106451
Yu Shi, Lu An, Shuxun Guo, Jieyu Li, Huixian Sun, Ruixing Zhang, Hailiang Zhao, Longqiang Bai, Leiping Hou, Yi Zhang, Golam Jalal Ahammed
Low temperatures pose a significant threat to agricultural production, particularly during early spring, late autumn, and winter in northern China, adversely affecting the yield and quality of cold-sensitive crops, such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Nano-silicon (SiNPs) represent a prominent application of nanotechnology in agriculture, owing to their unique structure and physicochemical properties, which have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing plant stress resistance. In this study, we utilized 'Zhongza 9′ tomato cultivar as the test material to investigate the effects of SiNPs, applied through foliar spraying at a concentration of 100 mg·L−1, on nutrient uptake and the microbiome of tomato roots under low-temperature stress. The experiments were conducted using substrate culture at room temperature (25/16℃) and low temperature (15/6℃). The results indicated that the application of SiNPs could enhance the cold tolerance of tomato plants by improving root configuration, photosynthetic capacity, antioxidant capacity, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, as well as nutrient absorption and utilization. Furthermore, SiNPs were found to influence the structure of the rhizosphere microbial community, thereby promoting soil nutrient release. This study elucidates the intricate dynamics between roots, soil, and microbes in mitigating low-temperature stress in plants. Moreover, it provides a crucial theoretical framework for advancing the utilization of SiNPs in agricultural contexts, offering valuable insights for enhancing agricultural productivity in challenging environmental conditions.
{"title":"Nano silicon causes a shift in rhizospheric soil microbial community structure and improves nutrient uptake and assimilation in tomato plants under low temperature","authors":"Yu Shi, Lu An, Shuxun Guo, Jieyu Li, Huixian Sun, Ruixing Zhang, Hailiang Zhao, Longqiang Bai, Leiping Hou, Yi Zhang, Golam Jalal Ahammed","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2025.106451","url":null,"abstract":"Low temperatures pose a significant threat to agricultural production, particularly during early spring, late autumn, and winter in northern China, adversely affecting the yield and quality of cold-sensitive crops, such as tomato (<ce:italic>Solanum lycopersicum</ce:italic> L.). Nano-silicon (SiNPs) represent a prominent application of nanotechnology in agriculture, owing to their unique structure and physicochemical properties, which have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in enhancing plant stress resistance. In this study, we utilized 'Zhongza 9′ tomato cultivar as the test material to investigate the effects of SiNPs, applied through foliar spraying at a concentration of 100 mg·L<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup>, on nutrient uptake and the microbiome of tomato roots under low-temperature stress. The experiments were conducted using substrate culture at room temperature (25/16℃) and low temperature (15/6℃). The results indicated that the application of SiNPs could enhance the cold tolerance of tomato plants by improving root configuration, photosynthetic capacity, antioxidant capacity, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, as well as nutrient absorption and utilization. Furthermore, SiNPs were found to influence the structure of the rhizosphere microbial community, thereby promoting soil nutrient release. This study elucidates the intricate dynamics between roots, soil, and microbes in mitigating low-temperature stress in plants. Moreover, it provides a crucial theoretical framework for advancing the utilization of SiNPs in agricultural contexts, offering valuable insights for enhancing agricultural productivity in challenging environmental conditions.","PeriodicalId":501007,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Tillage Research","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142967804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-09DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2025.106450
Xiapu Gai, Hongyuan Wang, Ya Yang, Huiyuan Sun, Bo Yang, Shuxia Wu, Qiang Zhang, Xingwang Ma, Degang Zhao, Hongbin Liu
Improving soil fertility is pressingly needed for national and global sustainable development. Land fallow has been considered an important measure to alleviate the degradation of soil fertility. However, it remains unclear regarding how fallow affects soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) pools. Therefore, our objective was to assess the effects of fallow on SOC and TN pools along the 0–200 cm soil profile, and to further clarify whether its long-term effects are consistent with medium-term effects. Through a comparative field study on a fluvo-aquic soil, we evaluated both medium (11 years 1991–2001) and long-term (27 years 1991–2016) effects of two land management practices on SOC and TN pools, soil biogeochemical properties and microbial communities. The practices were: (1) natural fallow and (2) chemical N, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers (NPK treatment). Results showed that for the medium-term experiment, SOC and TN pools along the 0–200 cm soil profile in the fallow treatment were 10.9 %-98.9 % and 11.4 %-91.8 %, respectively, of that in NPK. For the long-term experiment, however, the SOC pools in the fallow were 1.1–1.6 times that of NPK, and for TN correspondingly 1.1–1.2 times in the 0–60 cm soil layer but only 16.4 %-75.3 % in the 60–200 cm layer. Furthermore, fallow resulted in lower microbial biomass C (MBC), N mineralization and potential nitrification rate than NPK did. Fallow increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria but decreased that of Chloroflexi and Nitrospirae. These results imply that the lower microbial activity especially the reduction of nitrification processes may have contributed to the greater soil C and N sequestration of fallow with the time prolonged. In conclusion, medium-term fallow will inhibit the increase of soil C and N storage, although it can improve soil C and N storage in the long term in North China Plain.
{"title":"Effects of fallow and chemical fertilizer applications on soil carbon and nitrogen pools in North China Plain: Medium-term and long-term trends","authors":"Xiapu Gai, Hongyuan Wang, Ya Yang, Huiyuan Sun, Bo Yang, Shuxia Wu, Qiang Zhang, Xingwang Ma, Degang Zhao, Hongbin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2025.106450","url":null,"abstract":"Improving soil fertility is pressingly needed for national and global sustainable development. Land fallow has been considered an important measure to alleviate the degradation of soil fertility. However, it remains unclear regarding how fallow affects soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) pools. Therefore, our objective was to assess the effects of fallow on SOC and TN pools along the 0–200 cm soil profile, and to further clarify whether its long-term effects are consistent with medium-term effects. Through a comparative field study on a fluvo-aquic soil, we evaluated both medium (11 years 1991–2001) and long-term (27 years 1991–2016) effects of two land management practices on SOC and TN pools, soil biogeochemical properties and microbial communities. The practices were: (1) natural fallow and (2) chemical N, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers (NPK treatment). Results showed that for the medium-term experiment, SOC and TN pools along the 0–200 cm soil profile in the fallow treatment were 10.9 %-98.9 % and 11.4 %-91.8 %, respectively, of that in NPK. For the long-term experiment, however, the SOC pools in the fallow were 1.1–1.6 times that of NPK, and for TN correspondingly 1.1–1.2 times in the 0–60 cm soil layer but only 16.4 %-75.3 % in the 60–200 cm layer. Furthermore, fallow resulted in lower microbial biomass C (MBC), N mineralization and potential nitrification rate than NPK did. Fallow increased the relative abundance of <ce:italic>Proteobacteria</ce:italic> but decreased that of <ce:italic>Chloroflexi</ce:italic> and <ce:italic>Nitrospirae</ce:italic>. These results imply that the lower microbial activity especially the reduction of nitrification processes may have contributed to the greater soil C and N sequestration of fallow with the time prolonged. In conclusion, medium-term fallow will inhibit the increase of soil C and N storage, although it can improve soil C and N storage in the long term in North China Plain.","PeriodicalId":501007,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Tillage Research","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142967815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tillage is a useful practice for increasing crop yield, however, its effectiveness is readily influenced by different agro-ecological conditions and cultivation measures. The effects of different tillage methods on wheat yield remain unclear. Therefore, we identified 197 studies and conducted a meta-analysis to determine the effects of three representative tillage methods (no-tillage, subsoiling, and deep ploughing) on wheat yield and soil physicochemical properties according to variations in the mean annual precipitation and temperature, soil texture, soil pH, years of continuous tillage, basic soil fertility, and fertilization level. The average yield increased by 3.5 % under deep ploughing because of the marked decrease in soil bulk density under different production conditions, whereas soil organic carbon and total nitrogen increased significantly, with an average yield increase of 7.0 % under subsoiling tillage. No-tillage overcame the adverse effects of increased soil bulk density on yield by promoting soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation, and had no marked effects on wheat grain yield. The yields increased significantly by 4.5 % after no-tillage for more than seven years. In contrast, deep ploughing tillage initially increased yields, but yields decreased with the number of years under continuous tillage. Overall, subsoiling was the most effective method increasing wheat grain yield and soil physicochemical properties. No-tillage was an effective method under conditions of mean annual precipitation < 400 mm; mean annual temperature < 12°C; loam, neutral or alkaline soil; and medium fertility farmland. Deep ploughing was the most effective in farmlands with low fertilizer levels. The results provide a scientific basis for help agricultural producers to formulate suitable farming practices for appropriate management of production factors.
{"title":"Meta-analysis of the effects of different tillage methods on wheat yields under various conditions in China","authors":"Donghua Liu, Bingxin Tian, Mengqi Zhang, Lina Jiang, Chunxi Li, Xiaoliang Qin, Jianhui Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2025.106449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2025.106449","url":null,"abstract":"Tillage is a useful practice for increasing crop yield, however, its effectiveness is readily influenced by different agro-ecological conditions and cultivation measures. The effects of different tillage methods on wheat yield remain unclear. Therefore, we identified 197 studies and conducted a meta-analysis to determine the effects of three representative tillage methods (no-tillage, subsoiling, and deep ploughing) on wheat yield and soil physicochemical properties according to variations in the mean annual precipitation and temperature, soil texture, soil pH, years of continuous tillage, basic soil fertility, and fertilization level. The average yield increased by 3.5 % under deep ploughing because of the marked decrease in soil bulk density under different production conditions, whereas soil organic carbon and total nitrogen increased significantly, with an average yield increase of 7.0 % under subsoiling tillage. No-tillage overcame the adverse effects of increased soil bulk density on yield by promoting soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation, and had no marked effects on wheat grain yield. The yields increased significantly by 4.5 % after no-tillage for more than seven years. In contrast, deep ploughing tillage initially increased yields, but yields decreased with the number of years under continuous tillage. Overall, subsoiling was the most effective method increasing wheat grain yield and soil physicochemical properties. No-tillage was an effective method under conditions of mean annual precipitation < 400 mm; mean annual temperature < 12°C; loam, neutral or alkaline soil; and medium fertility farmland. Deep ploughing was the most effective in farmlands with low fertilizer levels. The results provide a scientific basis for help agricultural producers to formulate suitable farming practices for appropriate management of production factors.","PeriodicalId":501007,"journal":{"name":"Soil and Tillage Research","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142967799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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