The zoonotic transmission of hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 3 (HEV-3) and 4 (HEV-4), and rabbit HEV (HEV-3ra) has been documented. Vaccination against HEV infection depends on the capsid (open reading frame 2, ORF2) protein, which is highly immunogenic and elicits effective virus-neutralizing antibodies. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is utilized as an effective system for producing HEV-like particles (VLPs). However, research on the production of ORF2 proteins from these HEV genotypes in E. coli to form VLPs has been modest. In this study, we constructed 21 recombinant plasmids expressing various N-terminally and C-terminally truncated HEV ORF2 proteins for HEV-3, HEV-3ra, and HEV-4 in E. coli. We successfully obtained nine HEV-3, two HEV-3ra, and ten HEV-4 ORF2 proteins, which were primarily localized in inclusion bodies. These proteins were solubilized in 4 M urea, filtered, and subjected to gel filtration. Results revealed that six HEV-3, one HEV-3ra, and two HEV-4 truncated proteins could assemble into VLPs. The purified VLPs displayed molecular weights ranging from 27.1 to 63.4 kDa and demonstrated high purity (74.7–95.3%), as assessed by bioanalyzer, with yields of 13.9–89.6 mg per 100 mL of TB medium. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the origin of these VLPs from HEV ORF2. Antigenicity testing indicated that these VLPs possess characteristic HEV antigenicity. Evaluation of immunogenicity in Balb/cAJcl mice revealed robust anti-HEV IgG responses, highlighting the potential of these VLPs as immunogens. These findings suggest that the generated HEV VLPs of different genotypes could serve as valuable tools for HEV research and vaccine development.
戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）基因型 3（HEV-3）和 4（HEV-4）以及兔 HEV（HEV-3ra）的人畜共患传播已有记录。针对 HEV 感染的疫苗接种依赖于荚膜（开放阅读框 2，ORF2）蛋白，该蛋白具有高度免疫原性，可激发有效的病毒中和抗体。大肠杆菌（E. coli）是生产 HEV 样颗粒（VLPs）的有效系统。然而，关于在大肠杆菌中生产这些 HEV 基因型的 ORF2 蛋白以形成 VLPs 的研究并不多。在本研究中，我们构建了 21 个重组质粒，在大肠杆菌中表达了 HEV-3、HEV-3ra 和 HEV-4 的各种 N 端和 C 端截短的 HEV ORF2 蛋白。我们成功获得了 9 个 HEV-3、2 个 HEV-3ra 和 10 个 HEV-4 ORF2 蛋白，它们主要定位于包涵体中。这些蛋白质在 4 M 尿素中溶解、过滤并进行凝胶过滤。结果显示，6 个 HEV-3、1 个 HEV-3ra 和 2 个 HEV-4 截短蛋白可以组装成 VLPs。纯化的 VLPs 分子量在 27.1 至 63.4 kDa 之间，经生物分析仪评估，纯度较高（74.7%-95.3%），每 100 mL 结核病培养基的产量为 13.9-89.6 mg。免疫电子显微镜证实这些 VLPs 来自 HEV ORF2。抗原性测试表明，这些 VLPs 具有典型的 HEV 抗原性。在 Balb/cAJcl 小鼠体内进行的免疫原性评估显示，这些 VLPs 具有很强的抗 HEV IgG 反应，突出了其作为免疫原的潜力。这些发现表明，生成的不同基因型的 HEV VLPs 可作为 HEV 研究和疫苗开发的宝贵工具。
{"title":"Production and Characterization of Self-Assembled Virus-like Particles Comprising Capsid Proteins from Genotypes 3 and 4 Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) and Rabbit HEV Expressed in Escherichia coli","authors":"Tominari Kobayashi, Masaharu Takahashi, Satoshi Ohta, Yu Hoshino, Kentaro Yamada, Suljid Jirintai, Putu Prathiwi Primadharsini, Shigeo Nagashima, Kazumoto Murata, Hiroaki Okamoto","doi":"10.3390/v16091400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091400","url":null,"abstract":"The zoonotic transmission of hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 3 (HEV-3) and 4 (HEV-4), and rabbit HEV (HEV-3ra) has been documented. Vaccination against HEV infection depends on the capsid (open reading frame 2, ORF2) protein, which is highly immunogenic and elicits effective virus-neutralizing antibodies. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is utilized as an effective system for producing HEV-like particles (VLPs). However, research on the production of ORF2 proteins from these HEV genotypes in E. coli to form VLPs has been modest. In this study, we constructed 21 recombinant plasmids expressing various N-terminally and C-terminally truncated HEV ORF2 proteins for HEV-3, HEV-3ra, and HEV-4 in E. coli. We successfully obtained nine HEV-3, two HEV-3ra, and ten HEV-4 ORF2 proteins, which were primarily localized in inclusion bodies. These proteins were solubilized in 4 M urea, filtered, and subjected to gel filtration. Results revealed that six HEV-3, one HEV-3ra, and two HEV-4 truncated proteins could assemble into VLPs. The purified VLPs displayed molecular weights ranging from 27.1 to 63.4 kDa and demonstrated high purity (74.7–95.3%), as assessed by bioanalyzer, with yields of 13.9–89.6 mg per 100 mL of TB medium. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the origin of these VLPs from HEV ORF2. Antigenicity testing indicated that these VLPs possess characteristic HEV antigenicity. Evaluation of immunogenicity in Balb/cAJcl mice revealed robust anti-HEV IgG responses, highlighting the potential of these VLPs as immunogens. These findings suggest that the generated HEV VLPs of different genotypes could serve as valuable tools for HEV research and vaccine development.","PeriodicalId":501326,"journal":{"name":"Viruses","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142206995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michele Nardella, Angeli Christy Yu, Massimo Busin, Roberta Rizzo, Giorgio Zauli
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is one of the most common etiologic agents of corneal disease and a significant cause of corneal blindness worldwide. Although most cases can be successfully managed with medical therapy, HSV keratitis associated with visually significant stromal scarring often requires corneal transplantation for visual rehabilitation. While penetrating keratoplasty (PK) represented the traditional keratoplasty technique, the past few decades have seen a shift towards lamellar keratoplasty procedures, including deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty and mushroom keratoplasty. This paper describes the current surgical techniques and perioperative antiviral prophylaxis regimen for herpetic keratitis and reviews their postoperative clinical outcomes.
{"title":"Outcomes of Corneal Transplantation for Herpetic Keratitis: A Narrative Review","authors":"Michele Nardella, Angeli Christy Yu, Massimo Busin, Roberta Rizzo, Giorgio Zauli","doi":"10.3390/v16091403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091403","url":null,"abstract":"Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is one of the most common etiologic agents of corneal disease and a significant cause of corneal blindness worldwide. Although most cases can be successfully managed with medical therapy, HSV keratitis associated with visually significant stromal scarring often requires corneal transplantation for visual rehabilitation. While penetrating keratoplasty (PK) represented the traditional keratoplasty technique, the past few decades have seen a shift towards lamellar keratoplasty procedures, including deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty and mushroom keratoplasty. This paper describes the current surgical techniques and perioperative antiviral prophylaxis regimen for herpetic keratitis and reviews their postoperative clinical outcomes.","PeriodicalId":501326,"journal":{"name":"Viruses","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142206994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tathiana Ferreira Sa Antunes, José C. Huguet-Tapia, Santiago F. Elena, Svetlana Y. Folimonova
Due to the error-prone nature of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, the replication of RNA viruses results in a diversity of viral genomes harboring point mutations, deletions, insertions, and genome rearrangements. Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), a causal agent of diseases of economically important citrus species, shows intrinsic genetic stability. While the virus appears to have some mechanism that limits the accumulation of single-nucleotide variants, the production of defective viral genomes (DVGs) during virus infection has been reported for certain variants of CTV. The intra-host diversity generated during plant infection with variant T36 (CTV-T36) remains unclear. To address this, we analyzed the RNA species accumulated in the initially infected and systemic leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana plants inoculated with an infectious cDNA clone of CTV-T36, which warranted that infection was initiated by a known, well-defined sequence variant of the virus. CTV-T36 limited the accumulation of single-nucleotide mutants during infection. With that, four types of DVGs—deletions, insertions, and copy- and snap-backs—were found in all the samples, with deletions and insertions being the most common types. Hot-spots across the genome for DVG recombination and short direct sequence repeats suggest that sequence complementarity could mediate DVG formation. In conclusion, our study illustrates the formation of diverse DVGs during CTV-T36 infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has analyzed the genetic variability and recombination of a well-defined sequence variant of CTV in an herbaceous host.
{"title":"Intra-Host Citrus Tristeza Virus Populations during Prolonged Infection Initiated by a Well-Defined Sequence Variant in Nicotiana benthamiana","authors":"Tathiana Ferreira Sa Antunes, José C. Huguet-Tapia, Santiago F. Elena, Svetlana Y. Folimonova","doi":"10.3390/v16091385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091385","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the error-prone nature of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, the replication of RNA viruses results in a diversity of viral genomes harboring point mutations, deletions, insertions, and genome rearrangements. Citrus tristeza virus (CTV), a causal agent of diseases of economically important citrus species, shows intrinsic genetic stability. While the virus appears to have some mechanism that limits the accumulation of single-nucleotide variants, the production of defective viral genomes (DVGs) during virus infection has been reported for certain variants of CTV. The intra-host diversity generated during plant infection with variant T36 (CTV-T36) remains unclear. To address this, we analyzed the RNA species accumulated in the initially infected and systemic leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana plants inoculated with an infectious cDNA clone of CTV-T36, which warranted that infection was initiated by a known, well-defined sequence variant of the virus. CTV-T36 limited the accumulation of single-nucleotide mutants during infection. With that, four types of DVGs—deletions, insertions, and copy- and snap-backs—were found in all the samples, with deletions and insertions being the most common types. Hot-spots across the genome for DVG recombination and short direct sequence repeats suggest that sequence complementarity could mediate DVG formation. In conclusion, our study illustrates the formation of diverse DVGs during CTV-T36 infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has analyzed the genetic variability and recombination of a well-defined sequence variant of CTV in an herbaceous host.","PeriodicalId":501326,"journal":{"name":"Viruses","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142206993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Piotr Rzymski, Michał Brzdęk, Krystyna Dobrowolska, Barbara Poniedziałek, Aleksandra Murawska-Ochab, Dorota Zarębska-Michaluk, Robert Flisiak
Elimination of hepatitis C virus (HCV) without the need for medical intervention, known as spontaneous clearance (SC), occurs at a significantly lower rate than in the case of hepatitis B virus infection and only in selected individuals, such as reportedly in Keith Richards, a guitarist of The Rolling Stones. The present paper provides an updated narrative review of the research devoted to the phenomenon in order to identify and discuss the demographic, lifestyle-related, clinical, viral genotype-related, and host genetic factors underpinning the SC occurrence. The body of evidence indicates that the likelihood of SC is decreased in older individuals, men, Black people, HIV-coinfected subjects, and intravenous drug and alcohol users. In turn, HBV coinfection and specific polymorphism of the genes encoding interferon lambda 3 (particularly at rs8099917) and interferon lambda 4 (particularly at rs12979860) and HLA genes increase the odds of SC. Numerous other host-specific genetic factors could be implicated in SC, but the evidence is limited only to certain ethnic groups and often does not account for confounding variables. SC of HCV infection is a complex process arising from a combination of various factors, though a genetic component may play a leading role in some cases. Understanding factors influencing the likelihood of this phenomenon justifies better surveillance of high-risk groups, decreasing health inequities in particular ethnic groups, and may guide the development of a prophylactic vaccine, which at present is not available, or novel therapeutic strategies. Further research is needed to elucidate the exact mechanisms underlying SC and to explore potential interventions that could enhance this natural antiviral response.
{"title":"Like a Rolling Stone? A Review on Spontaneous Clearance of Hepatitis C Virus Infection","authors":"Piotr Rzymski, Michał Brzdęk, Krystyna Dobrowolska, Barbara Poniedziałek, Aleksandra Murawska-Ochab, Dorota Zarębska-Michaluk, Robert Flisiak","doi":"10.3390/v16091386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091386","url":null,"abstract":"Elimination of hepatitis C virus (HCV) without the need for medical intervention, known as spontaneous clearance (SC), occurs at a significantly lower rate than in the case of hepatitis B virus infection and only in selected individuals, such as reportedly in Keith Richards, a guitarist of The Rolling Stones. The present paper provides an updated narrative review of the research devoted to the phenomenon in order to identify and discuss the demographic, lifestyle-related, clinical, viral genotype-related, and host genetic factors underpinning the SC occurrence. The body of evidence indicates that the likelihood of SC is decreased in older individuals, men, Black people, HIV-coinfected subjects, and intravenous drug and alcohol users. In turn, HBV coinfection and specific polymorphism of the genes encoding interferon lambda 3 (particularly at rs8099917) and interferon lambda 4 (particularly at rs12979860) and HLA genes increase the odds of SC. Numerous other host-specific genetic factors could be implicated in SC, but the evidence is limited only to certain ethnic groups and often does not account for confounding variables. SC of HCV infection is a complex process arising from a combination of various factors, though a genetic component may play a leading role in some cases. Understanding factors influencing the likelihood of this phenomenon justifies better surveillance of high-risk groups, decreasing health inequities in particular ethnic groups, and may guide the development of a prophylactic vaccine, which at present is not available, or novel therapeutic strategies. Further research is needed to elucidate the exact mechanisms underlying SC and to explore potential interventions that could enhance this natural antiviral response.","PeriodicalId":501326,"journal":{"name":"Viruses","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142207036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ramayana Morais de Medeiros Brito, Marília Farias de Melo, José Veríssimo Fernandes, Joanna Gardel Valverde, Paulo Marcos Matta Guedes, Josélio Maria Galvão de Araújo, Manuela Sales Lima Nascimento
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arbovirus causing acute febrile illness with severe joint pain, often leading to chronic arthralgia. This study investigated the adaptive immune responses during the early stages of symptomatic acute CHIKV infection, focusing on the transcription factors and cytokines linked to Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells. Thirty-six individuals were enrolled: nine healthy controls and 27 CHIKV-positive patients confirmed by qRT-PCR. Blood samples were analyzed for the mRNA expression of transcription factors (Tbet, GATA3, FoxP3, STAT3, RORγt) and cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, IL-22, TGF-β, IL-10). The results showed the significant upregulation of Tbet, GATA3, FoxP3, STAT3, and RORγt in CHIKV-positive patients, with RORγt displaying the highest increase. Correspondingly, cytokines IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, and IL-22 were upregulated, while TGF-β was downregulated. Principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed the distinct immune profiles between CHIKV-positive and healthy individuals. A correlation analysis indicated that higher Tbet expression correlated with a lower viral load, whereas FoxP3 and TGF-β were associated with higher viral loads. Our study sheds light on the intricate immune responses during acute CHIKV infection, characterized by a mixed Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg response profile. These results emphasize the complex interplay between different adaptive immune responses and how they may contribute to the pathogenesis of Chikungunya fever.
{"title":"Acute Chikungunya Virus Infection Triggers a Diverse Range of T Helper Lymphocyte Profiles","authors":"Ramayana Morais de Medeiros Brito, Marília Farias de Melo, José Veríssimo Fernandes, Joanna Gardel Valverde, Paulo Marcos Matta Guedes, Josélio Maria Galvão de Araújo, Manuela Sales Lima Nascimento","doi":"10.3390/v16091387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091387","url":null,"abstract":"Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arbovirus causing acute febrile illness with severe joint pain, often leading to chronic arthralgia. This study investigated the adaptive immune responses during the early stages of symptomatic acute CHIKV infection, focusing on the transcription factors and cytokines linked to Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells. Thirty-six individuals were enrolled: nine healthy controls and 27 CHIKV-positive patients confirmed by qRT-PCR. Blood samples were analyzed for the mRNA expression of transcription factors (Tbet, GATA3, FoxP3, STAT3, RORγt) and cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, IL-22, TGF-β, IL-10). The results showed the significant upregulation of Tbet, GATA3, FoxP3, STAT3, and RORγt in CHIKV-positive patients, with RORγt displaying the highest increase. Correspondingly, cytokines IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, and IL-22 were upregulated, while TGF-β was downregulated. Principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed the distinct immune profiles between CHIKV-positive and healthy individuals. A correlation analysis indicated that higher Tbet expression correlated with a lower viral load, whereas FoxP3 and TGF-β were associated with higher viral loads. Our study sheds light on the intricate immune responses during acute CHIKV infection, characterized by a mixed Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg response profile. These results emphasize the complex interplay between different adaptive immune responses and how they may contribute to the pathogenesis of Chikungunya fever.","PeriodicalId":501326,"journal":{"name":"Viruses","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142206996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maria Gonzalez-Orozco, Carlos A. Rodriguez-Salazar, Maria I. Giraldo
The E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM7 is known to have dual roles during viral infections. Like other TRIM proteins, TRIM7 can regulate the IFN pathway via the regulation of the cytosolic receptors RIG-I or MDA-5, which promote the production of type I interferons (IFN-I) and antiviral immune responses. Alternatively, under certain infectious conditions, TRIM7 can negatively regulate IFN-I signaling, resulting in increased virus replication. A growing body of evidence has also shown that TRIM7 can, in some cases, ubiquitinate viral proteins to promote viral replication and pathogenesis, while in other cases it can promote degradation of viral proteins through the proteasome, reducing virus infection. TRIM7 can also regulate the host inflammatory response and modulate the production of inflammatory cytokines, which can lead to detrimental inflammation. TRIM7 can also protect the host during infection by reducing cellular apoptosis. Here, we discuss the multiple functions of TRIM7 during viral infections and its potential as a therapeutic target.
已知E3泛素连接酶TRIM7在病毒感染过程中具有双重作用。与其他 TRIM 蛋白一样，TRIM7 可通过调节细胞膜受体 RIG-I 或 MDA-5 来调节 IFN 通路，从而促进 I 型干扰素（IFN-I）的产生和抗病毒免疫反应。另外，在某些感染条件下，TRIM7 还能负向调节 IFN-I 信号传导，导致病毒复制增加。越来越多的证据还表明，在某些情况下，TRIM7 可以泛素化病毒蛋白，促进病毒复制和致病，而在其他情况下，它可以通过蛋白酶体促进病毒蛋白降解，减少病毒感染。TRIM7 还能调节宿主的炎症反应，调节炎症细胞因子的产生，从而导致有害的炎症。TRIM7 还能在感染期间通过减少细胞凋亡来保护宿主。在此，我们将讨论 TRIM7 在病毒感染过程中的多种功能及其作为治疗靶点的潜力。
{"title":"The Dual Role of TRIM7 in Viral Infections","authors":"Maria Gonzalez-Orozco, Carlos A. Rodriguez-Salazar, Maria I. Giraldo","doi":"10.3390/v16081285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081285","url":null,"abstract":"The E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM7 is known to have dual roles during viral infections. Like other TRIM proteins, TRIM7 can regulate the IFN pathway via the regulation of the cytosolic receptors RIG-I or MDA-5, which promote the production of type I interferons (IFN-I) and antiviral immune responses. Alternatively, under certain infectious conditions, TRIM7 can negatively regulate IFN-I signaling, resulting in increased virus replication. A growing body of evidence has also shown that TRIM7 can, in some cases, ubiquitinate viral proteins to promote viral replication and pathogenesis, while in other cases it can promote degradation of viral proteins through the proteasome, reducing virus infection. TRIM7 can also regulate the host inflammatory response and modulate the production of inflammatory cytokines, which can lead to detrimental inflammation. TRIM7 can also protect the host during infection by reducing cellular apoptosis. Here, we discuss the multiple functions of TRIM7 during viral infections and its potential as a therapeutic target.","PeriodicalId":501326,"journal":{"name":"Viruses","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141968770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jing Qu, Xiaomin Zhang, Kun Liu, You Li, Ting Wang, Zhonggang Fang, Cheng Chen, Xiao Tan, Ying Lin, Qing Xu, Yan Yang, Wanqing Wang, Manyu Huang, Shiliang Guo, Ziqiu Chen, Wei Rao, Xiaolu Shi, Bo Peng
Accurate and early diagnosis of monkeypox virus (MPXV) is crucial for controlling epidemics and treating affected individuals promptly. This study aimed to assess the analytical and clinical performance of the MolecisionTM Monkeypox Virus qPCR Assay, Biorain Monkeypox Virus ddPCR Assay, and MAGLUMI® Monkeypox Virus Ag (chemiluminescence immunoassay, CLIA) Assay. Additionally, it aimed to compare the clinical application of antigen and nucleic acid assays to offer insights into using commercial monkeypox assay kits. Specimens from 117 clinical patients, serial diluted virus cell culture supernatant, and artificially created positive samples were tested to evaluate the performance of these assay kits for MPXV diagnostics. The Biorain Monkeypox Virus ddPCR Assay had a limit of detection (LoD) of 3.89 CCID50/mL, while the MolecisionTM Monkeypox Virus qPCR Assay had an LoD of 15.55 CCID50/mL. The MAGLUMI® Monkeypox Virus Ag (CLIA) Assay had an LoD of 0.500 pg/mL. The accuracy of the MolecisionTM Monkeypox Virus qPCR Assay was comparable to the Biorain Monkeypox Virus ddPCR Assay, and the MAGLUMI® Monkeypox Virus Ag (CLIA) Assay demonstrated high sensitivity. The specificity of all three MPXV diagnostic assays for clinical specimens with potential cross-reacting substances was 100%. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the clinical application of monkeypox assays, supporting efforts to mitigate and control the spread of monkeypox.
{"title":"A Comparative Evaluation of Three Diagnostic Assays for the Detection of Human Monkeypox","authors":"Jing Qu, Xiaomin Zhang, Kun Liu, You Li, Ting Wang, Zhonggang Fang, Cheng Chen, Xiao Tan, Ying Lin, Qing Xu, Yan Yang, Wanqing Wang, Manyu Huang, Shiliang Guo, Ziqiu Chen, Wei Rao, Xiaolu Shi, Bo Peng","doi":"10.3390/v16081286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081286","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate and early diagnosis of monkeypox virus (MPXV) is crucial for controlling epidemics and treating affected individuals promptly. This study aimed to assess the analytical and clinical performance of the MolecisionTM Monkeypox Virus qPCR Assay, Biorain Monkeypox Virus ddPCR Assay, and MAGLUMI® Monkeypox Virus Ag (chemiluminescence immunoassay, CLIA) Assay. Additionally, it aimed to compare the clinical application of antigen and nucleic acid assays to offer insights into using commercial monkeypox assay kits. Specimens from 117 clinical patients, serial diluted virus cell culture supernatant, and artificially created positive samples were tested to evaluate the performance of these assay kits for MPXV diagnostics. The Biorain Monkeypox Virus ddPCR Assay had a limit of detection (LoD) of 3.89 CCID50/mL, while the MolecisionTM Monkeypox Virus qPCR Assay had an LoD of 15.55 CCID50/mL. The MAGLUMI® Monkeypox Virus Ag (CLIA) Assay had an LoD of 0.500 pg/mL. The accuracy of the MolecisionTM Monkeypox Virus qPCR Assay was comparable to the Biorain Monkeypox Virus ddPCR Assay, and the MAGLUMI® Monkeypox Virus Ag (CLIA) Assay demonstrated high sensitivity. The specificity of all three MPXV diagnostic assays for clinical specimens with potential cross-reacting substances was 100%. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the clinical application of monkeypox assays, supporting efforts to mitigate and control the spread of monkeypox.","PeriodicalId":501326,"journal":{"name":"Viruses","volume":"368 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141932103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammed A. Quazi, Muhammad Hassan Shakir, Zohaa Faiz, Ibrahim Quraishi, Adeel Nasrullah, Hafiz Abdullah Ikram, Amir H Sohail, Sulaiman Sultan, Abu Baker Sheikh
Patients with cerebral palsy (CP) are particularly vulnerable to respiratory infections, yet comparative outcomes between COVID-19 and influenza in this population remain underexplored. Using the National Inpatient Sample from 2020–2021, we performed a retrospective analysis of hospital data for adults with CP diagnosed with either COVID-19 or influenza. The study aimed to compare the outcomes of these infections to provide insights into their impact on this vulnerable population. We assessed in-hospital mortality, complications, length of stay (LOS), hospitalization costs, and discharge dispositions. Multivariable logistic regression and propensity score matching were used to adjust for confounders, enhancing the analytical rigor of our study. The study cohort comprised 12,025 patients—10,560 with COVID-19 and 1465 with influenza. COVID-19 patients with CP had a higher in-hospital mortality rate (10.8% vs. 3.1%, p = 0.001), with an adjusted odds ratio of 3.2 (95% CI: 1.6–6.4). They also experienced an extended LOS by an average of 2.7 days. COVID-19 substantially increases the health burden for hospitalized CP patients compared to influenza, as evidenced by higher mortality rates, longer hospital stays, and increased costs. These findings highlight the urgent need for tailored strategies to effectively manage and reduce the impact of COVID-19 on this high-risk group.
{"title":"Outcomes of COVID-19 and Influenza in Cerebral Palsy Patients Hospitalized in the United States: Comparative Study of a Nationwide Database","authors":"Mohammed A. Quazi, Muhammad Hassan Shakir, Zohaa Faiz, Ibrahim Quraishi, Adeel Nasrullah, Hafiz Abdullah Ikram, Amir H Sohail, Sulaiman Sultan, Abu Baker Sheikh","doi":"10.3390/v16081284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081284","url":null,"abstract":"Patients with cerebral palsy (CP) are particularly vulnerable to respiratory infections, yet comparative outcomes between COVID-19 and influenza in this population remain underexplored. Using the National Inpatient Sample from 2020–2021, we performed a retrospective analysis of hospital data for adults with CP diagnosed with either COVID-19 or influenza. The study aimed to compare the outcomes of these infections to provide insights into their impact on this vulnerable population. We assessed in-hospital mortality, complications, length of stay (LOS), hospitalization costs, and discharge dispositions. Multivariable logistic regression and propensity score matching were used to adjust for confounders, enhancing the analytical rigor of our study. The study cohort comprised 12,025 patients—10,560 with COVID-19 and 1465 with influenza. COVID-19 patients with CP had a higher in-hospital mortality rate (10.8% vs. 3.1%, p = 0.001), with an adjusted odds ratio of 3.2 (95% CI: 1.6–6.4). They also experienced an extended LOS by an average of 2.7 days. COVID-19 substantially increases the health burden for hospitalized CP patients compared to influenza, as evidenced by higher mortality rates, longer hospital stays, and increased costs. These findings highlight the urgent need for tailored strategies to effectively manage and reduce the impact of COVID-19 on this high-risk group.","PeriodicalId":501326,"journal":{"name":"Viruses","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141932100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Juvenile- and adult-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JORRP and AORRP) are rare but serious conditions that are caused by oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. The proliferation of wart-like growths throughout the respiratory tract can result in medical problems, including death. The current treatment scheme is surgery, though prevention of HPV infection through vaccination is available. A previously developed model for JORRP and AORRP was adapted to the United States using data on disease burden and HPV infection. The model was validated against post-vaccination reductions in disease and used to forecast the future burden of JORRP and AORRP, estimating the impact that HPV vaccination will have on these diseases. Between 2007 (the beginning of HPV vaccination in the US) and 2021, this model estimates that approximately 1393 lives, 22,867 Quality-Adjusted-Life-Years, and over USD 672 million in treatment costs have been saved by HPV vaccination. There is also a substantial reduction in JORRP and AORRP burden, with a 95% reduction in incidence by 2040. Moreover, between 2040 and 2121, the model predicts 3–11 total cases of HPV6/11-related JORRP in the US, and 36–267 total cases of HPV6/11-related AORRP. HPV vaccination in the United States has driven, and will continue to drive, substantial reductions in the public health and economic burden of HPV6/11-related JORRP and AORRP.
{"title":"Forecasting Disease Burden with a Dynamic Transmission Model of Human Papillomavirus and Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis in the United States","authors":"Cody Palmer, Edith Morais, Joseph Tota","doi":"10.3390/v16081283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081283","url":null,"abstract":"Juvenile- and adult-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JORRP and AORRP) are rare but serious conditions that are caused by oral human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. The proliferation of wart-like growths throughout the respiratory tract can result in medical problems, including death. The current treatment scheme is surgery, though prevention of HPV infection through vaccination is available. A previously developed model for JORRP and AORRP was adapted to the United States using data on disease burden and HPV infection. The model was validated against post-vaccination reductions in disease and used to forecast the future burden of JORRP and AORRP, estimating the impact that HPV vaccination will have on these diseases. Between 2007 (the beginning of HPV vaccination in the US) and 2021, this model estimates that approximately 1393 lives, 22,867 Quality-Adjusted-Life-Years, and over USD 672 million in treatment costs have been saved by HPV vaccination. There is also a substantial reduction in JORRP and AORRP burden, with a 95% reduction in incidence by 2040. Moreover, between 2040 and 2121, the model predicts 3–11 total cases of HPV6/11-related JORRP in the US, and 36–267 total cases of HPV6/11-related AORRP. HPV vaccination in the United States has driven, and will continue to drive, substantial reductions in the public health and economic burden of HPV6/11-related JORRP and AORRP.","PeriodicalId":501326,"journal":{"name":"Viruses","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141932209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The last thirty years have seen a meteoric rise in the number of sequenced bacteriophage genomes, spurred on by both the rise and success of groups working to isolate and characterize phages, and the rapid and significant technological improvements and reduced costs associated with sequencing their genomes. Over the course of these decades, the tools used to glean evolutionary insights from these sequences have grown more complex and sophisticated, and we describe here the suite of computational and bioinformatic tools used extensively by the integrated research–education communities such as SEA-PHAGES and PHIRE, which are jointly responsible for 25% of all complete phage genomes in the RefSeq database. These tools are used to integrate and analyze phage genome data from different sources, for identification and precise extraction of prophages from bacterial genomes, computing “phamilies” of related genes, and displaying the complex nucleotide and amino acid level mosaicism of these genomes. While over 50,000 SEA-PHAGES students have primarily benefitted from these tools, they are freely available for the phage community at large.
{"title":"A Bioinformatic Ecosystem for Bacteriophage Genomics: PhaMMSeqs, Phamerator, pdm_utils, PhagesDB, DEPhT, and PhamClust","authors":"Christian H. Gauthier, Graham F. Hatfull","doi":"10.3390/v16081278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/v16081278","url":null,"abstract":"The last thirty years have seen a meteoric rise in the number of sequenced bacteriophage genomes, spurred on by both the rise and success of groups working to isolate and characterize phages, and the rapid and significant technological improvements and reduced costs associated with sequencing their genomes. Over the course of these decades, the tools used to glean evolutionary insights from these sequences have grown more complex and sophisticated, and we describe here the suite of computational and bioinformatic tools used extensively by the integrated research–education communities such as SEA-PHAGES and PHIRE, which are jointly responsible for 25% of all complete phage genomes in the RefSeq database. These tools are used to integrate and analyze phage genome data from different sources, for identification and precise extraction of prophages from bacterial genomes, computing “phamilies” of related genes, and displaying the complex nucleotide and amino acid level mosaicism of these genomes. While over 50,000 SEA-PHAGES students have primarily benefitted from these tools, they are freely available for the phage community at large.","PeriodicalId":501326,"journal":{"name":"Viruses","volume":"131 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141932105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：