Pub Date : 2024-08-06DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.03.606483
Alina Zaidi
For many farmers, there is a need to improve crop resistance to pathogenic organisms. The climate of Florida and hurricane-prone location promotes the spread of many crop pathogens making management difficult and expensive. Therefore, this study evaluates using a Do-It-Yourself, DIY, method to produce colloidal silver solutions that may be used as effective inhibitors of bacteria growth. The efficacy was compared across gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria species. Production of colloidal silver used an electric current from eight 9-volt batteries wired in series. The starting silver was a jewelry chain, approx. 98% silver, suspended in a container of distilled water. Treatment effects were compared to a commercially available silver solution (10K, ppm) as the positive control via the Kirby-Baur method. Each petri dish was divided into four quadrants, into which each had a treated cellulose square impregnated with a treatment solution. Treatments were: T1-10K ppm AgNp; T-2-5ppm AgNp, T3-3ppm AgNp; and positive control T4-blank water control. The dimensions of Zones of Clearance (ZOC) and the bacterial growth surrounding treated squares were analyzed. The experiment was replicated four times. Data analysis conducted using one-way ANOVA with post hoc separation of means using the T test and Tukeys HSD. The positive control solution was the most effective bactericide across all species, followed by Treatment-2 (5-ppm treatment), which caused ZOC in gram-negative species. Treatment-3, the 3ppm, did not significantly affect bacterial suppression, while activity at 5ppm suggests that simple home-based, DIY systems can produce low cost, bactericidal nano-silver solutions. In this experiment the bacterium that tested that is also beneficial to plants, R. rubrum, showed an increased tolerance to all silver treatments. Improving homemade, DIY, systems may provide low-cost treatment solutions against some bacteria species important to backyard agriculturists.
{"title":"Silver Armor Against Bacteria: A Battle of Antimicrobial Effectiveness","authors":"Alina Zaidi","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.03.606483","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.03.606483","url":null,"abstract":"For many farmers, there is a need to improve crop resistance to pathogenic organisms. The climate of Florida and hurricane-prone location promotes the spread of many crop pathogens making management difficult and expensive. Therefore, this study evaluates using a Do-It-Yourself, DIY, method to produce colloidal silver solutions that may be used as effective inhibitors of bacteria growth. The efficacy was compared across gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria species. Production of colloidal silver used an electric current from eight 9-volt batteries wired in series. The starting silver was a jewelry chain, approx. 98% silver, suspended in a container of distilled water. Treatment effects were compared to a commercially available silver solution (10K, ppm) as the positive control via the Kirby-Baur method. Each petri dish was divided into four quadrants, into which each had a treated cellulose square impregnated with a treatment solution. Treatments were: T1-10K ppm AgNp; T-2-5ppm AgNp, T3-3ppm AgNp; and positive control T4-blank water control. The dimensions of Zones of Clearance (ZOC) and the bacterial growth surrounding treated squares were analyzed. The experiment was replicated four times. Data analysis conducted using one-way ANOVA with post hoc separation of means using the T test and Tukeys HSD. The positive control solution was the most effective bactericide across all species, followed by Treatment-2 (5-ppm treatment), which caused ZOC in gram-negative species. Treatment-3, the 3ppm, did not significantly affect bacterial suppression, while activity at 5ppm suggests that simple home-based, DIY systems can produce low cost, bactericidal nano-silver solutions. In this experiment the bacterium that tested that is also beneficial to plants, R. rubrum, showed an increased tolerance to all silver treatments. Improving homemade, DIY, systems may provide low-cost treatment solutions against some bacteria species important to backyard agriculturists.","PeriodicalId":501341,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Plant Biology","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141941480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The molecular pathways underlying floral activation and development are well described in model species, but exhibit significant diversity in plants that is poorly understood in crops with complex cycles, such as Coffea arabica L. The reproductive development of coffee plants is biannual, and the flowering time is crucial for the coffee productivity and cup quality. In this study, we explored the plasticity of floral development and flowering-time of contrasting coffee genotypes to understand the associated metabolic and regulatory transcriptional profiles. Firstly, we compared the reproductive development of three coffee genotypes, confirming that Acauã is late flowering, Oeiras is early flowering, and the natural mutant Semperflorens (Sf) exhibits continuous flowering throughout the year. Analysis of sugar and ethylene content revealed quantitative differences between genotypes in both leaves and floral buds. To associate these phenotypic differences with the regulatory developmental pathways, we performed RNA-seq analysis comparing the shoot apical meristems, floral buds and leaves of different genotypes. Our analysis identified 12.478 differentially expressed genes, which showed enriched terms mainly related to hormonal regulation, external stimulus and floral development. Notably, some major players of reproductive development, as homologs of FLOWERING LOCUS T and MADS-box genes, showed contrasting expression patterns, generally being ectopically upregulated in the Sf mutant. These findings were associated with the phenotypic differences among coffee genotypes. In conclusion, the present study improves the understanding of the divergence of floral development in coffee, providing valuable insights for directing breeding programs and future studies aiming at controlling floral development and enhancing crop production.
花的活化和发育的分子途径在模式物种中已得到很好的描述，但在植物中却表现出很大的多样性，而对于像阿拉伯咖啡（Coffea arabica L.）这样具有复杂周期的作物却知之甚少。咖啡植物的生殖发育一年两次，而开花时间对于咖啡的产量和品质至关重要。在本研究中，我们探讨了对比咖啡基因型的花发育和花期的可塑性，以了解相关的代谢和调控转录谱。首先，我们比较了三种咖啡基因型的生殖发育情况，证实阿考（Acauã）花期较晚，奥伊拉斯（Oeiras）花期较早，而自然突变体森珀弗洛伦斯（Semperflorens，Sf）全年持续开花。对糖分和乙烯含量的分析表明，不同基因型的叶片和花蕾在数量上存在差异。为了将这些表型差异与调控发育途径联系起来，我们对不同基因型的嫩枝顶端分生组织、花蕾和叶片进行了 RNA-seq 分析比较。我们的分析发现了 12 478 个差异表达基因，这些基因的富集项主要与激素调控、外部刺激和花的发育有关。值得注意的是，一些生殖发育的主要参与者，如FLOWERING LOCUS T和MADS-box基因的同源物，表现出截然不同的表达模式，一般在Sf突变体中异位上调。这些发现与咖啡基因型的表型差异有关。总之，本研究加深了对咖啡花发育差异的理解，为指导育种计划和未来旨在控制花发育和提高作物产量的研究提供了有价值的见解。
{"title":"The contrasting flowering-time among coffee genotypes is associated with ectopic and differential expressions of genes related to environment, floral development, and hormonal regulation","authors":"Marlon Enrique López, Raphael Ricon de Oliveira, Lillian Magalhães Azevedo, Iasminy Silva Santos, Thales Henrique Cherubino Ribeiro, Dapeng Zhang, Antonio Chalfun-Junior","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.02.605191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.02.605191","url":null,"abstract":"The molecular pathways underlying floral activation and development are well described in model species, but exhibit significant diversity in plants that is poorly understood in crops with complex cycles, such as <em>Coffea arabica</em> L. The reproductive development of coffee plants is biannual, and the flowering time is crucial for the coffee productivity and cup quality. In this study, we explored the plasticity of floral development and flowering-time of contrasting coffee genotypes to understand the associated metabolic and regulatory transcriptional profiles. Firstly, we compared the reproductive development of three coffee genotypes, confirming that <em>Acauã</em> is late flowering, <em>Oeiras</em> is early flowering, and the natural mutant <em>Semperflorens</em> (<em>Sf</em>) exhibits continuous flowering throughout the year. Analysis of sugar and ethylene content revealed quantitative differences between genotypes in both leaves and floral buds. To associate these phenotypic differences with the regulatory developmental pathways, we performed RNA-seq analysis comparing the shoot apical meristems, floral buds and leaves of different genotypes. Our analysis identified 12.478 differentially expressed genes, which showed enriched terms mainly related to hormonal regulation, external stimulus and floral development. Notably, some major players of reproductive development, as homologs of <em>FLOWERING LOCUS T</em> and MADS-box genes, showed contrasting expression patterns, generally being ectopically upregulated in the <em>Sf</em> mutant. These findings were associated with the phenotypic differences among coffee genotypes. In conclusion, the present study improves the understanding of the divergence of floral development in coffee, providing valuable insights for directing breeding programs and future studies aiming at controlling floral development and enhancing crop production.","PeriodicalId":501341,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Plant Biology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141941487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-06DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.02.606441
Solomon Ali, Bahiru Belay, Mesfin Abate
Sugarcane primarily cultivated for sugar production and other multiple uses. A field experiment was conducted at Tana Beles sugar project, North western Ethiopia during 2021 and 2022 cropping season to determine the optimum rate of NPSB fertilizer rate on three sugarcane varieties. The treatments were laid out in factorial randomized complete block design arranged with three replications. The experiment was arranged with five levels of NPSB blended fertilizer (0, 200, 260, 320 and 380 kg ha-1) combined with three sugarcane varieties (NCO-334, N-14 and C86/56). Among the parameters of seed cane crop; germination percent stalk weight, stalk diameter, node length, inter node number, plant height, stalk population, and sett yield for growth and yield parameters and sett moisture content, sett nitrogen content, reducing sugar content and total sugar content for seed cane quality parameters significantly affected by applied NPSB fertilizer, varieties and their interaction (p<0.05). Brix% and pol% were not significantly affected by different rates of NPSB fertilizer rates and varieties (p<0.05). The highest leaf area index, plant population, sett yield, average cane weight, seed cane moisture content and total nitrogen content was attained with 380 kg ha-1NPSB fertilizer applied on variety NCO-334 and N-14. Maximum population stand, average plant height, and sett yield of verity C86/56 were recorded at 320 kg ha-1 NPSB fertilizer level. Sett yield, were positively correlated with germination percent, population stand count, inter node number, seed cane weight, seed cane diameter reducing sugar content, total sugar yield and sett moisture content. Therefore, it is advisable to recommend 380 kg NPSB ha1 for variety NCO-334 and N-14, and 320 kg NPSB ha1 for variety C86/56 with application of 160 kg ha-1 urea at the age of two month and half for effective seed cane production. It was aimed to fill the seed cane fertilizer rate problems of different sugarcane varieties.
{"title":"Impact of Blended NPSB Fertilizer Rates on Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Varieties: Seed Cane Yield and Quality Insights from North Western Ethiopia","authors":"Solomon Ali, Bahiru Belay, Mesfin Abate","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.02.606441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.02.606441","url":null,"abstract":"Sugarcane primarily cultivated for sugar production and other multiple uses. A field experiment was conducted at Tana Beles sugar project, North western Ethiopia during 2021 and 2022 cropping season to determine the optimum rate of NPSB fertilizer rate on three sugarcane varieties. The treatments were laid out in factorial randomized complete block design arranged with three replications. The experiment was arranged with five levels of NPSB blended fertilizer (0, 200, 260, 320 and 380 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>) combined with three sugarcane varieties (NCO-334, N-14 and C86/56). Among the parameters of seed cane crop; germination percent stalk weight, stalk diameter, node length, inter node number, plant height, stalk population, and sett yield for growth and yield parameters and sett moisture content, sett nitrogen content, reducing sugar content and total sugar content for seed cane quality parameters significantly affected by applied NPSB fertilizer, varieties and their interaction (p<0.05). Brix% and pol% were not significantly affected by different rates of NPSB fertilizer rates and varieties (p<0.05). The highest leaf area index, plant population, sett yield, average cane weight, seed cane moisture content and total nitrogen content was attained with 380 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>NPSB fertilizer applied on variety NCO-334 and N-14. Maximum population stand, average plant height, and sett yield of verity C86/56 were recorded at 320 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> NPSB fertilizer level. Sett yield, were positively correlated with germination percent, population stand count, inter node number, seed cane weight, seed cane diameter reducing sugar content, total sugar yield and sett moisture content. Therefore, it is advisable to recommend 380 kg NPSB ha<sup>1</sup> for variety NCO-334 and N-14, and 320 kg NPSB ha<sup>1</sup> for variety C86/56 with application of 160 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> urea at the age of two month and half for effective seed cane production. It was aimed to fill the seed cane fertilizer rate problems of different sugarcane varieties.","PeriodicalId":501341,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Plant Biology","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141941488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-06DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.02.606361
Abigail M. Guillemette, Guillian Hernández Casanova, John P. Hamilton, Eva Pokorná, Petre I. Dobrev, Václav Motyka, Aaron M. Rashotte, Courtney P. Leisner
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important food crops globally and is especially vulnerable to heat stress. Significant knowledge gaps remain however, in our understanding of the developmental mechanisms associated with tuber responses to heat stress. This study uses whole-plant physiology, transcriptomics, and hormone profiling to gain insights into the mechanisms associated with heat stress impacts on potato tuber development. When plants were grown in projected future temperature conditions, levels of abscisic acid (ABA) were significantly decreased in leaf and tuber tissues while rates of leaf carbon assimilation and stomatal conductance were not significantly affected. While plants grown in elevated temperature conditions initiated more tubers on average per plant, there was a significant decrease (66%) in mature tubers at final harvest. We hypothesize that reduced tuber yields at elevated temperatures are not due to reductions in tuber initiation, but due to impaired tuber filling. Transcriptomic analysis found significant changes in transcript expression for genes related to response to ABA, heat and auxin biosynthetic process. The known tuberization repressor genes SELF PRUNING 5G (StSP5G) and CONSTANS-LIKE1 (StCOL1) were found to be differentially expressed in tubers grown in elevated temperatures. IDENTITY OF TUBER 1 (StIT1) and TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (StTOC1) are other known tuberization genes that displayed distinct expression patterns in elevated versus ambient temperatures but were not differentially expressed. This work highlights potential gene targets and key developmental stages associated with tuberization to development more heat tolerant potatoes.
{"title":"Physiological and Molecular Responses of Projected Future Temperatures on Potato Tuberization","authors":"Abigail M. Guillemette, Guillian Hernández Casanova, John P. Hamilton, Eva Pokorná, Petre I. Dobrev, Václav Motyka, Aaron M. Rashotte, Courtney P. Leisner","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.02.606361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.02.606361","url":null,"abstract":"Potato (<em>Solanum tuberosum</em> L.) is one of the most important food crops globally and is especially vulnerable to heat stress. Significant knowledge gaps remain however, in our understanding of the developmental mechanisms associated with tuber responses to heat stress. This study uses whole-plant physiology, transcriptomics, and hormone profiling to gain insights into the mechanisms associated with heat stress impacts on potato tuber development. When plants were grown in projected future temperature conditions, levels of abscisic acid (ABA) were significantly decreased in leaf and tuber tissues while rates of leaf carbon assimilation and stomatal conductance were not significantly affected. While plants grown in elevated temperature conditions initiated more tubers on average per plant, there was a significant decrease (66%) in mature tubers at final harvest. We hypothesize that reduced tuber yields at elevated temperatures are not due to reductions in tuber initiation, but due to impaired tuber filling. Transcriptomic analysis found significant changes in transcript expression for genes related to response to ABA, heat and auxin biosynthetic process. The known tuberization repressor genes SELF PRUNING 5G (<em>StSP5G</em>) and CONSTANS-LIKE1 (<em>StCOL1</em>) were found to be differentially expressed in tubers grown in elevated temperatures. IDENTITY OF TUBER 1 (<em>StIT1</em>) and TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 (<em>StTOC1</em>) are other known tuberization genes that displayed distinct expression patterns in elevated versus ambient temperatures but were not differentially expressed. This work highlights potential gene targets and key developmental stages associated with tuberization to development more heat tolerant potatoes.","PeriodicalId":501341,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Plant Biology","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141941355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-06DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.02.606343
Jackson Khedia, Abhay Pratap Vishwakarma, Ortal Galsurker, Shira Corem, Suresh Kumar Gupta, Tzahi Arazi
The HAIRY MERISTEM (HAM) gene family encodes Type I and II GRAS domain transcription factors in plants. Type II HAMs, predominantly expressed in meristems and regulated by microRNA171, are essential for maintaining undifferentiated meristems, a role conserved across various species. Conversely, the functions of Type I HAMs have been less characterized. In this study, we investigated the role of SlHAM4, a Type I HAM in tomato. Using publicly available expression data and a GUS reporter gene driven by the native SlHAM4 promoter, we determined that SlHAM4 is predominantly expressed in phloem tissues. CRISPR-induced SlHAM4 loss-of- function mutations (slham4CR) resulted in a range of shoot and fruit abnormalities, which were fully reversed by reintroducing SlHAM4 under its native promoter in the mutant background. Mutant abnormalities included increased anthocyanin pigmentation in the leaf and sepal primordia, reminiscent of the phenotypes observed in certain Arabidopsis mutants with compromised phloem, and development of simpler leaves, which was associated with reduction in external phloem area in the leaf rachis. In addition, slham4CR plants produced significantly smaller fruits of which a fraction of them exhibited catface-like scars, attributed to tears which occurred in the pericarp of mutant ovaries following fruit set. Transcriptome analysis of the wild-type looking mutant ovaries at anthesis revealed specific downregulation of genes implicated in phloem development and functions, in particular those expressed in companion cells (CC). We propose that SlHAM4 is necessary for proper phloem function in part by regulating the expression of a suite of CCs genes that encode essential phloem proteins.
毛细分生组织（HAM）基因家族编码植物中的 I 型和 II 型 GRAS 结构域转录因子。II 型 HAMs 主要在分生组织中表达，受 microRNA171 的调控，对维持未分化的分生组织至关重要，这一作用在不同物种中是一致的。相反，I 型 HAMs 的功能特征却不那么明显。在这项研究中，我们调查了番茄中 I 型 HAM 的作用。利用公开的表达数据和由原生 SlHAM4 启动子驱动的 GUS 报告基因，我们确定 SlHAM4 主要在韧皮部组织中表达。CRISPR诱导的SlHAM4功能缺失突变（slham4CR）会导致一系列的芽和果实异常，而在突变体背景下通过原生启动子重新引入SlHAM4可以完全逆转这些异常。突变体的异常包括叶片和萼片基部的花青素色素增加，这让人联想到在某些拟南芥突变体中观察到的韧皮部受损的表型，以及叶片发育较简单，这与叶轴外部韧皮部面积减少有关。此外，slham4CR植株结出的果实明显较小，其中有一部分果实呈现出猫脸状疤痕，这是因为在坐果后，突变体子房的果皮发生了撕裂。对野生型和突变体子房花期的转录组分析表明，与韧皮部发育和功能有关的基因，特别是伴细胞（CC）中表达的基因出现了特定的下调。我们认为，SlHAM4 是正常韧皮部功能所必需的，部分原因是它调节了编码重要韧皮部蛋白的一系列 CCs 基因的表达。
{"title":"Knockout of the tomato HAIRY MERISTEM 4 alters phloem-characteristics and impairs development","authors":"Jackson Khedia, Abhay Pratap Vishwakarma, Ortal Galsurker, Shira Corem, Suresh Kumar Gupta, Tzahi Arazi","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.02.606343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.02.606343","url":null,"abstract":"The HAIRY MERISTEM (HAM) gene family encodes Type I and II GRAS domain transcription factors in plants. Type II HAMs, predominantly expressed in meristems and regulated by microRNA171, are essential for maintaining undifferentiated meristems, a role conserved across various species. Conversely, the functions of Type I HAMs have been less characterized. In this study, we investigated the role of SlHAM4, a Type I HAM in tomato. Using publicly available expression data and a GUS reporter gene driven by the native <em>SlHAM4</em> promoter, we determined that <em>SlHAM4</em> is predominantly expressed in phloem tissues. CRISPR-induced <em>SlHAM4</em> loss-of- function mutations (<em>slham4<sup>CR</sup></em>) resulted in a range of shoot and fruit abnormalities, which were fully reversed by reintroducing <em>SlHAM4</em> under its native promoter in the mutant background. Mutant abnormalities included increased anthocyanin pigmentation in the leaf and sepal primordia, reminiscent of the phenotypes observed in certain Arabidopsis mutants with compromised phloem, and development of simpler leaves, which was associated with reduction in external phloem area in the leaf rachis. In addition, <em>slham4<sup>CR</sup></em> plants produced significantly smaller fruits of which a fraction of them exhibited catface-like scars, attributed to tears which occurred in the pericarp of mutant ovaries following fruit set. Transcriptome analysis of the wild-type looking mutant ovaries at anthesis revealed specific downregulation of genes implicated in phloem development and functions, in particular those expressed in companion cells (CC). We propose that SlHAM4 is necessary for proper phloem function in part by regulating the expression of a suite of CCs genes that encode essential phloem proteins.","PeriodicalId":501341,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Plant Biology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141941356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.01.606234
Sorel Valere Ouonkap Yimga, Meenakshisundaram Palaniappan, Kelsey Pryze, Emma Jong, Mohammad Foteh Ali, Benjamin Styler, Rasha Althiab Almasaud, Alexandria F. Harkey, Robert W. Reid, Ann E. Loraine, Steven E. Smith, Gloria K. Muday, James B. Pease, Ravishankar Palanivelu, Mark A. Johnson
Rising temperature extremes during critical reproductive periods threaten the yield of major grain and fruit crops. Flowering plant reproduction depends on development of sufficient numbers of pollen grains and on their ability to generate a cellular extension, the pollen tube, which elongates through the pistil to deliver sperm cells to female gametes for double fertilization. These critical phases of the life cycle are sensitive to temperature and limit productivity under high temperature (HT). Previous studies have investigated the effects of HT on pollen development, but little is known about how HT applied during the pollen tube growth phase affects fertility. Here, we used tomato as a model fruit crop to determine how HT affects the pollen tube growth phase, taking advantage of cultivars noted for fruit production in exceptionally hot growing seasons. We found that exposure to HT solely during the pollen tube growth phase limits fruit biomass and seed set more significantly in thermosensitive cultivars than in thermotolerant cultivars. Importantly, we found that pollen tubes from the thermotolerant Tamaulipas cultivar have enhanced growth in vivo and in vitro under HT. Analysis of the pollen tube transcriptome's response to HT allowed us to develop hypotheses for the molecular basis of cellular thermotolerance in the pollen tube and we define two response modes (enhanced induction of stress responses, and higher basal levels of growth pathways repressed by heat stress) associated with reproductive thermotolerance. Importantly, we define key components of the pollen tube stress response identifying enhanced ROS homeostasis and pollen tube callose synthesis and deposition as important components of reproductive thermotolerance in Tamaulipas. Our work identifies the pollen tube growth phase as a viable target to enhance reproductive thermotolerance and delineates key pathways that are altered in crop varieties capable of fruiting under HT conditions.
{"title":"Enhanced pollen tube performance at high temperature contributes to thermotolerant fruit production in tomato.","authors":"Sorel Valere Ouonkap Yimga, Meenakshisundaram Palaniappan, Kelsey Pryze, Emma Jong, Mohammad Foteh Ali, Benjamin Styler, Rasha Althiab Almasaud, Alexandria F. Harkey, Robert W. Reid, Ann E. Loraine, Steven E. Smith, Gloria K. Muday, James B. Pease, Ravishankar Palanivelu, Mark A. Johnson","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.01.606234","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.01.606234","url":null,"abstract":"Rising temperature extremes during critical reproductive periods threaten the yield of major grain and fruit crops. Flowering plant reproduction depends on development of sufficient numbers of pollen grains and on their ability to generate a cellular extension, the pollen tube, which elongates through the pistil to deliver sperm cells to female gametes for double fertilization. These critical phases of the life cycle are sensitive to temperature and limit productivity under high temperature (HT). Previous studies have investigated the effects of HT on pollen development, but little is known about how HT applied during the pollen tube growth phase affects fertility. Here, we used tomato as a model fruit crop to determine how HT affects the pollen tube growth phase, taking advantage of cultivars noted for fruit production in exceptionally hot growing seasons. We found that exposure to HT solely during the pollen tube growth phase limits fruit biomass and seed set more significantly in thermosensitive cultivars than in thermotolerant cultivars. Importantly, we found that pollen tubes from the thermotolerant Tamaulipas cultivar have enhanced growth in vivo and in vitro under HT. Analysis of the pollen tube transcriptome's response to HT allowed us to develop hypotheses for the molecular basis of cellular thermotolerance in the pollen tube and we define two response modes (enhanced induction of stress responses, and higher basal levels of growth pathways repressed by heat stress) associated with reproductive thermotolerance. Importantly, we define key components of the pollen tube stress response identifying enhanced ROS homeostasis and pollen tube callose synthesis and deposition as important components of reproductive thermotolerance in Tamaulipas. Our work identifies the pollen tube growth phase as a viable target to enhance reproductive thermotolerance and delineates key pathways that are altered in crop varieties capable of fruiting under HT conditions.","PeriodicalId":501341,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Plant Biology","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141941482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The perennially ice-covered Lake Bonney in Antarctica has been deemed a natural laboratory for studying life at the extreme. Photosynthetic algae dominate the lake food webs and are adapted to a multitude of extreme conditions including perpetual shading even at the height of the austral summer. Here we examine how the unique light environment in Lake Bonney influences the physiology of two Chlamydomonas species. Chlamydomonas priscuii is found exclusively in the deep photic zone where is receives very low light levels biased in the blue part of the spectrum (400-500 nm). In contrast, Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-MDV is represented at various depths within the water column (including the bright surface waters), and it receives a broad range of light levels and spectral wavelengths. The close phylogenetic relationship and psychrophilic character of both species makes them an ideal system to study the effects of light quality and quantity on chlorophyll biosynthesis and photosynthetic performance in extreme conditions. We show that the shade-adapted C. priscuii exhibits a decreased ability to accumulate chlorophyll and severe photoinhibition when grown under red light compared to blue light. These effects are particularly pronounced under red light of higher intensity, suggesting a loss of capability to acclimate to varied light conditions. In contrast, ICE-MDV has retained the ability to synthesize chlorophyll and maintain photosynthetic efficiency under a broader range of light conditions. Our findings provide insights into the mechanisms of photosynthesis under extreme conditions, and have implications on algal survival in changing conditions of Antarctic ice-covered lakes.
南极洲常年冰封的邦尼湖被视为研究极端生命的天然实验室。光合藻类在湖泊食物网中占主导地位，并能适应多种极端条件，包括即使在盛夏时节也长期遮光。在此，我们研究了邦尼湖独特的光照环境如何影响两种衣藻的生理机能。普氏衣藻（Chlamydomonas priscuii）只生活在深光照区，那里的光照度非常低，偏向于光谱的蓝色部分（400-500 nm）。相比之下，ICE-MDV 衣藻则分布在水体的不同深度（包括明亮的表层水），接受的光照强度和光谱波长范围很广。这两个物种具有密切的系统发育关系和心理亲水性，因此是研究极端条件下光质和光量对叶绿素生物合成和光合作用性能影响的理想系统。我们的研究表明，与蓝光相比，在红光下生长的适应遮荫的 C. priscuii 表现出叶绿素积累能力下降和严重的光抑制。这些影响在更高强度的红光下尤为明显，表明其丧失了适应不同光照条件的能力。相比之下，ICE-MDV 在更广泛的光照条件下仍能合成叶绿素并保持光合效率。我们的研究结果为极端条件下的光合作用机制提供了启示，并对南极冰封湖泊中不断变化的条件下藻类的生存产生了影响。
{"title":"Light quality affects chlorophyll biosynthesis and photosynthetic performance in Antarctic Chlamydomonas","authors":"Marina Cvetkovska, Mackenzie Poirier, Kassandra Fugard","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.01.606229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.01.606229","url":null,"abstract":"The perennially ice-covered Lake Bonney in Antarctica has been deemed a natural laboratory for studying life at the extreme. Photosynthetic algae dominate the lake food webs and are adapted to a multitude of extreme conditions including perpetual shading even at the height of the austral summer. Here we examine how the unique light environment in Lake Bonney influences the physiology of two Chlamydomonas species. Chlamydomonas priscuii is found exclusively in the deep photic zone where is receives very low light levels biased in the blue part of the spectrum (400-500 nm). In contrast, Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-MDV is represented at various depths within the water column (including the bright surface waters), and it receives a broad range of light levels and spectral wavelengths. The close phylogenetic relationship and psychrophilic character of both species makes them an ideal system to study the effects of light quality and quantity on chlorophyll biosynthesis and photosynthetic performance in extreme conditions. We show that the shade-adapted C. priscuii exhibits a decreased ability to accumulate chlorophyll and severe photoinhibition when grown under red light compared to blue light. These effects are particularly pronounced under red light of higher intensity, suggesting a loss of capability to acclimate to varied light conditions. In contrast, ICE-MDV has retained the ability to synthesize chlorophyll and maintain photosynthetic efficiency under a broader range of light conditions. Our findings provide insights into the mechanisms of photosynthesis under extreme conditions, and have implications on algal survival in changing conditions of Antarctic ice-covered lakes.","PeriodicalId":501341,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Plant Biology","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141941483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dark-induced senescence triggers significant metabolic changes that recycle resources and ensure plant survival. In this study, we identified a transcription factor OsS40-14 in rice, which can form homo-oligomers. The oss40-14 knockout mutants exhibited stay-green phenotype of primary leaf and flag leaf during dark-induced condition, with substantial retention of chlorophylls and photosynthetic capacity as well as remarkably reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS), while OsS40-14 overexpressing transgenic lines (oeOsS40-14) showed an accelerated senescence phenotype under dark-induced leaf senescence conditions. Transcriptome analysis revealed that when the detached leaves of oss40-14 and WT were treated in darkness condition for 72 hours, 1585 DEGs (|Log2FC| >=1, P value<0.05) were reprogrammed in oss40-14 relative to WT. CUT&Tag-seq analysis in protoplast transient expression of OsS40-14 system showed that OsS40-14 was 40.95% enriched in the transcription start site (TSS) of the genome. Sequence clustering analysis showed that OsS40-14 protein was mainly enriched and bound to TACCCACAAGACAC conserved elements. The seed region "ACCCA" of OsS40 proteins was identified by single nucleotide mutagenesis EMSA. The integrative analysis of transcriptome and CUT&Tag-seq datasets showed 153 OsS40-14-targeted DEGs, they mainly enriched in plastid organization and photosynthesis process at dark-induced condition in oss40-14 relative to WT. Among them, eleven candidate targets of OsS40-14 such as Glucose 6-phosphate/phosphate translocator, Na+/H+ antiporter, Catalase, Chitinase 2, Phosphate transporter 19, OsWAK32, and OsRLCK319 were directly targeted and upregulated confirmed by ChIP-PCR and RT-qPCR. It demonstrates a novel model of OsS40-14 mediating macromolecule metabolism and nutrient recycling controls the plastid organization during dark-induced leaf senescence.
{"title":"Involvement of OsS40-14 in ROS and plastid organization related regulatory networks of dark-induced senescence in rice","authors":"Habiba Habiba, Chunlan Fan, Wuqiang Hong, Ximiao Shi, Xiaowei Wang, Weiqi Wang, Wenfang Lin, Yanyun Li, Noor ul Ain, Ying Miao, Xiangzi Zheng","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.01.606232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.01.606232","url":null,"abstract":"Dark-induced senescence triggers significant metabolic changes that recycle resources and ensure plant survival. In this study, we identified a transcription factor OsS40-14 in rice, which can form homo-oligomers. The oss40-14 knockout mutants exhibited stay-green phenotype of primary leaf and flag leaf during dark-induced condition, with substantial retention of chlorophylls and photosynthetic capacity as well as remarkably reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS), while OsS40-14 overexpressing transgenic lines (oeOsS40-14) showed an accelerated senescence phenotype under dark-induced leaf senescence conditions. Transcriptome analysis revealed that when the detached leaves of oss40-14 and WT were treated in darkness condition for 72 hours, 1585 DEGs (|Log2FC| >=1, P value<0.05) were reprogrammed in oss40-14 relative to WT. CUT&Tag-seq analysis in protoplast transient expression of OsS40-14 system showed that OsS40-14 was 40.95% enriched in the transcription start site (TSS) of the genome. Sequence clustering analysis showed that OsS40-14 protein was mainly enriched and bound to TACCCACAAGACAC conserved elements. The seed region \"ACCCA\" of OsS40 proteins was identified by single nucleotide mutagenesis EMSA. The integrative analysis of transcriptome and CUT&Tag-seq datasets showed 153 OsS40-14-targeted DEGs, they mainly enriched in plastid organization and photosynthesis process at dark-induced condition in oss40-14 relative to WT. Among them, eleven candidate targets of OsS40-14 such as Glucose 6-phosphate/phosphate translocator, Na+/H+ antiporter, Catalase, Chitinase 2, Phosphate transporter 19, OsWAK32, and OsRLCK319 were directly targeted and upregulated confirmed by ChIP-PCR and RT-qPCR. It demonstrates a novel model of OsS40-14 mediating macromolecule metabolism and nutrient recycling controls the plastid organization during dark-induced leaf senescence.","PeriodicalId":501341,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Plant Biology","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141941484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-04DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.01.606158
Zhivko Minchev, Juan M Garcia, Estefania Pozo, Maria J Pozo, Jordi Gamir
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi establish mutualistic associations with the roots of most vascular plants, enhancing plant immunity and activating mycorrhiza-induced resistance (MIR). In this study, we hypothesized that differential recognition of endogenous damage signals contributes to MIR in tomato plants. To test the hypothesis, we compared responses in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal tomato plants after applying the cell-wall derived damage signal oligogalacturonides (OGs). We analyzed the proteomic and metabolomic profiles, and the expression of marker genes related to plant defense, and the effects on plant resistance to the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Our results show that mycorrhizal plants are more sensitive to these damage signals, as they respond to lower doses and exhibit stronger responses at the protein and metabolic level compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal plants showed primed accumulation of defense proteins, receptor kinases, flavonoids, and activation of the jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling pathways in response to OGs. Expression levels of the wall-associated kinase 1 (slWAK1) gene, coding for an OG receptor kinase in tomato, are elevated in mycorrhizal plants, and MIR against B. cinerea is abolished in a wak1 mutant. Together, these results provide the first indication that self-damage recognition is essential to induce MIR against B. cinerea.
丛枝菌根真菌与大多数维管植物的根系建立了互惠关系，可增强植物免疫力并激活菌根诱导的抗性（MIR）。在本研究中，我们假设对内源损害信号的不同识别有助于番茄植物的 MIR。为了验证这一假设，我们比较了菌根植物和非菌根植物在施用细胞壁衍生的损伤信号寡聚半乳糖醛酸（OGs）后的反应。我们分析了蛋白质组和代谢组概况、与植物防御相关的标记基因的表达，以及对植物抵抗坏死性病原菌 Botrytis cinerea 的影响。我们的研究结果表明，与非菌根植物相比，菌根植物对这些损害信号更敏感，因为它们对较低剂量的损害信号有反应，并在蛋白质和代谢水平上表现出更强的反应。菌根植物表现出防御蛋白、受体激酶、类黄酮的原始积累，以及茉莉酸和乙烯信号通路对 OGs 的激活。壁相关激酶 1（slWAK1）基因编码番茄中的 OG 受体激酶，该基因在菌根植物中的表达水平升高，而 wak1 突变体中对 B. cinerea 的 MIR 作用消失。这些结果首次表明，自我损伤识别是诱导 MIR 对抗 B. cinerea 的必要条件。
{"title":"Primed responses to damage signals mediate mycorrhiza-induced resistance in tomato plants","authors":"Zhivko Minchev, Juan M Garcia, Estefania Pozo, Maria J Pozo, Jordi Gamir","doi":"10.1101/2024.08.01.606158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.08.01.606158","url":null,"abstract":"Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi establish mutualistic associations with the roots of most vascular plants, enhancing plant immunity and activating mycorrhiza-induced resistance (MIR). In this study, we hypothesized that differential recognition of endogenous damage signals contributes to MIR in tomato plants. To test the hypothesis, we compared responses in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal tomato plants after applying the cell-wall derived damage signal oligogalacturonides (OGs). We analyzed the proteomic and metabolomic profiles, and the expression of marker genes related to plant defense, and the effects on plant resistance to the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Our results show that mycorrhizal plants are more sensitive to these damage signals, as they respond to lower doses and exhibit stronger responses at the protein and metabolic level compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. Mycorrhizal plants showed primed accumulation of defense proteins, receptor kinases, flavonoids, and activation of the jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling pathways in response to OGs. Expression levels of the wall-associated kinase 1 (slWAK1) gene, coding for an OG receptor kinase in tomato, are elevated in mycorrhizal plants, and MIR against B. cinerea is abolished in a wak1 mutant. Together, these results provide the first indication that self-damage recognition is essential to induce MIR against B. cinerea.","PeriodicalId":501341,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Plant Biology","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141941485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-03DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.31.606087
Danica Goggin, Tim Boyes, Roberto Busi, Ken Flower
The pre-emergence herbicide trifluralin is widely used in the minimum-tillage cropping systems of Australia, with the result that resistance to trifluralin is increasing in the major weed of the region, annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum). Repeated exposure to low herbicide rates is also known to result in the rapid evolution of resistance in weed populations. As trifluralin is highly volatile, readily photo-decomposed, metabolised by soil microbes and to bind strongly to soil organic matter, there are many factors that could result in weed populations receiving reduced (even sub-lethal) rates of the herbicide. To investigate whether trifluralin dissipation could play a role in the increasing levels of trifluralin resistance in annual ryegrass, resistance levels of populations from 18 Western Australian farms were compared with the dissipation rate of trifluralin applied to soil collected from these farms. Although there was no direct correlation between resistance level and trifluralin half-life, there were links between resistance and soil properties which suggest that higher rates of trifluralin dissipation could make a minor contribution to the development of resistance.
{"title":"Investigating the links between trifluralin persistence in Western Australian soils and trifluralin resistance in resident annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) populations","authors":"Danica Goggin, Tim Boyes, Roberto Busi, Ken Flower","doi":"10.1101/2024.07.31.606087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.31.606087","url":null,"abstract":"The pre-emergence herbicide trifluralin is widely used in the minimum-tillage cropping systems of Australia, with the result that resistance to trifluralin is increasing in the major weed of the region, annual ryegrass (<em>Lolium rigidum</em>). Repeated exposure to low herbicide rates is also known to result in the rapid evolution of resistance in weed populations. As trifluralin is highly volatile, readily photo-decomposed, metabolised by soil microbes and to bind strongly to soil organic matter, there are many factors that could result in weed populations receiving reduced (even sub-lethal) rates of the herbicide. To investigate whether trifluralin dissipation could play a role in the increasing levels of trifluralin resistance in annual ryegrass, resistance levels of populations from 18 Western Australian farms were compared with the dissipation rate of trifluralin applied to soil collected from these farms. Although there was no direct correlation between resistance level and trifluralin half-life, there were links between resistance and soil properties which suggest that higher rates of trifluralin dissipation could make a minor contribution to the development of resistance.","PeriodicalId":501341,"journal":{"name":"bioRxiv - Plant Biology","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141941357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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