Mayank Krishna, Nilesh Makwana, Ganesh S. Kakde, Sapna Puri, Arun S. Kharat
A survey on antibiotic literacy in terms of the use and abuse of antibiotics to track and understand antibiotic consumption is crucial to optimize the use of antibiotics and minimizing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Purposive random sampling, using the snow-ball questionnaire technique, was adopted to ensure that the respondents distributed across India, coming from rural and urban settings, were adolescents as well as adults and had completed at least the higher secondary school level of education. Respondents were divided into five subcategories. The questionnaire was distributed between April 2021 and July 2021, during the second COVID-19 wave in India. The survey questionnaire included 34 questions, comprising multiple-choice and 5-point Likert scale-type questions. This study composed of 972 respondents. Most respondents considered antibiotics safe and frequently failed to discriminate between the symptoms of bacterial and viral infections, most often leading to self-prescription. About 34% of the rural participants and 50% of the urban participants considered antibiotic resistance a serious health concern. Antibiotic prescriptions by the medical or paramedical practitioner were largely empirical. At least 95% of participants acknowledged having heard about antibiotics; nearly 20% of antibiotic consumption came from nonprescription users, while 30% had not completed their antibiotic therapy for a variety of reasons. Sixty-two percent consumed antibiotics to treat cold and flu symptoms. Results from the survey suggest the presence of a crucial gap between the respondents’ perception of antibiotics and levels of information regarding antibiotic use and misuse. The present study may serve as a benchmark that strongly recommends a financially feasible policy, which includes educating society regarding the spread of AMR and its severe consequences by incorporating AMR into the curriculum at the levels of senior secondary school and higher education.
{"title":"Knowledge and Attitude toward Antibiotic Use and Identification of Financially Feasible Options to Curb the Spread of Antibiotics in Environment","authors":"Mayank Krishna, Nilesh Makwana, Ganesh S. Kakde, Sapna Puri, Arun S. Kharat","doi":"10.1155/2023/6403250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6403250","url":null,"abstract":"A survey on antibiotic literacy in terms of the use and abuse of antibiotics to track and understand antibiotic consumption is crucial to optimize the use of antibiotics and minimizing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Purposive random sampling, using the snow-ball questionnaire technique, was adopted to ensure that the respondents distributed across India, coming from rural and urban settings, were adolescents as well as adults and had completed at least the higher secondary school level of education. Respondents were divided into five subcategories. The questionnaire was distributed between April 2021 and July 2021, during the second COVID-19 wave in India. The survey questionnaire included 34 questions, comprising multiple-choice and 5-point Likert scale-type questions. This study composed of 972 respondents. Most respondents considered antibiotics safe and frequently failed to discriminate between the symptoms of bacterial and viral infections, most often leading to self-prescription. About 34% of the rural participants and 50% of the urban participants considered antibiotic resistance a serious health concern. Antibiotic prescriptions by the medical or paramedical practitioner were largely empirical. At least 95% of participants acknowledged having heard about antibiotics; nearly 20% of antibiotic consumption came from nonprescription users, while 30% had not completed their antibiotic therapy for a variety of reasons. Sixty-two percent consumed antibiotics to treat cold and flu symptoms. Results from the survey suggest the presence of a crucial gap between the respondents’ perception of antibiotics and levels of information regarding antibiotic use and misuse. The present study may serve as a benchmark that strongly recommends a financially feasible policy, which includes educating society regarding the spread of AMR and its severe consequences by incorporating AMR into the curriculum at the levels of senior secondary school and higher education.","PeriodicalId":501415,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138568678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Staphylococcus aureus exhibits the capacity to develop biofilms on various surfaces, encompassing both living and nonliving substrates, enabling it to develop resistance against the immune system and antibiotics. Therefore, this bacterium can cause numerous challenges in healthcare and treatment systems. The present study aimed to investigate the ampicillin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles’ effect on preventing the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm formation when it is conjugated with lysostaphin. With the use of the double emulsion evaporation technique, nanodrug carriers were created. Physicochemical attributes of the nanoparticles, such as particle size, drug loading, PDI, encapsulation efficiency, zeta potential, efficiency of lysostaphin conjugation, and morphology, were measured. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), well diffusion, and other techniques were used to investigate the effect of the produced nanodrug carrier on strains of S. aureus. A toxicity test was conducted to examine the toxic effects of artificially generated nanomedicines on the L929 fibroblast culture. The nanoparticle average size, zeta potential, PDI, lysostaphin conjugation efficiency and drug loading encapsulation efficiency, and in the optimum PLGA-AMP-LYS (F4) formulation were 301.9 ± 32 nm, 0.261 ± 0.010, −19.2 ± 3.4 mV, 18.916 ± 1.6, and 94.53 ± 3.8, 40%, respectively. After 72 hours, neither the well diffusion nor MIC techniques revealed any discernible variation between ampicillin and nanodrug carriers. The biofilm investigation’s findings, however, indicated that compared to the free drug, the hindering effect of the nanodrug carrier was greater after 72 hours. The toxicity test findings revealed that the synthesized nanodrug had no toxic effects on the cells. Given the excellent efficacy of the nanomedicine carrier established in the present study, applying this technology to combat hospital-acquired infections caused by Staphylococcus bacteria could yield significant benefits in managing staphylococcal infections.
{"title":"Anti-Biofilm Effect of Ampicillin-Loaded Poly (Lactic-co-glycolic Acid) Nanoparticles Conjugated with Lysostaphin on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus","authors":"Elahe Norouzi, Seyed Mostafa Hosseini, Babak Asghari, Reza Mahjoub, Ehsan Nazarzadeh Zare, Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi, Fereshte Kalhori, Mohammad Reza Arabestani","doi":"10.1155/2023/4627848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4627848","url":null,"abstract":"<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> exhibits the capacity to develop biofilms on various surfaces, encompassing both living and nonliving substrates, enabling it to develop resistance against the immune system and antibiotics. Therefore, this bacterium can cause numerous challenges in healthcare and treatment systems. The present study aimed to investigate the ampicillin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles’ effect on preventing the methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) biofilm formation when it is conjugated with lysostaphin. With the use of the double emulsion evaporation technique, nanodrug carriers were created. Physicochemical attributes of the nanoparticles, such as particle size, drug loading, PDI, encapsulation efficiency, zeta potential, efficiency of lysostaphin conjugation, and morphology, were measured. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), well diffusion, and other techniques were used to investigate the effect of the produced nanodrug carrier on strains of <i>S. aureus</i>. A toxicity test was conducted to examine the toxic effects of artificially generated nanomedicines on the L929 fibroblast culture. The nanoparticle average size, zeta potential, PDI, lysostaphin conjugation efficiency and drug loading encapsulation efficiency, and in the optimum PLGA-AMP-LYS (F4) formulation were 301.9 ± 32 nm, 0.261 ± 0.010, −19.2 ± 3.4 mV, 18.916 ± 1.6, and 94.53 ± 3.8, 40%, respectively. After 72 hours, neither the well diffusion nor MIC techniques revealed any discernible variation between ampicillin and nanodrug carriers. The biofilm investigation’s findings, however, indicated that compared to the free drug, the hindering effect of the nanodrug carrier was greater after 72 hours. The toxicity test findings revealed that the synthesized nanodrug had no toxic effects on the cells. Given the excellent efficacy of the nanomedicine carrier established in the present study, applying this technology to combat hospital-acquired infections caused by Staphylococcus bacteria could yield significant benefits in managing staphylococcal infections.","PeriodicalId":501415,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138534766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and tuberculosis (TB) are among the infectious diseases that cause high rates of mortality worldwide. The epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in correlation to people that live with TB and HIV has not been thoroughly investigated particularly in South Africa. Numerous cases of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) have been announced immensely worldwide. The spread and control of the MDR-TB pandemic due to unsuccessful treatment is one of the most serious public issues of concern, and this challenge is of international interest. Despite all measures that have been executed to overcome the challenge of MDR-TB in recent decades, the global MDR-TB trends have kept on accelerating with more and more people becoming victims. This is attributed to the abuse, misuse, and overuse of different antibacterial agents in human medicine, animal farms, and agricultural activities which serve as a wellspring for the evolution of antimicrobial resistance within the population. Over and above, the impetuous evolution, mutation, and the transfer of resistant genes via horizontal gene transfer are well-known contributive factors towards the antimicrobial resistance problem. Among the public health concerns in the world currently is the ever-increasing problem of antibiotic resistance which outpaces the progress of newly developed antimicrobials. The propagation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is even more amplified in areas where the pressure of antimicrobial resistant pathogens is elevated, and hence the population with ubiquitous HIV and AIDS is considered the hotspot. This review therefore aims to give in-depth coverage on the trends and the progress on the development of TB and HIV-resistant strains, highlight strategies to solve the problem, and accentuate the repercussions of the COVID-19 epidemic on the AMR.
{"title":"Trends and Progress on Antibiotic-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Genes in relation to Human Immunodeficiency Virus","authors":"N. G. Mbewana Ntshanka, T. A. M. Msagati","doi":"10.1155/2023/6659212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6659212","url":null,"abstract":"Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and tuberculosis (TB) are among the infectious diseases that cause high rates of mortality worldwide. The epidemiology of antibiotic resistance in correlation to people that live with TB and HIV has not been thoroughly investigated particularly in South Africa. Numerous cases of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) have been announced immensely worldwide. The spread and control of the MDR-TB pandemic due to unsuccessful treatment is one of the most serious public issues of concern, and this challenge is of international interest. Despite all measures that have been executed to overcome the challenge of MDR-TB in recent decades, the global MDR-TB trends have kept on accelerating with more and more people becoming victims. This is attributed to the abuse, misuse, and overuse of different antibacterial agents in human medicine, animal farms, and agricultural activities which serve as a wellspring for the evolution of antimicrobial resistance within the population. Over and above, the impetuous evolution, mutation, and the transfer of resistant genes via horizontal gene transfer are well-known contributive factors towards the antimicrobial resistance problem. Among the public health concerns in the world currently is the ever-increasing problem of antibiotic resistance which outpaces the progress of newly developed antimicrobials. The propagation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is even more amplified in areas where the pressure of antimicrobial resistant pathogens is elevated, and hence the population with ubiquitous HIV and AIDS is considered the hotspot. This review therefore aims to give in-depth coverage on the trends and the progress on the development of TB and HIV-resistant strains, highlight strategies to solve the problem, and accentuate the repercussions of the COVID-19 epidemic on the AMR.","PeriodicalId":501415,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138534767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：