As known, blockchains are traditionally blind to the real world. This implies the reliance on third parties called oracles when extrinsic data is needed for smart contracts. However, reintroducing trust and single point of failure, oracles implementation is still controversial and debated. The blindness to the real world makes blockchains also unable to communicate with each other preventing any form of interoperability. An early approach to the interoperability issue is constituted by wrapped tokens, representing blockchain native tokens issued on a non-native blockchain. Similar to how oracles reintroduce trust, and single point of failure, the issuance of wrapped tokens involves third parties whose characteristics need to be considered when evaluating the advantages of crossing-chains. This paper provides an overview of the wrapped tokens and the main technologies implemented in their issuance. Advantages, as well as limitations, are also listed and discussed.
{"title":"Wrapping trust for interoperability. A study of wrapped tokens","authors":"Giulio Caldarelli","doi":"arxiv-2109.06847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2109.06847","url":null,"abstract":"As known, blockchains are traditionally blind to the real world. This implies\u0000the reliance on third parties called oracles when extrinsic data is needed for\u0000smart contracts. However, reintroducing trust and single point of failure,\u0000oracles implementation is still controversial and debated. The blindness to the\u0000real world makes blockchains also unable to communicate with each other\u0000preventing any form of interoperability. An early approach to the\u0000interoperability issue is constituted by wrapped tokens, representing\u0000blockchain native tokens issued on a non-native blockchain. Similar to how\u0000oracles reintroduce trust, and single point of failure, the issuance of wrapped\u0000tokens involves third parties whose characteristics need to be considered when\u0000evaluating the advantages of crossing-chains. This paper provides an overview\u0000of the wrapped tokens and the main technologies implemented in their issuance.\u0000Advantages, as well as limitations, are also listed and discussed.","PeriodicalId":501533,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - CS - General Literature","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138544569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is proposed that the propagation of light in disordered photonic lattices can be harnessed as a random projection that preserves distances between a set of projected vectors. This mapping is enabled by the complex evolution matrix of a photonic lattice with diagonal disorder, which turns out to be a random complex Gaussian matrix. Thus, by collecting the output light from a subset of the waveguide channels, one can perform an embedding from a higher-dimension to a lower-dimension space that respects the Johnson-Lindenstrauss lemma and nearly preserves the Euclidean distances. It is discussed that distance-preserving random projection through photonic lattices requires intermediate disorder levels that allow diffusive spreading of light from a single channel excitation, as opposed to strong disorder which initiates the localization regime. The proposed scheme can be utilized as a simple and powerful integrated dimension reduction stage that can greatly reduce the burden of a subsequent neural computing stage.
{"title":"Integrated Random Projection and Dimensionality Reduction by Propagating Light in Photonic Lattices","authors":"Mohammad-Ali Miri","doi":"arxiv-2108.08654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2108.08654","url":null,"abstract":"It is proposed that the propagation of light in disordered photonic lattices\u0000can be harnessed as a random projection that preserves distances between a set\u0000of projected vectors. This mapping is enabled by the complex evolution matrix\u0000of a photonic lattice with diagonal disorder, which turns out to be a random\u0000complex Gaussian matrix. Thus, by collecting the output light from a subset of\u0000the waveguide channels, one can perform an embedding from a higher-dimension to\u0000a lower-dimension space that respects the Johnson-Lindenstrauss lemma and\u0000nearly preserves the Euclidean distances. It is discussed that\u0000distance-preserving random projection through photonic lattices requires\u0000intermediate disorder levels that allow diffusive spreading of light from a\u0000single channel excitation, as opposed to strong disorder which initiates the\u0000localization regime. The proposed scheme can be utilized as a simple and\u0000powerful integrated dimension reduction stage that can greatly reduce the\u0000burden of a subsequent neural computing stage.","PeriodicalId":501533,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - CS - General Literature","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138544603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：