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Identification of elongation factor-2 as a novel regulator of mitochondrial fission 延长因子-2作为线粒体裂变新调控因子的鉴定
Pub Date : 2022-05-10 DOI: 10.1002/ntls.20220011
Jinhwan Kim, Yanfeng Li, Yan Cheng, Xingcong Ren, Yi Zhang, Cheng Ji, Hua Zhu, Yoshinori Takahashi, Xingdong Xiong, Lixiang Gu, Chrispus Ngule, Xiaofang Xiong, Jianxun Song, Xiaoqi Liu, Jin-Ming Yang
Mitochondria continuously undergo morphologically dynamic processes of fusion and fission to maintain their size, shape, amount, and function; yet the precise molecular mechanisms by which mitochondrial dynamics is regulated remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we report a previous unappreciated but critical role of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) in regulating mitochondrial fission. eEF2, a G-protein superfamily member encoded by EEF2 gene in humans, has long been appreciated as a promoter of the GTP-dependent translocation of the ribosome during protein synthesis. We found unexpectedly in several types of cells that eEF2 was not only present in the cytosol but also in the mitochondria. Furthermore, we showed that mitochondrial length was significantly increased when the cells were subjected to silencing of eEF2 expression, suggesting a promotive role for eEF2 in the mitochondrial fission. Inversely, overexpression of eEF2 decreased mitochondrial length, suggesting an increase of mitochondrial fission. Inhibition of mitochondrial fission caused by eEF2 depletion was accompanied by alterations of cellular metabolism, as evidenced by a reduction of oxygen consumption and an increase of oxidative stress in the mitochondria. We further demonstrated that eEF2 and Drp1, a key driver of mitochondrial fission, colocalized at the mitochondria, as evidenced by microscopic observation, coimmunoprecipitation, and GST pulldown assay. Deletion of the GTP-binding motif of eEF2 decreased its association with Drp1 and abrogated its effect on mitochondria fission. Moreover, we showed that wild-type eEF2 stimulated GTPase activity of Drp1, whereas deletion of the GTP-binding site of eEF2 diminished its stimulatory effect on GTPase activity. This work not only reveals a previously unrecognized function of eEF2 (i.e., promoting mitochondrial fission), but also uncovers the interaction of eEF2 with Drp1 as a novel regulatory mechanism of the mitochondrial dynamics. Therefore, eEF2 warrants further exploration for its potential as a therapeutic target for the mitochondria-related diseases.
线粒体不断经历形态动态的融合和裂变过程,以维持其大小、形状、数量和功能;然而,线粒体动力学调控的精确分子机制仍有待充分阐明。在这里,我们报告了以前未被认识但关键的真核延伸因子2 (eEF2)在调节线粒体裂变中的作用。eEF2是由人类eEF2基因编码的g蛋白超家族成员,长期以来一直被认为是蛋白质合成过程中核糖体gtp依赖性易位的启动子。我们意外地发现,在几种类型的细胞中,eEF2不仅存在于细胞质中,而且存在于线粒体中。此外,我们发现当细胞沉默eEF2表达时,线粒体长度显着增加,这表明eEF2在线粒体裂变中起促进作用。相反,过表达eEF2减少了线粒体长度,表明线粒体分裂增加。eEF2耗竭引起的线粒体裂变抑制伴随着细胞代谢的改变,线粒体中氧气消耗的减少和氧化应激的增加证明了这一点。通过显微镜观察、共免疫沉淀和GST下拉实验,我们进一步证明了eEF2和Drp1是线粒体分裂的关键驱动因素,它们共定位于线粒体。eEF2的gtp结合基序的缺失降低了其与Drp1的关联,并取消了其对线粒体裂变的影响。此外,我们发现野生型eEF2刺激了Drp1的GTPase活性,而eEF2的gtp结合位点的缺失减少了其对GTPase活性的刺激作用。这项工作不仅揭示了eEF2以前未被认识的功能(即促进线粒体裂变),而且还揭示了eEF2与Drp1的相互作用是线粒体动力学的一种新的调节机制。因此,eEF2作为线粒体相关疾病的治疗靶点的潜力值得进一步探索。
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引用次数: 0
One-pot synthesis of high-capacity silicon anodes via on-copper growth of a semiconducting, porous polymer 通过在铜上生长半导体多孔聚合物一锅合成高容量硅阳极
Pub Date : 2022-05-05 DOI: 10.1002/ntls.20210105
Jieyang Huang, Andréa Martin, Anna Urbanski, Ranjit Kulkarni, Patrick Amsalem, Moritz Exner, Guiping Li, Johannes Müller, David Burmeister, Norbert Koch, Torsten Brezesinski, Nicola Pinna, Petra Uhlmann, Michael J. Bojdys
Silicon-based anodes with lithium ions as charge carriers have the highest predicted theoretical specific capacity of 3579 mA h g−1 (for Li15Si4). Contemporary electrodes do not achieve this theoretical value largely because conventional production paradigms rely on the mixing of weakly coordinated components. In this paper, a semiconductive triazine-based graphdiyne polymer network is grown around silicon nanoparticles directly on the current collector, a copper sheet. The porous, semiconducting organic framework (1) adheres to the current collector on which it grows via cooperative van der Waals interactions, (2) acts effectively as conductor for electrical charges and binder of silicon nanoparticles via conjugated, covalent bonds, and (3) enables selective transport of electrolyte and Li-ions through pores of defined size. The resulting anode shows extraordinarily high capacity at the theoretical limit of fully lithiated silicon. Finally, we combine our anodes in proof-of-concept battery assemblies using a conventional layered Ni-rich oxide cathode.
以锂离子为载流子的硅基阳极具有最高的预测理论比容量3579 mA h g−1(对于Li15Si4)。当代电极不能达到这一理论价值,主要是因为传统的生产模式依赖于弱协调成分的混合。在本文中,一个半导体的三嗪基石墨炔聚合物网络被生长在硅纳米颗粒周围,直接生长在电流收集器(铜片)上。多孔的半导体有机框架(1)通过范德华相互作用附着在电流收集器上,(2)通过共轭共价键有效地充当电荷的导体和硅纳米颗粒的粘合剂,(3)通过规定尺寸的孔选择性地传输电解质和锂离子。所得阳极在完全锂化硅的理论极限下显示出非常高的容量。最后,我们使用传统的层状富镍氧化物阴极将我们的阳极组合在概念验证电池组件中。
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引用次数: 0
Front Cover: From atomic physics, to upper-atmospheric chemistry, to cosmology: A “laser photometric ratio star” to calibrate telescopes at major observatories 封面:从原子物理学,到高层大气化学,再到宇宙学:一颗“激光光度比星”,用于校准主要天文台的望远镜
Pub Date : 2022-04-21 DOI: 10.1002/ntls.10046
Justin E. Albert, Dmitry Budker, H. R. Sadeghpour
From Atoms to the Universe
从原子到宇宙
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引用次数: 0
Trajectories and the perception of classical motion in the free propagation of wave packets 波包自由传播中的轨迹和经典运动的感知
Pub Date : 2022-04-10 DOI: 10.1002/ntls.20210089
John S. Briggs
The free propagation in time of a normalisable wave packet is the oldest problem of continuum quantum mechanics. Its motion from microscopic to macroscopic distance is the way in which most quantum systems are detected experimentally. Although much studied and analysed since 1927 and presented in many textbooks, here the problem is re-appraised from the standpoint of semi-classical mechanics. Particular aspects are the emergence of deterministic trajectories of particles emanating from a region of atomic dimension and the interpretation of the wave function as describing a single particle or an ensemble of identical particles. Of possible wave packets, that of Gaussian form is most studied due to the simple exact form of the time-dependent solution in real and in momentum space. Furthermore, this form is important in laser optics. Here the equivalence of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation to the paraxial equation for the propagation of light is demonstrated explicitly. This parallel helps to understand the relevance of trajectory concepts and the conditions necessary for the perception of quantum motion as classical.
可归一化波包在时间中的自由传播是连续统量子力学中最古老的问题。它从微观到宏观距离的运动是大多数量子系统在实验中被检测到的方式。尽管自1927年以来,人们对这个问题进行了大量的研究和分析,并在许多教科书中提出,但这里从半经典力学的角度对这个问题进行了重新评价。特别的方面是粒子从原子维度的区域发出的确定性轨迹的出现,以及波函数作为描述单个粒子或相同粒子的集合的解释。在可能的波包中,由于在实空间和动量空间中随时间解的简单精确形式,高斯形式的波包被研究得最多。此外,这种形式在激光光学中也很重要。在这里等价的时间依赖Schrödinger方程的准轴方程的传播光被明确地证明。这种平行有助于理解轨迹概念的相关性以及将量子运动视为经典所必需的条件。
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引用次数: 3
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