Natural Sciences最新文献

First direct detection of large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on asteroid (162173) Ryugu samples: An interstellar heritage 首次在小行星（162173）龙宫样本上直接探测到大型多环芳烃：星际遗产

Natural Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1002/ntls.20240010

Hassan Sabbah, Ghylaine Quitté, Karine Demyk, Christine Joblin

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered major players in the physics and chemistry of star‐ and planet‐forming regions. The interstellar PAH hypothesis is based on our understanding of the origin of the aromatic infrared bands (AIBs), a set of bright emission features that are now the focus of observations by the James Webb telescope. While AIB carriers are expected to be large free PAHs (50 carbon atoms or more), laboratory analysis of primitive carbonaceous chondrites (CCs) has mainly revealed relatively small PAHs, up to 24 carbon atoms. In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of aromatic species in bulk samples from the carbonaceous asteroid Ryugu using a surface mass spectrometry technique provided by two‐step laser desorption ionization. The resulting molecular distribution differs significantly from that obtained for a sample from the CC Orgueil, revealing aromatic species extending up to 61 carbon atoms. The species identified are composed of both peri‐condensed PAHs and non‐condensed aromatics. These results directly support the interstellar PAH hypothesis and open up new perspectives on the formation and evolution of organic matter in star‐forming regions and in the solar nebula.Key Points

First direct detection of free aromatic species of large sizes with up to 61 carbon atoms in primitive extraterrestrial matter by applying a highly sensitive two‐step laser mass spectrometry analysis to grain samples from the carbonaceous asteroid Ryugu (Hayabusa2 mission).

First direct support for the interstellar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) hypothesis, according to which large free PAHs are responsible for the aromatic emission bands that are major infrared features currently observed by the James Webb Space Telescope.

The large aromatic species detected are present in trace amounts and future research is needed to develop sensitive techniques for studying these compounds in sample return missions and meteorites.

多环芳香烃（PAHs）被认为是恒星和行星形成区域物理和化学中的主要角色。星际多环芳烃假说基于我们对芳香族红外波段（AIB）起源的理解，这是一组明亮的发射特征，目前是詹姆斯-韦伯望远镜观测的重点。虽然 AIB 的载体预计是大的游离多环芳烃（50 个碳原子或更多），但对原始碳质软玉（CCs）的实验室分析主要揭示了相对较小的多环芳烃，最多只有 24 个碳原子。在本研究中，我们利用两步激光解吸电离技术提供的表面质谱技术，对来自龙宫碳质小行星的块状样品中的芳香族物种进行了全面分析。分析得出的分子分布与从CC Orgueil小行星样品中获得的分子分布有很大不同，揭示的芳香族物种可延伸至61个碳原子。确定的物种由近凝结多环芳烃和非凝结芳烃组成。这些结果直接支持了星际多环芳烃假说，并为研究恒星形成区和太阳星云中有机物质的形成和演化开辟了新的视角。重点通过对碳质小行星 "龙宫"（Hayabusa2 任务）的颗粒样本进行高灵敏度的两步激光质谱分析，首次直接探测到原始地外物质中具有高达 61 个碳原子的大尺寸自由芳香物种。首次直接支持星际多环芳香烃（PAH）假说，根据该假说，大型游离多环芳香烃是目前詹姆斯-韦伯太空望远镜观测到的主要红外特征芳香发射带的成因。检测到的大型芳香族物种含量微乎其微，未来的研究需要开发灵敏的技术来研究样本返回任务和陨石中的这些化合物。

{"title":"First direct detection of large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on asteroid (162173) Ryugu samples: An interstellar heritage","authors":"Hassan Sabbah, Ghylaine Quitté, Karine Demyk, Christine Joblin","doi":"10.1002/ntls.20240010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ntls.20240010","url":null,"abstract":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered major players in the physics and chemistry of star‐ and planet‐forming regions. The interstellar PAH hypothesis is based on our understanding of the origin of the aromatic infrared bands (AIBs), a set of bright emission features that are now the focus of observations by the James Webb telescope. While AIB carriers are expected to be large free PAHs (50 carbon atoms or more), laboratory analysis of primitive carbonaceous chondrites (CCs) has mainly revealed relatively small PAHs, up to 24 carbon atoms. In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of aromatic species in bulk samples from the carbonaceous asteroid Ryugu using a surface mass spectrometry technique provided by two‐step laser desorption ionization. The resulting molecular distribution differs significantly from that obtained for a sample from the CC Orgueil, revealing aromatic species extending up to 61 carbon atoms. The species identified are composed of both peri‐condensed PAHs and non‐condensed aromatics. These results directly support the interstellar PAH hypothesis and open up new perspectives on the formation and evolution of organic matter in star‐forming regions and in the solar nebula.Key Points First direct detection of free aromatic species of large sizes with up to 61 carbon atoms in primitive extraterrestrial matter by applying a highly sensitive two‐step laser mass spectrometry analysis to grain samples from the carbonaceous asteroid Ryugu (Hayabusa2 mission). First direct support for the interstellar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) hypothesis, according to which large free PAHs are responsible for the aromatic emission bands that are major infrared features currently observed by the James Webb Space Telescope. The large aromatic species detected are present in trace amounts and future research is needed to develop sensitive techniques for studying these compounds in sample return missions and meteorites. ","PeriodicalId":501225,"journal":{"name":"Natural Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142222747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thermoring basis for heat unfolding‐induced inactivation in TRPV1 热折叠诱导 TRPV1 失活的热学基础

Natural Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1002/ntls.20240008

Guangyu Wang

Transient receptor potential vanilloid‐1 (TRPV1) is a capsaicin receptor that employs use‐dependent desensitization to protect highly evolved mammals from noxious heat damage in response to repeated or constant heat stimuli. However, the underlying structural factor or motif has not been precisely resolved. In this computational study, the graph theory‐based grid thermodynamic model was used to reveal how temperature‐dependent noncovalent interactions, as identified in the 3D structures of rat TRPV1, could develop a well‐organized fluidic grid‐like mesh network. This network features various topological grids constrained as thermosensitive rings that range in size from the biggest to the smallest, governing distinct structural and functional traits of the channel in response to different temperature degrees. After discovering that heat unfolding of three specific biggest grids, one in the closed state and two in the open state, respectively, causes the reversible activation at 43°C and thermal inactivation between 56°C and 61°C, a smaller random grid was also found to be responsible for irreversible inactivation and use‐dependent desensitization from the pre‐open closed state within the temperature range of 43°C–61°C. Thus, these two distinct inactivation pathways of TRPV1 may be involved in protecting those mammals against noxious heat damage.Key Points

A perturbation at the protein–water interface was accompanied by partial heat or cold unfolding of the membrane protein.

A reversible or irreversible gating transition of an ion channel may result from a specific or random interaction between two active sites, respectively.

Kinetically driven protein aggregation was not the cause of thermodynamically trapped irreversible inactivation, but rather a later stage of partial heat‐induced unfolding.

瞬时受体电位香草素-1（TRPV1）是一种辣椒素受体，它利用依赖于使用的脱敏作用，保护高度进化的哺乳动物在反复或持续的热刺激下免受有害热损伤。然而，其潜在的结构因子或图案尚未得到精确的解析。在这项计算研究中，我们利用基于图论的网格热力学模型揭示了大鼠 TRPV1 三维结构中发现的温度依赖性非共价相互作用如何形成一个组织良好的流体网格状网状网络。该网络以各种拓扑网格为特征，这些网格被限制为热敏环，其大小从最大到最小不等，在不同的温度下控制着通道的不同结构和功能特征。在发现三个特定的最大网格（一个处于封闭状态，另两个处于开放状态）的热展开分别导致 43°C 的可逆激活和 56°C 至 61°C 的热失活之后，还发现一个较小的随机网格在 43°C 至 61°C 的温度范围内导致不可逆失活和从开放前的封闭状态开始的使用依赖性脱敏。因此，TRPV1 这两种不同的失活途径可能参与了保护哺乳动物免受有害热损伤的过程。离子通道的可逆或不可逆门控转变可能分别由两个活性位点之间的特定或随机相互作用引起。动力学驱动的蛋白质聚集并不是热力学不可逆失活的原因，而是部分热诱导解折的后期阶段。

{"title":"Thermoring basis for heat unfolding‐induced inactivation in TRPV1","authors":"Guangyu Wang","doi":"10.1002/ntls.20240008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ntls.20240008","url":null,"abstract":"Transient receptor potential vanilloid‐1 (TRPV1) is a capsaicin receptor that employs use‐dependent desensitization to protect highly evolved mammals from noxious heat damage in response to repeated or constant heat stimuli. However, the underlying structural factor or motif has not been precisely resolved. In this computational study, the graph theory‐based grid thermodynamic model was used to reveal how temperature‐dependent noncovalent interactions, as identified in the 3D structures of rat TRPV1, could develop a well‐organized fluidic grid‐like mesh network. This network features various topological grids constrained as thermosensitive rings that range in size from the biggest to the smallest, governing distinct structural and functional traits of the channel in response to different temperature degrees. After discovering that heat unfolding of three specific biggest grids, one in the closed state and two in the open state, respectively, causes the reversible activation at 43°C and thermal inactivation between 56°C and 61°C, a smaller random grid was also found to be responsible for irreversible inactivation and use‐dependent desensitization from the pre‐open closed state within the temperature range of 43°C–61°C. Thus, these two distinct inactivation pathways of TRPV1 may be involved in protecting those mammals against noxious heat damage.Key Points A perturbation at the protein–water interface was accompanied by partial heat or cold unfolding of the membrane protein. A reversible or irreversible gating transition of an ion channel may result from a specific or random interaction between two active sites, respectively. Kinetically driven protein aggregation was not the cause of thermodynamically trapped irreversible inactivation, but rather a later stage of partial heat‐induced unfolding. ","PeriodicalId":501225,"journal":{"name":"Natural Sciences","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142222748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Commentary on “A simple, practical experiment to investigate atomic wavefunction reduction within a Stern‐Gerlach magnet” by Michael Devereux, published in J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 57, 152501 (2024), https://doi.org/10.1088/1361‐6455/ad5992 对 Michael Devereux 在《J. Phys. B: At.Mol.Opt.57, 152501 (2024), https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6455/ad5992

Natural Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-08-29 DOI: 10.1002/ntls.20240025

Ron Folman

Experimental proof of coherent spatial interference from the logitudinal (1D) Stern-Gerlach (SG) interferometer. (a) A single-shot interference pattern of a thermal cloud with a negligible BEC fraction, with a visibility of 𝑉 = 0.65, clearly showing that a BEC is not needed for the interferometer to work. (b) A multishot image made by averaging 40 consecutive interference images using a BEC (no correction or postselection) with a normalized visibility of 𝑉 = 0.99, proving that the interferometer is phase stable and that no BEC interference (with random fringe position) was involved. (c) Spin oscillations observed at the output of the full-loop SG. The data agrees almost perfectly with the theory developed for a spatial interferometer by the group of Wolfgang Schleich. The excellent agreement again proves that coherent spatial splitting has been achieved. Additional experimental results include clock interferometry and geometrical phase, results which all fit nicely with the theory of a spatial SG interferometer. For a detailed review of the experiments see: Keil, M. et al. (2021). Stern-Gerlach Interferometry with the Atom Chip. In: Friedrich, B., Schmidt-Böcking, H. (eds) Molecular Beams in Physics and Chemistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63963-1_14

对数（1D）斯特恩-格拉赫（SG）干涉仪相干空间干涉的实验证明。(a) 热云的单光干涉图，其 BEC 分数可忽略不计，能见度为 𝑉 = 0.65，清楚地表明干涉仪的工作不需要 BEC。(b) 通过使用 BEC（无校正或后选）对 40 幅连续干涉图像进行平均而得到的多点图像，其归一化能见度为 𝑉 = 0.99，证明干涉仪相位稳定，不涉及 BEC 干涉（随机条纹位置）。(c) 在全环 SG 输出端观察到的自旋振荡。这些数据与沃尔夫冈-施莱希小组为空间干涉仪开发的理论几乎完全吻合。出色的吻合再次证明了相干空间分裂已经实现。其他实验结果包括时钟干涉测量和几何相位，这些结果都非常符合空间 SG 干涉仪的理论。有关实验的详细回顾，请参阅 Keil, M. et al：Keil, M. et al. (2021)。使用原子芯片的斯特恩-格拉赫干涉仪。In：Friedrich, B., Schmidt-Böcking, H. (eds) Molecular Beams in Physics and Chemistry. Springer, Cham.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63963-1_14

{"title":"Commentary on “A simple, practical experiment to investigate atomic wavefunction reduction within a Stern‐Gerlach magnet” by Michael Devereux, published in J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 57, 152501 (2024), https://doi.org/10.1088/1361‐6455/ad5992","authors":"Ron Folman","doi":"10.1002/ntls.20240025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ntls.20240025","url":null,"abstract":"Experimental proof of coherent spatial interference from the logitudinal (1D) Stern-Gerlach (SG) interferometer. (a) A single-shot interference pattern of a thermal cloud with a negligible BEC fraction, with a visibility of 𝑉 = 0.65, clearly showing that a BEC is not needed for the interferometer to work. (b) A multishot image made by averaging 40 consecutive interference images using a BEC (no correction or postselection) with a normalized visibility of 𝑉 = 0.99, proving that the interferometer is phase stable and that no BEC interference (with random fringe position) was involved. (c) Spin oscillations observed at the output of the full-loop SG. The data agrees almost perfectly with the theory developed for a spatial interferometer by the group of Wolfgang Schleich. The excellent agreement again proves that coherent spatial splitting has been achieved. Additional experimental results include clock interferometry and geometrical phase, results which all fit nicely with the theory of a spatial SG interferometer. For a detailed review of the experiments see: Keil, M. et al. (2021). Stern-Gerlach Interferometry with the Atom Chip. In: Friedrich, B., Schmidt-Böcking, H. (eds) Molecular Beams in Physics and Chemistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63963-1_14","PeriodicalId":501225,"journal":{"name":"Natural Sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142222749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How inoculation saved the world: A timely acknowledgment of the contribution of an English lady 接种疫苗如何拯救世界及时肯定一位英国女士的贡献

Natural Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.1002/ntls.20240013

Sandya Narayanswami

Dr. Sandya Narayanswami is a life scientist with a B. Sc (Hons) in Biological Sciences from the University of Leicester, a PhD from the University of St. Andrews, Scotland, followed by postdoctoral training in the Chambon and Hamkalo Labs at the Universities of Strasbourg and California, Irvine. She combines faculty-level research experience at The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, with a 25-year track record of fundraising from foundations, corporations, and federal agencies, most recently at the California Institute of Technology. She launched her own consultancy in 2014 and got her pilot's license in 2019 through the Caltech Flying Club. She is currently Chairman of the Board of the General Aviation Awards, the US's oldest awards program in General Aviation, endorsed by the FAA. She has a profound passion for and understanding of science, together with a deep love and knowledge of literature and the humanities.

Research Highlights

Lady Mary Wortley Montagu was the person who introduced inoculation for smallpox from Turkey to the Western world. Her work underlies all subsequent vaccination strategies, including that of Katalin Karikó, who shared the 2023 Nobel Prize in Medicine for her work on novel mRNA-based vaccines.
Lady Mary's contribution is more relevant than ever yet it is routinely ignored, while Edward Jenner (1749−1823) gets all the credit. Jenner, however, did not introduce inoculation—he merely changed the antigen used to elicit an immune response from live smallpox to cowpox. While this made inoculation safer, it would not have been possible without an inoculation method.
Willett's biography of Lady Mary is well-written and targeted to the general reader. It describes her efforts in terms that contemporaries today can relate to, for example, current rules for “clinical trials” and how data gathering was performed during the early stages of testing this new protocol.

With truly brilliant timing, just as the COVID pandemic accelerated in 2021, a new biography of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689−1762),¹ a pioneer of inoculation as a medical technology, was published. Although nothing in the book specifically mentions the pandemic, the obvious message is that it is time to understand Lady Mary's contribution more broadly. Her work underlies all subsequent vaccination strategies, including that of another woman, Katalin Karikó, who shared the 2023 Nobel Prize in Medicine for her work on novel mRNA-based vaccines, which literally saved the world more than 300 years later.

Lady Mary, eldest daughter of Evelyn Pierrepont, first Duke of Kingston was the person who introduced inoculation or, as it was called, “engrafting” for smallpox from Turkey to the Western world. At the time, smallpox was causing waves of lethal epidemics throughout Europe. Lady Mary herself had caught the disease and survived although her brother Wil

Sandya Narayanswami 博士是一名生命科学家，拥有莱斯特大学生物科学荣誉学士学位和苏格兰圣安德鲁斯大学博士学位，之后在斯特拉斯堡大学和加州欧文大学的 Chambon 和 Hamkalo 实验室接受博士后培训。她曾在缅因州巴港的杰克逊实验室从事教师级别的研究工作，并在基金会、企业和联邦机构拥有长达25年的筹款记录，最近一次任职是在加州理工学院。她于2014年成立了自己的咨询公司，并于2019年通过加州理工学院飞行俱乐部获得了飞行员执照。她目前是通用航空奖（General Aviation Awards）董事会主席，该奖项是美国历史最悠久的通用航空奖项，得到了美国联邦航空局（FAA）的认可。她对科学有着深厚的热情和理解，同时对文学和人文学科也有着深厚的热爱和了解。研究亮点玛丽-沃特利-蒙塔古女士是将天花接种从土耳其引入西方世界的人。她的研究成果是后来所有疫苗接种策略的基础，包括卡塔林-卡里科（Katalin Karikó）的研究成果，她因研究基于 mRNA 的新型疫苗而分享了 2023 年诺贝尔医学奖。玛丽女士的贡献比以往任何时候都更有意义，但却经常被忽视，而爱德华-詹纳（Edward Jenner，1749-1823 年）却获得了所有的荣誉。然而，詹纳并没有引入接种--他只是将用于引起免疫反应的抗原从活天花改为牛痘。虽然这使得接种更加安全，但如果没有接种方法，接种是不可能实现的。Willett 的《玛丽夫人传》文笔优美，面向普通读者。威利特女士的传记文笔优美，以普通读者为读者对象，用当代人能够理解的语言描述了她所做的努力，例如 "临床试验 "的现行规则，以及在测试这一新方案的早期阶段是如何收集数据的。就在 2021 年 COVID 大流行加速之时，玛丽-沃特利-蒙塔古夫人（Mary Wortley Montagu，1689-1762 年）1 的新传记出版了，玛丽-沃特利-蒙塔古夫人是将接种作为一种医疗技术的先驱。虽然书中没有特别提到大流行病，但其明显的信息是，现在是更广泛地了解玛丽夫人的贡献的时候了。玛丽夫人是第一任金斯顿公爵伊夫林-皮尔庞特的长女，是她将天花接种或所谓的 "接种 "从土耳其引入西方世界。当时，天花在整个欧洲引起了一波波致命的流行病。玛丽夫人本人也感染了这种疾病，但她的弟弟威廉-金斯顿伯爵于 1713 年死于感染，玛丽夫人嫁给了爱德华-沃特利-蒙塔古，后者于 1716 年被任命为英国驻崇高港（又称奥斯曼帝国）大使。因此，她与蒙塔古一起踏上了从伦敦到君士坦丁堡的漫长旅途，她在信中对此进行了生动的描述2 ，并在君士坦丁堡生活了数年。她非常聪明，思想开放，学会了说土耳其语，并沉浸在奥斯曼帝国的文化中。她将舒适优雅、不穿紧身胸衣和宽松长裤的土耳其女装带到了欧洲，并使之成为时尚的顶峰。然而，与以往来自欧洲的旅行者（均为男性）不同的是，作为英国大使的夫人，她能够参观奥斯曼帝国朝臣夫人们的后宫，因此她在评论自己所观察到的事物方面有着得天独厚的优势。她注意到，与欧洲不同的是，没有人身上有天花疤痕。玛丽夫人很快就发现了原因。她在 1717 年 4 月 1 日的信2 中描述道："有一群老妇人专门做天花手术。每年秋季 9 月，当大暑退去时，人们都会互相打听家里是否有人想出天花.....，他们会为此组织聚会（通常是 15 或 16 人一起聚会），老妇人会带着一个装满最好的天花的果壳来，问你们想开哪条血管。她马上用一根大针.....，把你提供给她的静脉撕开，然后把针头上能碱化的毒液都放进静脉里，之后把小伤口包扎起来......就这样，她打通了 4 或 5 条静脉......。然后他们开始发烧，在床上躺 2 天，很少 3 天......8 天后他们就会恢复得和生病前一样好。"2 这种仪式通常是在女厕所里由妇女进行的，这也是为什么男性旅行者不遵守这种仪式的原因。

{"title":"How inoculation saved the world: A timely acknowledgment of the contribution of an English lady","authors":"Sandya Narayanswami","doi":"10.1002/ntls.20240013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ntls.20240013","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dr. Sandya Narayanswami is a life scientist with a B. Sc (Hons) in Biological Sciences from the University of Leicester, a PhD from the University of St. Andrews, Scotland, followed by postdoctoral training in the Chambon and Hamkalo Labs at the Universities of Strasbourg and California, Irvine. She combines faculty-level research experience at The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, with a 25-year track record of fundraising from foundations, corporations, and federal agencies, most recently at the California Institute of Technology. She launched her own consultancy in 2014 and got her pilot's license in 2019 through the Caltech Flying Club. She is currently Chairman of the Board of the General Aviation Awards, the US's oldest awards program in General Aviation, endorsed by the FAA. She has a profound passion for and understanding of science, together with a deep love and knowledge of literature and the humanities.</p>\u0000<div>\u0000<h2> Research Highlights</h2>\u0000<div>\u0000<ul>\u0000<li>Lady Mary Wortley Montagu was the person who introduced inoculation for smallpox from Turkey to the Western world. Her work underlies all subsequent vaccination strategies, including that of Katalin Karikó, who shared the 2023 Nobel Prize in Medicine for her work on novel mRNA-based vaccines.</li>\u0000<li>Lady Mary's contribution is more relevant than ever yet it is routinely ignored, while Edward Jenner (1749−1823) gets all the credit. Jenner, however, did not introduce inoculation—he merely changed the antigen used to elicit an immune response from live smallpox to cowpox. While this made inoculation safer, it would not have been possible without an inoculation method.</li>\u0000<li>Willett's biography of Lady Mary is well-written and targeted to the general reader. It describes her efforts in terms that contemporaries today can relate to, for example, current rules for “clinical trials” and how data gathering was performed during the early stages of testing this new protocol. </li>\u0000</ul>\u0000</div>\u0000</div>\u0000<p>With truly brilliant timing, just as the COVID pandemic accelerated in 2021, a new biography of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689−1762),<span><sup>1</sup></span> a pioneer of inoculation as a medical technology, was published. Although nothing in the book specifically mentions the pandemic, the obvious message is that it is time to understand Lady Mary's contribution more broadly. Her work underlies all subsequent vaccination strategies, including that of another woman, Katalin Karikó, who shared the 2023 Nobel Prize in Medicine for her work on novel mRNA-based vaccines, which literally saved the world more than 300 years later.</p>\u0000<p>Lady Mary, eldest daughter of Evelyn Pierrepont, first Duke of Kingston was the person who introduced inoculation or, as it was called, “engrafting” for smallpox from Turkey to the Western world. At the time, smallpox was causing waves of lethal epidemics throughout Europe. Lady Mary herself had caught the disease and survived although her brother Wil","PeriodicalId":501225,"journal":{"name":"Natural Sciences","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141717912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Issue Information ‐ TOC 发行信息 - TOC

Natural Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.1002/ntls.202420003

引用次数: 0

Front Cover: Commentary on the role of polyoxometalates in nature cybernetic loop 封面：评述多氧金属酸盐在自然界控制论循环中的作用

Natural Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.1002/ntls.202420001

Kirill Yu. Monakhov

Polyoxometalates, anionic metal-oxygen clusters, are part of our biosphere. They are components of minerals and certain bacteria. This natural occurrence can be of future technological importance. The commentary ntls.20230020 by Kirill Yu. Monakhov provides insights into the terrestrial interplays of these molecules.

多氧金属盐是阴离子金属氧簇，是我们生物圈的一部分。它们是矿物和某些细菌的成分。这种自然现象在未来可能具有重要的技术意义。基里尔-尤-莫纳霍夫（Kirill Yu.莫纳科夫（Kirill Yu. Monakhov）的评论 ntls.20230020，提供了有关这些分子在陆地上相互作用的见解。

引用次数: 0

Molecular beam scattering from flat jets of liquid dodecane and water 液态十二烷和水平射流的分子束散射

Natural Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.1002/ntls.20240009

Walt Yang, Madison M. Foreman, Steven Saric, Alec M. Wodtke, Kevin R. Wilson, Daniel M. Neumark

Molecular beam experiments in which gas molecules are scattered from liquids provide detailed, microscopic perspectives on the gas–liquid interface. Extending these methods to volatile liquids while maintaining the ability to measure product energy and angular distributions presents a significant challenge. The incorporation of flat liquid jets into molecular beam scattering experiments in our laboratory has allowed us to demonstrate their utility in uncovering dynamics in this complex chemical environment. Here, we summarize recent work on the evaporation and scattering of Ne, CD4, ND3, and D2O from a dodecane flat liquid jet and present first results on the evaporation and scattering of Ar from a cold salty water jet. In the evaporation experiments, Maxwell–Boltzmann flux distributions with a cosθ angular distribution are observed. Scattering experiments reveal both impulsive scattering (IS) and trapping followed by thermal desorption (TD). Super‐specular scattering is observed for all four species scattered from dodecane and is attributed to anisotropic momentum transfer to the liquid surface. In the IS channel, rotational excitation of the polyatomic scatterers is a significant energy sink, and these species accommodate more readily on the dodecane surface compared to Ne. Our preliminary results on cold salty water jets suggest that Ar atoms undergo some vapor‐phase collisions when evaporating from the liquid surface. Initial scattering experiments characterize the mechanisms of Ar interacting with an aqueous jet, allowing for comparison to dodecane systems.Key Points

Molecular beam scattering from flat liquid jets is a powerful technique to elucidate mechanistic detail at the gas–liquid interface.

Previous dodecane scattering experiments have uncovered angularly‐resolved thermal desorption fractions and energy transfer at the interface for several small molecule scatterers.

Preliminary results on scattering from cold salty water reveal mechanisms of interaction between argon and an aqueous jet.

在分子束实验中，气体分子会从液体中散射出来，从而为气液界面提供了详细的微观视角。将这些方法扩展到挥发性液体，同时保持测量产物能量和角度分布的能力，是一项重大挑战。在我们实验室的分子束散射实验中加入平面液体射流，使我们能够证明它们在揭示这种复杂化学环境中的动力学方面的实用性。在此，我们总结了最近在十二烷平液体射流中 Ne、CD4、ND3 和 D2O 的蒸发和散射方面的工作，并首次展示了冷盐水射流中 Ar 的蒸发和散射结果。在蒸发实验中，观察到具有 cosθ 角分布的 Maxwell-Boltzmann 流量分布。散射实验显示了脉冲散射（IS）和热解吸后的捕获（TD）。从十二烷中散射出的所有四种物质都出现了超奇异散射，这归因于向液体表面的各向异性动量传递。在 IS 通道中，多原子散射体的旋转激发是一个重要的能量汇，与 Ne 相比，这些物质在十二烷表面更容易容纳。我们对冷盐水喷射的初步研究结果表明，氩原子从液面蒸发时会发生一些气相碰撞。最初的散射实验描述了氩原子与水喷流相互作用的机理，可与十二烷系统进行比较。之前的十二烷散射实验揭示了几种小分子散射体在界面上的角分辨热解吸分数和能量转移。冷盐水散射的初步结果揭示了氩气和水喷射之间的相互作用机制。

{"title":"Molecular beam scattering from flat jets of liquid dodecane and water","authors":"Walt Yang, Madison M. Foreman, Steven Saric, Alec M. Wodtke, Kevin R. Wilson, Daniel M. Neumark","doi":"10.1002/ntls.20240009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ntls.20240009","url":null,"abstract":"Molecular beam experiments in which gas molecules are scattered from liquids provide detailed, microscopic perspectives on the gas–liquid interface. Extending these methods to volatile liquids while maintaining the ability to measure product energy and angular distributions presents a significant challenge. The incorporation of flat liquid jets into molecular beam scattering experiments in our laboratory has allowed us to demonstrate their utility in uncovering dynamics in this complex chemical environment. Here, we summarize recent work on the evaporation and scattering of Ne, CD4, ND3, and D2O from a dodecane flat liquid jet and present first results on the evaporation and scattering of Ar from a cold salty water jet. In the evaporation experiments, Maxwell–Boltzmann flux distributions with a cosθ angular distribution are observed. Scattering experiments reveal both impulsive scattering (IS) and trapping followed by thermal desorption (TD). Super‐specular scattering is observed for all four species scattered from dodecane and is attributed to anisotropic momentum transfer to the liquid surface. In the IS channel, rotational excitation of the polyatomic scatterers is a significant energy sink, and these species accommodate more readily on the dodecane surface compared to Ne. Our preliminary results on cold salty water jets suggest that Ar atoms undergo some vapor‐phase collisions when evaporating from the liquid surface. Initial scattering experiments characterize the mechanisms of Ar interacting with an aqueous jet, allowing for comparison to dodecane systems.Key Points Molecular beam scattering from flat liquid jets is a powerful technique to elucidate mechanistic detail at the gas–liquid interface. Previous dodecane scattering experiments have uncovered angularly‐resolved thermal desorption fractions and energy transfer at the interface for several small molecule scatterers. Preliminary results on scattering from cold salty water reveal mechanisms of interaction between argon and an aqueous jet. ","PeriodicalId":501225,"journal":{"name":"Natural Sciences","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141568122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ion solvation in atomic baths: From snowballs to polarons 原子浴中的离子溶解：从雪球到极子

Natural Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-05-13 DOI: 10.1002/ntls.20240006

Saajid Chowdhury, Jesús Perez‐Ríos

Solvation, the result of the complicated interplay between solvent–solute and solvent–internal interactions, is one of the most important chemical processes. Consequently, a complete theoretical understanding of solvation seems like a heroic task. However, it is possible to elucidate fundamental solvation mechanisms by looking into simpler systems, such as ion solvation in atomic baths. In this work, we study ion solvation by calculating the ground state properties of a single ion in a neutral bath from the high‐density to the low‐density regimes, finding common ground for these two, in principle, disparate regimes. Our results indicate that a single 174Yb+ ion in a bath of 7Li atoms forms a coordination complex at high densities with a coordination number of 8, with strong electrostriction characteristic of the snowball effect. On the contrary, treating the atomic bath as a dilute quantum gas at low densities, we find that the ion‐atom interaction's short‐range plays a significant role in the physics of many‐body‐bound states and polarons. Furthermore, in this regime, we explore the role of an ion trap necessary to experimentally realize this system, which drastically affects the binding mechanism of the ion and atoms from a quantum gas. Therefore, our results give a novel insight into the universality of ion‐neutral systems in the ultracold regime and the possibilities of observing exotic many‐body effects.Keypoints

A global study of ion solvation in atomic baths from the high‐ to the low‐density regimes.

The ion–atom short‐range interaction is critical to understanding the presence of many‐body‐bound states and polarons.

The ion‐trapping potential drastically impacts many‐body‐bound states and polaron formation.

溶解是溶剂-溶剂和溶剂-溶剂之间复杂相互作用的结果，是最重要的化学过程之一。因此，从理论上全面理解溶解似乎是一项艰巨的任务。然而，通过研究更简单的系统（如原子浴中的离子溶解），我们有可能阐明基本的溶解机制。在这项工作中，我们通过计算单个离子在中性浴中从高密度到低密度状态的基态特性来研究离子溶解，为这两种原则上不同的状态找到共同点。我们的结果表明，单个 174Yb+ 离子在由 7Li 原子组成的原子槽中形成的配位复合物在高密度下的配位数为 8，具有雪球效应的强电致伸缩特征。相反，在低密度条件下，将原子槽视为稀释量子气体，我们发现离子-原子的短程相互作用在多体结合态和极子物理中发挥着重要作用。此外，在这一体系中，我们探索了实验实现这一系统所需的离子阱的作用，它极大地影响了量子气体中离子和原子的结合机制。因此，我们的研究结果为超冷体系中离子中性系统的普遍性以及观测奇异多体效应的可能性提供了新的视角。离子-原子短程相互作用对于理解多体束缚态和极子的存在至关重要。离子捕获势极大地影响了多体结合态和极子的形成。

{"title":"Ion solvation in atomic baths: From snowballs to polarons","authors":"Saajid Chowdhury, Jesús Perez‐Ríos","doi":"10.1002/ntls.20240006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ntls.20240006","url":null,"abstract":"Solvation, the result of the complicated interplay between solvent–solute and solvent–internal interactions, is one of the most important chemical processes. Consequently, a complete theoretical understanding of solvation seems like a heroic task. However, it is possible to elucidate fundamental solvation mechanisms by looking into simpler systems, such as ion solvation in atomic baths. In this work, we study ion solvation by calculating the ground state properties of a single ion in a neutral bath from the high‐density to the low‐density regimes, finding common ground for these two, in principle, disparate regimes. Our results indicate that a single 174Yb+ ion in a bath of 7Li atoms forms a coordination complex at high densities with a coordination number of 8, with strong electrostriction characteristic of the snowball effect. On the contrary, treating the atomic bath as a dilute quantum gas at low densities, we find that the ion‐atom interaction's short‐range plays a significant role in the physics of many‐body‐bound states and polarons. Furthermore, in this regime, we explore the role of an ion trap necessary to experimentally realize this system, which drastically affects the binding mechanism of the ion and atoms from a quantum gas. Therefore, our results give a novel insight into the universality of ion‐neutral systems in the ultracold regime and the possibilities of observing exotic many‐body effects.Keypoints A global study of ion solvation in atomic baths from the high‐ to the low‐density regimes. The ion–atom short‐range interaction is critical to understanding the presence of many‐body‐bound states and polarons. The ion‐trapping potential drastically impacts many‐body‐bound states and polaron formation. ","PeriodicalId":501225,"journal":{"name":"Natural Sciences","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140942420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cooling the atmosphere 冷却大气

Natural Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1002/ntls.20240005

Philipp Wiescher, Michael Wiescher

This is a paper on experimental studies performed in the 1940s at the University of Notre Dame accelerator laboratory to investigate radiation effects on materials and also to probe the efficiency of atmospheric cooling of the fireball created by a nuclear fission device. This was a critical question to be addressed during the early phases in the development of the Manhattan project, which was again raised in the film Oppenheimer, posing the question whether “a bomb can set the atmosphere on fire.” This paper brings forth the formerly classified reaction studies performed at Notre Dame's Nuclear Science Laboratory to answer this question.

这篇论文介绍了 20 世纪 40 年代在圣母大学加速器实验室进行的实验研究，目的是研究辐射对材料的影响，以及探测大气层冷却核裂变装置产生的火球的效率。这是曼哈顿计划发展初期需要解决的一个关键问题，在电影《奥本海默》中再次提出了 "原子弹能否点燃大气层 "的问题。本文介绍了圣母大学核科学实验室为回答这一问题而进行的前机密反应研究。

引用次数: 0

Natural Sciences is 3 years young 自然科学 3 岁

Natural Sciences

Pub Date : 2024-03-16 DOI: 10.1002/ntls.20240004

Elaine Bearer, Gerard Meijer, Bretislav Friedrich

We are pleased to note that, at the age of 3, Wiley’s flagship journal, Natural Sciences, has reached a degree of maturity that is reflected in an average citation rate of 4.4 and inclusion in the Web of Science, the Emerging Sources Citation Index as well as in other indexing services. The three volumes of the journal published since 2021 are comprised of outstanding research articles and reviews as well as highlights, commentaries, perspectives, and critiques by leading members of the global community.

Natural Sciences is an Open Science journal. Open Science encompasses not only open-access publishing but also open peer review and sharing of primary scientific data. The ongoing transformation of past publishing practices to Open Science is being fostered by a broad coalition of stakeholders comprised of research institutions, publishing houses, and governments. Open Science has recently received a strong endorsement from UNESCO.

Natural Sciences is an inter- and multidisciplinary journal that publishes outstanding research from the global community spanning biology, chemistry, and physics and their interfaces, as well as seminal works from related fields, such as engineering and biomedical research.

In contrast to other high-ranking journals, Natural Sciences is run by practicing academic scientists who treat submitted papers just like they wish their own papers would be treated—fairly, quickly, and without bias. That is why the tagline reads A Journal of, by, and for Scientists.

In developing the concept of Natural Sciences, we work closely with Wiley to ensure efficient editorial practices. Wiley's international network of experienced professionals steeped in scientific publishing is there for us 24/7. Together, we are committed to Open-Science publishing that is timely and rigorous—and to embracing Open-Science innovations in the process. The main ideas that led us to envision Natural Sciences are summarized in our Manifesto.

As examples of what Natural Sciences has achieved so far, we invite you to check out our highly cited and downloaded articles: