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Network evolution with Macroscopic Delays: asymptotics and condensation 具有宏观延迟的网络演化:渐进与凝聚
Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: arxiv-2409.06048
Sayan Banerjee, Shankar Bhamidi, Partha Dey, Akshay Sakanaveeti
Driven by the explosion of data and the impact of real-world networks, a widearray of mathematical models have been proposed to understand the structure andevolution of such systems, especially in the temporal context. Recent advancesin areas such as distributed cyber-security and social networks have motivatedthe development of probabilistic models of evolution where individuals haveonly partial information on the state of the network when deciding on theiractions. This paper aims to understand models incorporating emph{networkdelay}, where new individuals have information on a time-delayed snapshot ofthe system. We consider the setting where one has macroscopic delays, that is,the ``information'' available to new individuals is the structure of thenetwork at a past time, which scales proportionally with the current time andvertices connect using standard preferential attachment type dynamics. Weobtain the local weak limit for the network as its size grows and connect it toa novel continuous-time branching process where the associated point process ofreproductions emph{has memory} of the entire past. A more tractable `dualdescription' of this branching process using an `edge copying mechanism' isused to obtain degree distribution asymptotics as well as necessary andsufficient conditions for condensation, where the mass of the degreedistribution ``escapes to infinity''. We conclude by studying the impact of thedelay distribution on macroscopic functionals such as the root degree.
在数据爆炸和现实世界网络影响的推动下,人们提出了大量数学模型来理解这类系统的结构和演化,特别是在时间方面。分布式网络安全和社交网络等领域的最新进展推动了概率演化模型的发展,在这些模型中,个体在决定自己的行动时只掌握了网络状态的部分信息。本文旨在理解包含 "网络延迟"(emph{networkdelay})的模型,在这种模型中,新个体拥有关于系统时间延迟快照的信息。我们考虑了具有宏观延迟的情况,即新个体所能获得的 "信息 "是过去某个时间的网络结构,该结构与当前时间成比例,并使用标准的优先附着型动力学进行连接。随着网络规模的增长,我们得到了网络的局部弱极限,并将其与一个新颖的连续时间分支过程联系起来,在这个过程中,相关的再生产点过程(emph{has memory})具有对整个过去的记忆。我们利用 "边复制机制 "对这一分支过程进行了更为简洁的 "描述",从而得到了度分布渐近线以及凝聚的必要条件和充分条件,在凝聚过程中,度分布的质量 "逃逸到无穷大"。最后,我们研究了延迟分布对宏观函数(如根度)的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Largest eigenvalue of positive mean Gaussian matrices 正均值高斯矩阵的最大特征值
Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: arxiv-2409.05858
Arijit Chakrabarty, Rajat Subhra Hazra, Moumanti Podder
This short note studies the fluctuations of the largest eigenvalue ofsymmetric random matrices with correlated Gaussian entries having positivemean. Under the assumption that the covariance kernel is absolutely summable,it is proved that the largest eigenvalue, after centering, converges indistribution to normal with an explicitly defined mean and variance. Thisresult generalizes known findings for Wigner matrices with independent entries.
这篇短文研究了具有正均值相关高斯条目的对称随机矩阵的最大特征值的波动。在假设协方差核是绝对可求和的情况下,证明了最大特征值在居中后,收敛于具有明确定义的均值和方差的正态分布。这一结果概括了对具有独立条目的维格纳矩阵的已知发现。
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引用次数: 0
The nerd snipers problem 书呆子狙击手问题
Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: arxiv-2409.06068
Boris Alexeev, Dustin Mixon
We correct errors that appear throughout "The vicious neighbour problem" byTao and Wu. We seek to solve the following problem. Suppose Nnerds are distributeduniformly at random in a square region. At 3:14pm, every nerd simultaneouslysnipes their nearest neighbor. What is the expected proportion $P_N$ of nerdswho are left unscathed in the limit as $Ntoinfty$?
我们纠正了陶和吴在《恶性相邻问题》一文中出现的错误。我们试图解决以下问题。假设 N 个书呆子均匀地随机分布在一个正方形区域中。下午 3 点 14 分,每个书呆子都同时 "攻击 "了他们最近的邻居。在$Ntoinfty$的极限中,毫发无损的书呆子的预期比例$P_N$是多少?
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引用次数: 0
Thermalization And Convergence To Equilibrium Of The Noisy Voter Model 噪声选民模型的热化和趋于平衡
Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: arxiv-2409.05722
Enzo Aljovin, Milton Jara, Yangrui Xiang
We investigate the convergence towards equilibrium of the noisy voter model,evolving in the complete graph with n vertices. The noisy voter model is aversion of the voter model, on which individuals change their opinions randomlydue to external noise. Specifically, we determine the profile of convergence,in Kantorovich distance (also known as 1-Wasserstein distance), whichcorresponds to the Kantorovich distance between the marginals of aWright-Fisher diffusion and its stationary measure. In particular, wedemonstrate that the model does not exhibit cut-off under natural noiseintensity conditions. In addition, we study the time the model needs to forgetthe initial location of particles, which we interpret as the Kantorovichdistance between the laws of the model with particles in fixed initialpositions and in positions chosen uniformly at random. We call this processthermalization and we show that thermalization does exhibit a cut-off profile.Our approach relies on Stein's method and analytical tools from PDE theory,which may be of independent interest for the quantitative study of observablesof Markov chains.
我们研究了在有 n 个顶点的完整图中演化的噪声选民模型向均衡收敛的问题。噪声投票者模型是投票者模型的反转,在该模型中,个体会因外部噪声而随机改变自己的观点。具体来说,我们确定了收敛曲线的康托洛维奇距离(也称为 1-Wasserstein 距离),它对应于赖特-费舍扩散的边际与其静态度量之间的康托洛维奇距离。我们特别证明,该模型在自然噪声强度条件下不会出现截断现象。此外,我们还研究了模型遗忘粒子初始位置所需的时间,我们将其解释为粒子处于固定初始位置时模型规律与均匀随机选择位置时模型规律之间的康托洛维奇距离。我们的方法依赖于斯坦因方法和 PDE 理论的分析工具,这些工具对于马尔可夫链观测值的定量研究可能具有独立的意义。
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引用次数: 0
Non-Equilibrium Fluctuations for a Spatial Logistic Branching Process with Weak Competition 弱竞争空间逻辑分支过程的非平衡波动
Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: arxiv-2409.05269
Thomas Tendron
The spatial logistic branching process is a population dynamics model inwhich particles move on a lattice according to independent simple symmetricrandom walks, each particle splits into a random number of individuals at rateone, and pairs of particles at the same location compete at rate c. We considerthe weak competition regime in which c tends to zero, corresponding to a localcarrying capacity tending to infinity like 1/c. We show that the hydrodynamiclimit of the spatial logistic branching process is given by theFisher-Kolmogorov-Petrovsky-Piskunov equation. We then prove that itsnon-equilibrium fluctuations converge to a generalised Ornstein-Uhlenbeckprocess with deterministic but heterogeneous coefficients. The proofs rely onan adaptation of the method of v-functions developed in Boldrighini et al.1992. An intermediate result of independent interest shows how the tail of theoffspring distribution and the precise regime in which c tends to zero affectthe convergence rate of the expected population size of the spatial logisticbranching process to the hydrodynamic limit.
空间对数分支过程是一个种群动力学模型,其中粒子按照独立的简单对称随机行走在晶格上移动,每个粒子以速率1分裂成随机数目的个体,同一位置的粒子对以速率c竞争。我们考虑了弱竞争机制,其中c趋于零,对应于趋于无穷大的局部承载能力,如1/c。我们证明,空间逻辑分支过程的流体力学极限是由 Fisher-Kolmogorov-Petrovsky-Piskunov 方程给出的。然后,我们证明了它的非平衡波动收敛于一个具有确定但异质系数的广义奥恩斯坦-乌伦贝克过程。证明依赖于对 Boldrighini 等人 1992 年提出的 v 函数方法的调整。一个令人感兴趣的中间结果显示了后代分布的尾部和 c 趋于零的精确机制如何影响空间对数分支过程的预期种群数量向流体力学极限的收敛速度。
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引用次数: 0
The emptiness formation probability, and representations for nonlocal correlation functions, of the 20-vertex model 20 个顶点模型的虚空形成概率和非局部相关函数表示法
Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: arxiv-2409.05309
Pete Rigas
We study the emptiness formation probability, along with variousrepresentations for nonlocal correlation functions, of the 20-vertex model. Indoing so, we leverage previous arguments for representations of nonlocalcorrelation functions for the 6-vertex model, under domain-wall boundaryconditions, due to Colomo, Di Giulio, and Pronko, in addition to theinhomogeneous, and homogeneous, determinantal representations for the 20-vertexpartition function due to Di Francesco, also under domain-wall boundaryconditions. By taking a product of row configuration probabilities, we obtain adesired contour integral representation for nonlocal correlations from adeterminantal representation. Finally, a counterpart of the emptiness formationprobability is introduced for the 20-vertex model.
我们研究了 20 顶点模型的虚空形成概率以及非局部相关函数的各种表示。在此过程中,我们利用了科洛莫、迪朱利奥和普龙科之前关于 6 顶点模型在域壁边界条件下的非局部相关函数表示的论证,以及迪弗朗西斯科提出的同样在域壁边界条件下的 20 顶点分离函数的非均质和均质行列式表示。通过行配置概率的乘积,我们从行列式表示中得到了非局部相关性所需的轮廓积分表示。最后,我们为 20 顶点模型引入了虚空形成概率的对应模型。
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引用次数: 0
A refinement of the multinomial distribution with application 多项式分布的改进与应用
Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: arxiv-2409.05788
Andrew V. Sills
A refinement of the multinomial distribution is presented where the number ofinversions in the sequence of outcomes is tallied. This refinement of themultinomial distribution is its joint distribution with the number ofinversions in the accompanying experiment. An application of this additionalinformation is described in which the number of inversions acts as a proxymeasure of homogeneity (or lack thereof) in the sequence of outcomes.
本文介绍了多叉分布的一种细化方法,即对结果序列中的反转次数进行统计。这种对多叉分布的改进是其与伴随实验中的反转次数的联合分布。本文介绍了这一额外信息的应用,其中反转次数可作为结果序列中同质性(或缺乏同质性)的替代测量。
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引用次数: 0
A note on the fluctuations of the resolvent traces of a tensor model of sample covariance matrices 关于样本协方差矩阵张量模型解析痕量波动的说明
Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: arxiv-2409.06007
Alicja Dembczak-Kołodziejczyk
In this note, we consider a sample covariance matrix of the form$$M_{n}=sum_{alpha=1}^m tau_alpha {mathbf{y}}_{alpha}^{(1)} otimes{mathbf{y}}_{alpha}^{(2)}({mathbf{y}}_{alpha}^{(1)} otimes{mathbf{y}}_{alpha}^{(2)})^T,$$ where $(mathbf{y}_{alpha}^{(1)},,{mathbf{y}}_{alpha}^{(2)})_{alpha}$ are independent vectors uniformlydistributed on the unit sphere $S^{n-1}$ and $tau_alpha in mathbb{R}_+ $.We show that as $m, n to infty$, $m/n^2to c>0$, the centralized traces ofthe resolvents,$mathrm{Tr}(M_n-zI_n)^{-1}-mathbf{E}mathrm{Tr}(M_n-zI_n)^{-1}$, $Im zgeeta_0>0$, converge in distribution to a two-dimensional Gaussian randomvariable with zero mean and a certain covariance matrix. This work is acontinuation of Dembczak-Ko{l}odziejczyk and Lytova (2023), and Lytova (2018).
在本说明中我们考虑的样本协方差矩阵的形式为$$M_{n}=sum_{alpha=1}^m tau_alpha {mathbf{y}}_{alpha}^{(1)}otimes{mathbf{y}}_{alpha}^{(2)}({mathbf{y}}_{alpha}^{(1)} otimes{mathbf{y}}_{alpha}^{(2)})^T,$$ 其中 $(mathbf{y}_{alpha}^{(1)},,{mathbf{y}}_{alpha}^{(2)})_{alpha}$ 是均匀分布在单位球面 $S^{n-1}$ 上的独立向量,并且 $tau_alpha in mathbb{R}_+ $.我们证明,当 $m, n 到 infty$, $m/n^2to c>0$ 时,解析子的集中迹线,$mathrm{Tr}(M_n-zI_n)^{-1}-mathbf{E}mathrm{Tr}(M_n-zI_n)^{-1}$、$Im zgeeta_0>0$, 在分布上收敛于具有零均值和一定协方差矩阵的二维高斯随机变量。这项工作是 Dembczak-Ko{l}odziejczyk 和 Lytova (2023) 以及 Lytova (2018) 的继续。
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引用次数: 0
Logarithmic delocalization of low temperature 3D Ising and Potts interfaces above a hard floor 硬地板上方低温三维伊辛和波茨界面的对数去焦化
Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: arxiv-2409.06079
Joseph Chen, Reza Gheissari, Eyal Lubetzky
We study the entropic repulsion of the low temperature 3D Ising and Pottsinterface in an $ntimes n times n$ box with blue boundary conditions on itsbottom face (the hard floor), and red boundary conditions on its other fivefaces. For Ising, Frohlich and Pfister proved in 1987 that the typicalinterface height above the origin diverges (non-quantitatively), viacorrelation inequalities special to the Ising model; no such result was knownfor Potts. We show for both the Ising and Potts models that the entropicrepulsion fully overcomes the potentially attractive interaction with thefloor, and obtain a logarithmically diverging lower bound on the typicalinterface height. This is complemented by a conjecturally sharp upper bound of$lfloor xi^{-1}log nrfloor$ where $xi$ is the rate function for apoint-to-plane non-red connection under the infinite volume red measure. Theproof goes through a coupled random-cluster interface to overcome the potentialattractive interaction with the boundary, and a coupled fuzzy Potts model toreduce the upper bound to a simpler setting where the repulsion is attained byconditioning a no-floor interface to lie in the upper half-space.
我们研究了在一个 $ntimes n times n$ 的盒子中低温三维伊辛和波特斯界面的熵斥力,盒子底面(硬地板)为蓝色边界条件,其他五个面为红色边界条件。对于伊辛模型,弗洛里希和普菲斯特在 1987 年证明了原点之上的典型面高度发散(非定量),即伊辛模型所特有的相关不等式;而对于波茨模型,还不知道有这样的结果。我们证明了伊辛模型和波茨模型的熵斥力完全克服了与底面的潜在吸引力相互作用,并得到了典型界面高度的对数发散下限。这又得到了一个猜想中的尖锐上界:$lfloor xi^{-1}log nrfloor$ ,其中$xi$ 是无限体积红色度量下点到平面非红色连接的速率函数。该证明通过一个耦合随机-簇界面来克服与边界的潜在吸引力相互作用,并通过一个耦合模糊波特斯模型将上界还原为一个更简单的设置,即通过将无地板界面设置为位于上半空间来实现斥力。
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引用次数: 0
Random Chowla's Conjecture for Rademacher Multiplicative Functions 拉德马赫乘法函数的随机乔拉猜想
Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: arxiv-2409.05952
Jake Chinis, Besfort Shala
We study the distribution of partial sums of Rademacher random multiplicativefunctions $(f(n))_n$ evaluated at polynomial arguments. We show that for apolynomial $Pin mathbb Z[x]$ that is a product of distinct linear factors oran irreducible quadratic satisfying a natural condition, there exists aconstant $kappa_P>0$ such that [ frac{1}{sqrt{kappa_P N}}sum_{nleqN}f(P(n))xrightarrow{d}mathcal{N}(0,1), ] as $Nrightarrowinfty$, where convergence is in distribution to a standard(real) Gaussian. This confirms a conjecture of Najnudel and addresses aquestion of Klurman-Shkredov-Xu. We also study large fluctuations of $sum_{nleq N}f(n^2+1)$ and show thatthere almost surely exist arbitrarily large values of $N$ such that [Big|sum_{nleq N}f(n^2+1)Big|gg sqrt{N loglog N}. ] This matches thebound one expects from the law of iterated logarithm.
我们研究了在多项式参数处求值的拉德马赫随机乘法函数 $(f(n))_n$ 部分和的分布。我们证明,对于 mathbb Z[x]$ 中的多项式 $P,它是满足自然条件的不同线性因子或不可还原二次方的乘积、存在常数 $/kappa_P>0$,使得[ frac{1}{sqrtkappa_P N}}sum_{nleqN}f(P(n))xrightarrow{d}mathcal{N}(0,1), ] as $Nrightarrowinfty$, 其中收敛于标准(实)高斯分布。这证实了纳伊努德尔的猜想,并解决了克鲁尔曼-施克雷多夫-徐的问题。我们还研究了 $sum_{nleq N}f(n^2+1)$ 的大波动,并证明几乎肯定存在任意大的 $N$ 值,使得 [Big|sum_{nleq N}f(n^2+1)Big|gg sqrt{N loglog N}。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
arXiv - MATH - Probability
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