An Yin of UCLA was invited to write this chapter as he had a near unique approach to understanding tectonic processes. Unfortunately, he passed away on a field trip just a month or two before manuscripts were due. His work was informed by both field studies and theory, which were then applied to very wide-ranging systems, including the Tibetan Plateau (e.g., Murphy et al. 1997; Kapp et al. 2005), low-angle normal faults of the Basin and Range province (Yin 1989) and, in the planetary realm, the tectonics of Enceladus (Yin et al. 2016) and...
{"title":"Some Tectonic Concepts Relevant to the Study of Rocky Exoplanets","authors":"Keith D. Putirka","doi":"10.2138/rmg.2024.90.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2024.90.09","url":null,"abstract":"An Yin of UCLA was invited to write this chapter as he had a near unique approach to understanding tectonic processes. Unfortunately, he passed away on a field trip just a month or two before manuscripts were due. His work was informed by both field studies and theory, which were then applied to very wide-ranging systems, including the Tibetan Plateau (e.g., Murphy et al. 1997; Kapp et al. 2005), low-angle normal faults of the Basin and Range province (Yin 1989) and, in the planetary realm, the tectonics of Enceladus (Yin et al. 2016) and...","PeriodicalId":501196,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141868732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mineral properties hold dominion over planetary behavior as their physical and thermal properties control mantle circulation, plate tectonics, melting behavior, and crustal deformation, as well as global water and CO2 cycles. Estimating exoplanet mineralogy is thus of paramount importance for understanding planetary origins and evolution. Preliminary studies of exoplanets emphasize individual element abundances (e.g., Ca or K contents) or ratios (Mg/Si or Si/Fe), which are a valuable first step. But inter-planetary differences in, say, Si or Mg, are only relevant insofar they define a planet’s mineralogy.As will be shown, nothing definitive can yet be said about exoplanet mineralogy,...
{"title":"Exoplanet Mineralogy","authors":"Keith D. Putirka","doi":"10.2138/rmg.2024.90.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2024.90.07","url":null,"abstract":"Mineral properties hold dominion over planetary behavior as their physical and thermal properties control mantle circulation, plate tectonics, melting behavior, and crustal deformation, as well as global water and CO2 cycles. Estimating exoplanet mineralogy is thus of paramount importance for understanding planetary origins and evolution. Preliminary studies of exoplanets emphasize individual element abundances (e.g., Ca or K contents) or ratios (Mg/Si or Si/Fe), which are a valuable first step. But inter-planetary differences in, say, Si or Mg, are only relevant insofar they define a planet’s mineralogy.As will be shown, nothing definitive can yet be said about exoplanet mineralogy,...","PeriodicalId":501196,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","volume":"295 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141868890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meteorites are a remarkable resource. They capture the imagination of people worldwide with their spectacular entry through Earth’s atmosphere as fireballs, and their exotic character of being pieces of other worlds. Scientifically, they are critical to interpreting the early stages of formation of the Solar System, as well as the geological evolution of asteroids, the Moon, and Mars, and they are vital to understanding planetary formation processes. With the burgeoning exploration of extrasolar planetary systems, knowledge of the fundamental process of planetary growth from protoplanetary disks has taken on a new significance. Meteorites provide essential and detailed insight into the...
{"title":"Meteorites and Planet Formation","authors":"Rhian H. Jones","doi":"10.2138/rmg.2024.90.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2024.90.04","url":null,"abstract":"Meteorites are a remarkable resource. They capture the imagination of people worldwide with their spectacular entry through Earth’s atmosphere as fireballs, and their exotic character of being pieces of other worlds. Scientifically, they are critical to interpreting the early stages of formation of the Solar System, as well as the geological evolution of asteroids, the Moon, and Mars, and they are vital to understanding planetary formation processes. With the burgeoning exploration of extrasolar planetary systems, knowledge of the fundamental process of planetary growth from protoplanetary disks has taken on a new significance. Meteorites provide essential and detailed insight into the...","PeriodicalId":501196,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141868896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Claire Marie Guimond, Haiyang Wang, Fabian Seidler, Paolo Sossi, Aprajit Mahajan, Oliver Shorttle
The advent of radial velocity (RV) and transit photometry method has resulted in the detection of more than 5000 exoplanets since 1995. Of these detected planets, a significant fraction, ∼20%,1 may be dominantly rocky. Given the biases inherent to exoplanet detection, this implies an even larger fraction of the overall planet population as likely possessing a significant rock fraction (e.g., Fulton et al. 2017). However, owing to the difficulty in detecting Earth-sized planets, the vast majority of these rocky planets are much larger than Earth (so-called ‘super-Earths’); with radii ≲ 1.5 times that of Earth (1.5 RE...
{"title":"From Stars to Diverse Mantles, Melts, Crusts, and Atmospheres of Rocky Exoplanets","authors":"Claire Marie Guimond, Haiyang Wang, Fabian Seidler, Paolo Sossi, Aprajit Mahajan, Oliver Shorttle","doi":"10.2138/rmg.2024.90.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2024.90.08","url":null,"abstract":"The advent of radial velocity (RV) and transit photometry method has resulted in the detection of more than 5000 exoplanets since 1995. Of these detected planets, a significant fraction, ∼20%,1 may be dominantly rocky. Given the biases inherent to exoplanet detection, this implies an even larger fraction of the overall planet population as likely possessing a significant rock fraction (e.g., Fulton et al. 2017). However, owing to the difficulty in detecting Earth-sized planets, the vast majority of these rocky planets are much larger than Earth (so-called ‘super-Earths’); with radii ≲ 1.5 times that of Earth (1.5 RE...","PeriodicalId":501196,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141868894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The most direct and substantial way to measure the geochemistry of extrasolar objects is to perform chemical autopsies on their broken-up remains. However, traditional ways of probing extrasolar planetary systems around Sun-like stars cannot achieve this goal, instead yielding just a planet’s bulk density or chemical details of its atmosphere. Fortunately, new techniques have emerged which allow us to perform the desired geochemical postmortems. These techniques work only on old planetary systems: specifically, systems which are old enough so that their parent stars have already exhausted their fuel and have evolved into burnt cores known as white dwarfs.Hence,...
{"title":"The Evolution and Delivery of Rocky Extra-Solar Materials to White Dwarfs","authors":"Dimitri Veras, Alexander J. Mustill, Amy Bonsor","doi":"10.2138/rmg.2024.90.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2024.90.05","url":null,"abstract":"The most direct and substantial way to measure the geochemistry of extrasolar objects is to perform chemical autopsies on their broken-up remains. However, traditional ways of probing extrasolar planetary systems around Sun-like stars cannot achieve this goal, instead yielding just a planet’s bulk density or chemical details of its atmosphere. Fortunately, new techniques have emerged which allow us to perform the desired geochemical postmortems. These techniques work only on old planetary systems: specifically, systems which are old enough so that their parent stars have already exhausted their fuel and have evolved into burnt cores known as white dwarfs.Hence,...","PeriodicalId":501196,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","volume":"64 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141868735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Framework for the Origin and Deep Cycles of Volatiles in Rocky Exoplanets","authors":"Rajdeep Dasgupta, Debjeet Pathak, Maxime Maurice","doi":"10.2138/rmg.2024.90.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2024.90.10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":501196,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","volume":"64 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141701803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The field of exoplanet atmospheric characterization has recently made considerable advances with the advent of high-resolution spectroscopy from large ground-based telescopes and the commissioning of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). We have entered an era in which atmospheric compositions, aerosol properties, thermal structures, mass loss, and three-dimensional effects can be reliably constrained. While the challenges of remote sensing techniques imply that individual exoplanet atmospheres will likely never be characterized to the degree of detail that is possible for solar system bodies, exoplanets present an exciting opportunity to characterize a diverse array of worlds with properties that are not represented...
{"title":"Transiting Exoplanet Atmospheres in the Era of JWST","authors":"Eliza M.-R. Kempton, Heather A. Knutson","doi":"10.2138/rmg.2024.90.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2024.90.12","url":null,"abstract":"The field of exoplanet atmospheric characterization has recently made considerable advances with the advent of high-resolution spectroscopy from large ground-based telescopes and the commissioning of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). We have entered an era in which atmospheric compositions, aerosol properties, thermal structures, mass loss, and three-dimensional effects can be reliably constrained. While the challenges of remote sensing techniques imply that individual exoplanet atmospheres will likely never be characterized to the degree of detail that is possible for solar system bodies, exoplanets present an exciting opportunity to characterize a diverse array of worlds with properties that are not represented...","PeriodicalId":501196,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141868733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eva E. Stüeken, Stephanie L. Olson, Eli Moore, Bradford J. Foley
Planet Earth has evolved over the past 4.5 billion years from an entirely anoxic planet with possibly a different tectonic regime to the oxygenated world with horizontal plate tectonics that we know today. For most of this time, Earth has been inhabited by a purely microbial biosphere albeit with seemingly increasing complexity over time. A rich record of this geobiological evolution over most of Earth’s history thus provides insights into the remote detectability of microbial life under a variety of planetary conditions. Here we leverage Earth’s geobiological record with the aim of (a) illustrating the current state of knowledge and...
{"title":"The Early Earth as an Analogue for Exoplanetary Biogeochemistry","authors":"Eva E. Stüeken, Stephanie L. Olson, Eli Moore, Bradford J. Foley","doi":"10.2138/rmg.2024.90.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2024.90.14","url":null,"abstract":"Planet Earth has evolved over the past 4.5 billion years from an entirely anoxic planet with possibly a different tectonic regime to the oxygenated world with horizontal plate tectonics that we know today. For most of this time, Earth has been inhabited by a purely microbial biosphere albeit with seemingly increasing complexity over time. A rich record of this geobiological evolution over most of Earth’s history thus provides insights into the remote detectability of microbial life under a variety of planetary conditions. Here we leverage Earth’s geobiological record with the aim of (a) illustrating the current state of knowledge and...","PeriodicalId":501196,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","volume":"171 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141868895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Planets are formed inside disks around young stars. The gas, dust, and ice in these natal disks are the building materials of planets, and therefore, their compositions fundamentally shape the final chemical compositions of planets. In this review, we summarize current observations of molecular lines in protoplanetary disks, from near-infrareffd to millimeter wavelengths. We discuss the basic types of chemical reactions in disks and the current development of chemical modeling. In particular, we highlight the progress made in understanding snowline locations, abundances of main carriers of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen, and complex organic molecules in disks. Finally, we discuss efforts...
{"title":"Chemistry in Protoplanetary Disks","authors":"Ke Zhang","doi":"10.2138/rmg.2024.90.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2024.90.02","url":null,"abstract":"Planets are formed inside disks around young stars. The gas, dust, and ice in these natal disks are the building materials of planets, and therefore, their compositions fundamentally shape the final chemical compositions of planets. In this review, we summarize current observations of molecular lines in protoplanetary disks, from near-infrareffd to millimeter wavelengths. We discuss the basic types of chemical reactions in disks and the current development of chemical modeling. In particular, we highlight the progress made in understanding snowline locations, abundances of main carriers of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen, and complex organic molecules in disks. Finally, we discuss efforts...","PeriodicalId":501196,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141868734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The search for life on other planets is one of the grand scientific goals of our time. The Decadal Survey on Astronomy and Astrophysics 2020 (Astro2020)1 sets the top priority in the coming decade to be the pursuit of a new space observatory called the Habitable World Observatory (HWO), with the goal to directly detect Earth-like planets, characterize its atmosphere, and search for biosignatures. However, whether a gas is a biosignature depends on the geochemical cycles (Shahar et al. 2019). We can’t fully identify a gas as a biosignature unless we know the planet’s (abiotic)...
{"title":"The Chemistry of Extra-solar Materials from White Dwarf Planetary Systems","authors":"Siyi Xu (许偲艺), Laura K. Rogers, Simon Blouin","doi":"10.2138/rmg.2024.90.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2024.90.06","url":null,"abstract":"The search for life on other planets is one of the grand scientific goals of our time. The Decadal Survey on Astronomy and Astrophysics 2020 (Astro2020)1 sets the top priority in the coming decade to be the pursuit of a new space observatory called the Habitable World Observatory (HWO), with the goal to directly detect Earth-like planets, characterize its atmosphere, and search for biosignatures. However, whether a gas is a biosignature depends on the geochemical cycles (Shahar et al. 2019). We can’t fully identify a gas as a biosignature unless we know the planet’s (abiotic)...","PeriodicalId":501196,"journal":{"name":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141868888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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